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Significance Although the incidence of glioblastoma is relatively low, patients presenting with this malignant central nervous system tumor will typically experience visual symptoms. Eye care providers are uniquely positioned to assist with the diagnosis of glioblastoma and to manage its associated visual symptoms. Purpose This case series will review the pathophysiology, diagnosis, treatment, and management of glioblastoma while highlighting the eye care provider's role over the course of the disease process. Case reports Three patients with glioblastoma are presented: a 63-year-old White man with new onset of headache and blurred vision upon awakening, a 65-year-old White man with a weeklong history of peripheral vision deficit and neurological symptoms, and a 65-year-old White woman with visual field deficit and visual perception difficulties related to a known history of glioblastoma. Conclusions It is incumbent upon eye care providers to recognize examination findings such as new neurological symptoms and/or visual field defects that may warrant additional workup. In addition, eye care providers can serve a palliative role by maximizing the patient's remaining visual function and thereby quality of life.

The highest incidence rate of childhood brain tumours is in children below the age of five years, who are particularly vulnerable to the effects of treatments. The assessment of quality of survival (QoS) in multiple domains is essential to compare the outcomes for different tumour types and treatment regimens. The aim of this position statement is to present the domains of health and functioning to be assessed in children from birth to five years, to advance the collection of a common QoS data set in European brain tumour trials. The QoS group of the European Society of Paediatric Oncology (SIOP-E) Brain Tumour group conducted consensus discussions over a period of six years to establish domains of QoS that should be prioritised in clinical trials involving children under 5 years. The domains of health and functioning that were agreed to affect QoS included: medical outcomes (e.g. vision, hearing, mobility, endocrine), emotion, behaviour, adaptive behaviour, and cognitive functioning. As for children aged five years and older, a ‘core plus’ approach is suggested in which core assessments are recommended for all clinical trials. The core component for children from birth to three years includes indirect assessment which, in this age-group, requires proxy assessment by a parent, of cognitive, emotional and behaviour variables and both direct and indirect endocrine measures. For children from four years of age direct cognitive assessment is also recommended as ‘core’. The ‘plus’ components enable the addition of assessments which can be selected by individual countries and/or by, age-, treatment-, tumour type- and tumour location- specific trials.

The metathoracic scent glands are characteristic of the true bug suborder Heteroptera and are known to have defensive, sexual and aggregation roles, among others. The morphology of external scent efferent system (ESES) associated with these glands has taxonomic and phylogenetic importance. These structures have been documented previously in four of the eight Scutelleridae subfamilies. In this work we investigate them in detail in 22 genera of the New World subfamily Pachycorinae using scanning electron microscopy. We report five general types of ESES in pachycorine: (1) enlarged evaporatorium and well-developed peritreme; (2) well-developed evaporatorium and poorly developed or obsolete peritreme; (3) reduced evaporatorium and small or obsolete peritreme; (4) reduced evaporatorium on mesepimeron and elongate peritreme; (5) enlarged evaporatorium and elongate peritreme. Our results are in contradistinction to previous accounts of the ESES for the Pachycorinae which have been reported as being poorly developed. The Pachycorinae patterns do not support Schaefer’s hypothesis that there is a correlation between degree of development of the external metathoracic structures and way of life. We also demonstrate that these structures are of systematic importance in the Pachycorinae.

Earlier identification of diabetic eye disease is an important research effort. Retinopathy is widely acknowledged but retinal vessel changes are not evaluated as stringently. Here, we create a multivariate model for the association between retinal vessel tortuosity (RVT) and other health factors in patients with diabetes.Three hundred eyes of 150 patients with diabetes were included. Three investigators independently reviewed telemedicine fundus photographs and scored the level of diabetic retinopathy (DR) and RVT. These scores were evaluated for agreement and averaged. Also collected were age, duration of diabetes, presence or absence of diabetic nephropathy or neuropathy, blood pressure, total cholesterol, and hemoglobin A1c. A regression model evaluating the association of tortuosity with other factors was created.There was very high agreement between the three graders for level of DR (κ = 0.84). Agreement between the three graders for RVT varied substantially: poor for venous tortuosity (κ = 0.23) and fair for arteriole tortuosity (κ = 0.44) and overall gut tortuosity (κ = 0.42). The overall gut tortuosity was the most reproducible for the graders with a correlation coefficient of 0.923. There were univariate associations between arteriole tortuosity and venous tortuosity, DR level, and cholesterol. The selected best multivariate model found arteriole tortuosity to be associated with DR and cholesterol levels.First, RVT, particularly for venules, is difficult to grade consistently; therefore, future studies examining tortuosity should focus on arterioles. Second, the model indicates that there is an association between vessel changes, DR, and systemic cholesterol levels. Although DR and RVT are readily available to assess concurrently on a photograph, the addition of cholesterol to this model indicates that patients with RVT may warrant further follow-up on health factors, such as cholesterol levels.

