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Color-induced changes in stones due to heating can be useful in determining the degree of degradation generated in their components and structure. We evaluate the effect of heating in three types of limestones, useful in building and restoration, corresponding to biomicrite (BC), biosparite (BS), and intramicrite (IM), in the range of temperature from 100°C to 600°C. Our analyses indicate that the strongest changes in reflectance occur in the samples of intramicrite, followed by biomicrite, being biosparite showing the smallest ones. Additionally, IM samples suffer the largest modifications in effective porosity due to the thermal treatment; in contrast, BS and BC samples show smaller temperature-induced alterations associated with smaller changes in reflectance. Moreover, we reveal that most of the thermally induced variations are associated, in this range of temperature, to the dehydroxylation of goethite that transforms into hematite, as well as by the burning and partial release of the organic matter present in the rock. Colorimetry analyses show that the sequence of thermally induced changes can be followed by the evolution of the three coordinates, L ∗ (lightness), a ∗ (red-green), and b ∗ (yellow-blue), of the CIE 1976 L ∗ a ∗ b ∗ space.

Limestone is a sedimentary rock composed of calcium carbonate with minor amounts of silica, iron oxide, clay, dolomite, and organic material. These types of stones have been used extensively as building materials. Due to this, determination of their thermal properties is of the utmost importance. These properties depend on the microstructure and composition of each type of rock. In this study, the effect of the thermal treatment of three different limestone rocks from the Peninsula of Yucatan were studied, in the range from 100 °C up to 600 °C, using photothermal radiometry. These studies were complemented by the characterization of the crystalline phases using X-ray diffraction and effective porosity measurements performed by the saturation technique. It is shown that the thermal diffusivity, thermal conductivity, and specific heat of the limestone decrease as the temperature increases. This behavior can be related to increases in microcracks and effective porosity due to thermal treatments.

In this work, the kinetics of diffusion of methylene blue in agar aqueous solution is studied using a photoacoustic technique. Two agar phantoms solutions in water with a relation of mass/volume of 0.01% and 0.05% were analyzed. The study was performed using a modified Rosencwaig photoacoustic cell that is enclosed by transparent windows, on both sides. The sample is deposited directly on top of the upper window. A red light beam, at a fixed modulation frequency, is sent through the lower window illuminating the sample and inducing the photoacoustic effect inside the closed chamber of the cell. At the beginning of the experiment, a droplet of 100μL of agar solution is deposited; afterwards, the signal stabilizes, and 10μL of methylene blue aqueous solution (0.0125 g · mL−1) is added to the surface of the agar. During the first seconds of the experiment, the photoacoustic signal amplitude increases followed by a gradual and long decay. Results for modulation frequencies in the range from 10Hz to 80Hz for both agar concentrations are presented. A simple theoretical approach is presented to analyze the experimental data. It is demonstrated that the kinetics of the process can be parameterized as a function of the changes of an effective optical absorption coefficient. From these results, the characteristic time, in which the dye diffusion process stabilizes, is obtained. It is found that this time is larger for samples with a higher agar concentration. These differences provide important results for biomedical sciences in which agar gels are used as phantoms resembling some of the properties of living organs and tissues.