Thyroid eye disease is a multifactorial autoimmune disease with a spectrum of signs and symptoms. Oftentimes, the diagnosis of thyroid eye disease is straightforward, based upon history and physical examination. The purpose of this review is to assist the eye-care practitioner in staging the severity of thyroid eye disease (mild, moderate-to-severe and sight-threatening) and correlating available treatment modalities. Eye-care practitioners play an important role in the multidisciplinary team by assessing functional vision while also managing ocular health.

Fourteen typically developing children from 7.9–11.3 years in age were studied with functional magnetic resonance imaging to identify the cerebral loci involved in performance of paced finger tapping by children. Each child performed two bimanual alternating paced finger-tapping tasks. In the first, paced finger tapping was conducted to external 3-Hz pacing provided by a metronome. In the second, the metronome was turned off and finger tapping continued while each child tried to maintain the 3-Hz rhythm by self pacing. Individual and group data were analyzed with statistical parametric mapping techniques that resulted in activation maps for the two tasks. Metronome tapping produced activation of the posterior regions of both superior temporal gyri, both primary sensorimotor cortices, anterodorsomedial cerebellum and supplementary motor area. Self-tapping resulted in recruitment of pre-supplementary motor area and cerebellum in addition to bilateral supplementary motor area and primary sensorimotor cortical activation. Bimanual alternating paced finger tapping performed by children activates a neural network involving primary motor cortex, supplementary motor area, and cerebellum. Posterior superior temporal gyrus may be important for encoding auditory information, and presupplementary motor area and midline cerebellum play an important role in self-paced finger tapping.

A heat transfer model was developed for simulating time-varying temperature distributions in ready-to-eat meats during thermal processing. Three-dimensional transient finite element analysis was presented as a tool to solve the model without the need for proprietary software. The model considered conduction as the governing heat transfer phenomenon; with evaporative, convective and radiative boundary conditions. Moreover, it took into account several factors present in meat processing such as three-dimensional products with irregular geometries; time-dependant processing conditions including air temperature, air velocity and relative humidity; non-uniform initial temperature distributions; and temperature dependent thermal properties. The finite element analysis was performed on meshes containing linear tetrahedral and triangular elements. The step-by-step methodology described can be easily extrapolated to computational algorithms implementable in free license software (e.g. Java Technology). In addition, these algorithms can be integrated with predictive microbiology models; which can be particularly useful for evaluating the severity of thermal processing deviations caused by unexpected processing disruptions. This integration can be the foundation of open source software packages which will serve as quantitative tools to support food safety management in the meat industry.

Background Accuracy and reliability of diary data collected in allergic rhinitis trials depends on how and when the information is recorded by the subjects. Objective To compare diary data collected by using paper (optical mark readable) and electronic [telephone, interactive voice response system (IVRS)] tools. Methods There was a randomized, 3-week, 3-way, crossover trial, in 87 adults with allergic rhinitis recording diary data at home. Outcome measures were (1) comparison of symptom data during weeks when both or only 1 instrument was used; (2) missing data; and (3) ease of use and participant preference. Results More than 40,000 symptom data elements were recorded by 72 protocol-correct subjects. Symptoms recorded during the week that both instruments were used and when the 2 instruments were used alone were indistinguishable. Overall, 0.45% of paper and 4.12% of IVRS symptom data were missing. Of 10,080 paired data collected on paper and IVRS diaries during the week in which subjects used both, 94.44% were identical. Using IVRS, 63.2% of protocol-correct data were entered within the designated time and 87.6% within 1 half-day of the time specified; 85% of subjects preferred the paper instrument, 4% preferred IVRS, and 11% had no preference. Conclusions A paper-based instrument can capture data indistinguishable from data captured from an electronic product. Processes to collect diary data should be evaluated for each study rather than simply to use the "latest" technology. Another interpretation is that frequency of recording diary data does not have a significant impact on outcomes.

Although there are factors that make fixed-income transitions different from equity transitions, it is important to understand their similarities. The goals and the challenges of transition management are the same for both. In addition, the benefits apply to both.

This study examined whether childhood victimization increases risk for drug abuse using prospective and retrospective victimization information. Substantiated cases of child abuse/neglect from 1967 to 1971 were matched on gender, age, race, and approximate social class with nonabused/nonneglected children and followed prospectively into young adulthood. Between 1989 and 1995, 1,196 participants (676 abused/neglected and 520 control) were administered a 2-hr interview, including measures of self-reported childhood victimization and drug use/abuse (the National Institute of Mental Health Diagnostic Interview Schedule--Version III--Revised). Prospectively, abused/neglected individuals were not at increased risk for drug abuse. In contrast, retrospective self-reports of childhood victimization were associated with robust and significant increases in risk for drug abuse. The relationship between childhood victimization and subsequent drug problems is more complex than originally anticipated.

In December 1991, the United States Navy awarded a contract to Northrop Grumman Marine Systems (then Westinghouse Electric Corporation) for the design and development of an intercooled, recuperated gas turbine engine system (ICR). The system is known by the designation WR-21. The development team includes Northrop Grumman as the prime contractor and system integrator, Rolls-Royce (RR) as the gas turbine developer, Allied Signal as developer of the recuperator cores, recuperator housing, and intercooler cores, and CAE Electronics Ltd. as the digital controller developer. After the development program began, the Royal Navy and the French Navy became interested in the ICR technology and have since become active program participants. The Navy team’s joint goal is to design, develop, and qualify a fuel efficient engine for future surface combatants. This paper provides an overview and update of the WR-21 requirements, principles of operation, system description/performance, and the development program.

A questionnaire was sent to Alaskan gynecologists to evaluate their practice in regard to prophylactic oophorectomy at the time of hysterectomy. At issue is the possible benefit of prophylactic oophorectomy in the prevention of ovarian cancer. Sixty-seven questionnaires were sent and 42 (63%) were returned completed. The percentage who said they would remove apparently normal ovaries at the time of hysterectomy in premenopausal women is as follows: at 35-39 years, 5%; 40-44, 35%; 45-49, 81% and over 49 years, 95%. In postmenopausal women, 97% would recommend removal of the ovaries. 29% of respondents believe that more than 10% of ovarian cancers could be prevented by prophylactic oophorectomy at the time of hysterectomy.

Total energy calculations are presented for (TTF)2 and (TCNQ)2 dimers for various relative positions and orientations of the molecules with the hope of obtaining some insight into the way that these molecules stack in the solid. It is found that full charge transfer (modeled by the doubly charged dimer) favors that stacking with one molecule directly above the other (although the slipped configuration is also favorable for TCNQ), while for charge transfers nearer to half an electron per molecule the molecules tend toward a slipped configuration with a relative displacement along the long axis of the molecules. The problem of relating dimer splittings to band widths is briefly discussed.

The radiation produced by a hollow, non‐neutral, rotating, relativistic E layer propagating inside a coaxial cylindrical drift tube has been investigated theoretically and experimentally. The measured radiation spectrum is very broadband in agreement with theory, though a shift in the spectrum can be achieved by a preloaded azimuthal density structure.

The production of high power microwave radiation at high harmonics of the electron cyclotron frequency by the interaction of a rotating electron beam with a magnetron‐type conducting boundary has been studied theoretically and experimentally using a 2‐MeV, 1–2‐kA, 10‐ns electron beam pulse. Approximately 10% of the electron beam power has been converted to microwave radiation at the 12th harmonic, and about 2% at the 20th harmonic. Radiation characteristics are in good agreement with a theoretical analysis of the resonant interaction of a beam mode with the modes of the conducting boundary system. Radiation from rotating beams in ‘‘glide‐symmetric’’ boundary systems is also reported.

The redox properties of 2,3,7,8-tetramethoxyselenanthrene and 2,3,7,8-tetramethoxythianthrene have been studied in solution in order to compare their potential applicability as charge-transfer donors. The selenium compound is the weaker reductant, yielding a stable radical cation and a reactive dication, the former dimerizing in solution. Electron spin resonance and visible absorption spectra of the stable species were obtained. The 1:1 charge-transfer complexes of the above donors with tetracyanoquinodimethane are found to be insulators.

The magnetoresistance of TTF-TCNQ has been measured for currents along the crystallographic b axis in static fields of 50 kOe for temperatures between 17 and 98 K. For [Formula: see text] the magnetoresistance Δρ/ρ = [ρ(50 kOe) − ρ(0)]/ρ(0) is less than 0.1% in magnitude. There is a peak of about −1.4% at 52.8 ± 0.2 K. Below 50 K, Δρ/ρ is small and negative and is described reasonably well by the formula Δρ/ρ = −(1/2)(μBH/kT)2. At all temperatures Δρ/ρ was found to be approximately independent of the orientation of the applied field with respect to the current. The high temperature behavior is consistent with that expected for a metal in the short scattering time limit [Formula: see text]. We attribute the peak at 52.8 K to the suppression of the metal–insulator transition by the magnetic field, and we show why such behavior would be expected for a Peierls transition. In the low temperature region the crystal acts like a small gap semiconductor for which the –T−2 dependence of Δρ/ρ is easily understood. We note that the peak in the magnetoresistance at 52.8 K strongly suggests that the electronic energy gap goes to zero at this temperature. One is then led to conclude that the decrease in the conductivity between 58 and 53 K is due to resistive fluctuations above the metal–insulator transition.

Detailed studies of the dc and microwave conductivity and dielectric constant of the quasi-one-dimensional conductor, MEM(TCNQ)2 for 4.2 K

The molecular structure of TTF dissolved in nematic liquid crystalline solvents has been determined from the proton magnetic resonance including couplings due to 13 C in natural abundance. The molecule is puckered in a boat conformation with the SCHCHS planes making a dihedral angle of 13 ± 2° with the S 2 C  CS 2 plane. The other structural parameters obtained are r CH = 1.085 ± 0.014 A and the angel CCH = 123.7 ± 1.5°.

1. Fur die Brownsche Bewegung im Protoplasma menschlicher Einzelzellen (Speichelzellen, Leukozyten, Leberzellen) bei Einwirkung von osmotischer Hypotonie werden drei Verlaufsarten unterschieden. 2. Das Entstehen und Vergehen der Brownschen Bewegung in Speichelkorperchen und Leukozyten wird in Zeitkurven festgelegt. 3. Auch SAureeinwirkung lA\t eine Brownsche Bewegung im Protoplasma der menschlichen Leukozyten entstehen. 4. In der Beobachtung der Einzelerscheinungen bei kunstlich erzeugter Brownscher Bewegung in den Zellen ist eine fur manche Fragestellungen brauchbare Prufungsmethode des Zellprotoplasmas gegeben. 5. Die Tanninwirkung auf menschliche Zellen wird mit Hilfe dieser Methodik untersucht. Dabei lassen sich funf Grade der Tanninwirkung deutlich unterscheiden. Besonders sei der zweite Grad mit dem Auftreten eines typischen Protoplasma-Fortsatzes und der vierte Grad mit dem Wiederauftreten der Brownschen Bewegung zufolge Rissigwerdens der ZelloberflAche hier genannt. 6. Es werden die Bedingungen untersucht, unter denen die menschlichen Leukozyten rote Blutkorperchen durch Phagocytose in sich aufnehmen. (A. Kombinierung von Tanninvorbehandlung und osmotischer Hypotoniewirkung und B. Kombinierung von Tanninvorbehand lung und SAureschwellung.) 7. Die Anwendbarkeit der methodischen Ergebnisse wird am Beispiel der Entstehung der „Geweihformen“ von Amoben und auch von menschlichen Blutleukozyten (Schade und Mayr) gezeigt.

The Raman spectra of TTF and d4-TTF has been obtained on the powder and benzene solution. Preliminary assignments to several bands can be made from depolarization studies, isotope shifts and analogy to related systems.

Studies of the production of microwave and millimeter wave radiation at high harmonics of the relativistic electron cyclotron frequency by the interaction of a rotating E-layer with a multiresonator magnetron boundary system have been conducted. The interaction of a 2 MeV, 1-2 kA, 5 ns cusp injected E layer of radius 6 cm with 12, 20, and 40 slot magnetron type waveguides are studied. Approximately 10% of the injected electron beam power is converted to microwaves at 12c (10 GHz), 2% at 20c (17 GHz), and 1% at 40?c (34 GHz). We have theoretically examined this system via analyzing the resonant interaction of a doppler shifted electron beam mode with the modes of the conducting boundary system. The location of these resonant interactions in frequency agrees well with the observed spectrum.

The generation of high‐power bursts of microwave radiation from hollow, relativistic E layers injected through a cusped magnetic field into a magnetron‐type conducting boundary configuration has been studied experimentally. Using a 2‐MeV, 2‐kA, 5‐ns injected beam pulse, approximately 250 MW of radiated power have been generated at 9.6 GHz.

From proton magnetic resonance spectra of TTF and TCNQ partially oriented in nematic liquid crystal solvents the ratio of length to width of the proton rectangle is 3.124 ± 0.03 for TTF and 1.765 ± 0.024 for TCNQ. Values of J CH obtained for TTF dissolved in d 6 -acetone, are J CH = 187.9 ± 0.3 Hz, J CCH = 6.7 ±0.1 Hz and J CSCH = 9.0 ±0.2 Hz.