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1. A distinct negative leader propagation mode

Author

O. Scholten, B. M. Hare, J. Dwyer, N. Liu, C. Sterpka, I. Kolmašová, O. Santolík, R. Lán, L. Uhlíř, S. Buitink, A. Corstanje, H. Falcke, T. Huege, J. R. Hörandel, G. K. Krampah, P. Mitra, K. Mulrey, A. Nelles, H. Pandya, J. P. Rachen, T. N. G. Trinh, S. ter Veen, S. Thoudam, and T. Winchen

Subjects
Medicine, Science
Abstract

Abstract The common phenomenon of lightning still harbors many secrets such as what are the conditions for lightning initiation and what is driving the discharge to propagate over several tens of kilometers through the atmosphere forming conducting ionized channels called leaders. Since lightning is an electric discharge phenomenon, there are positively and negatively charged leaders. In this work we report on measurements made with the LOFAR radio telescope, an instrument primarily build for radio-astronomy observations. It is observed that a negative leader rather suddenly changes, for a few milliseconds, into a mode where it radiates 100 times more VHF power than typical negative leaders after which it spawns a large number of more typical negative leaders. This mode occurs during the initial stage, soon after initiation, of all lightning flashes we have mapped (about 25). For some flashes this mode occurs also well after initiation and we show one case where it is triggered twice, some 100 ms apart. We postulate that this is indicative of a small (order of 5 km $$^2$$ 2 ) high charge pocket. Lightning thus appears to be initiated exclusively in the vicinity of such a small but dense charge pocket.

Published
2021
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2. Interferometric imaging of intensely radiating negative leaders

Author

O. Scholten, B. M. Hare, J. Dwyer, N. Liu, C. Sterpka, I. Kolmašová, O. Santolík, R. Lán, L. Uhlíř, S. Buitink, T. Huege, A. Nelles, S. ter Veen, Astronomy, Physics, and Astronomy and Astrophysics Research Group

Subjects
Physics - Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics, Astronomy, Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics (physics.ao-ph), FOS: Physical sciences, physics.ao-ph, ddc:530, Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics (astro-ph.IM), astro-ph.IM
Abstract

Physical review / D 105(6), 062007 (2022). doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.105.062007, The common phenomenon of lightning still harbors many secrets and only recently a new propagation mode was observed for negative leaders. While propagating in this “intensely radiating negative leader” (IRNL) mode a negative leader emits 100 times more very-high frequency (VHF) and broadband radiation than a more normal negative leader. We have reported that this mode occurs soon after initiation of all lightning flashes we have mapped as well as sometimes long thereafter. Because of the profuse emission of VHF the leader structure is very difficult to image. In this work we report on measurements made with the LOFAR radio telescope, an instrument primarily built for radio-astronomy observations. For this reason, as part of the present work, we have refined our time resolved interferometric 3-dimensional (TRI-D) imaging to take into account the antenna function. The images from the TRI-D imager show that during an IRNL there is an ionization front with a diameter in excess of 500 m where strong corona bursts occur. This is very different from what is seen for a normal negative leader where the corona bursts happen at the tip, an area of typically 10 m in diameter. The observed massive ionization wave supports the idea that this mode is indicative of a dense charge pocket., Published by Inst., Melville, NY

Published
2022
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3. A Frontal Thunderstorm With Several Multi-Cell Lines Found to Produce Energetic Preliminary Breakdown

Author

I. Kolmašová, S. Soula, O. Santolík, T. Farges, O. Bousquet, G. Diendorfer, R. Lán, L. Uhlíř, Laboratoire d'aérologie (LAERO), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre d'Études de Limeil-Valenton (CEA-DAM), Direction des Applications Militaires (DAM), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA), Laboratoire de l'Atmosphère et des Cyclones (LACy), and Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de La Réunion (UR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France

Subjects
Atmospheric Science, unusually strong electromagnetic initiation pulses, Geophysics, Space and Planetary Science, [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics], Earth and Planetary Sciences (miscellaneous), lightning initiation, small short living thunderstorm cells
Abstract

International audience; We combine electromagnetic measurements with meteorological and lightning detection data to explain an observation of unusually strong preliminary breakdown (PB) produced by a thunderstorm system that developed along the Mediterranean Coast of Southern France in the early hours of 19 June 2013. This multi-cellular storm was composed of several parallel convective lines in the NW-SE direction. Our analysis focuses on 10 sequences of energetic electromagnetic PB pulses recorded by two receivers located at different distances from this thunderstorm. The peak currents, which generated these strong PB pulses, reached −36 kA. The initial polarity of all observed energetic PB pulses confirmed the movement of the negative charge downward, as in case of PB pulses preceding negative cloud-to-ground discharges. The locations of PB pulses appeared in areas with none or very weak lightning activity. Most PB pulses were initiated in small, short-living, rapidly moving convective storm cells characterized by low reflectivity values (generally

Published
2022
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4. The Solar Orbiter Radio and Plasma Waves (RPW) instrument (Corrigendum)

Author

Andris Vaivads, V. Krupař, M. Chariet, Lars Bylander, L. R. Malac-Allain, J. Parisot, Mats André, W. Recart, W. Puccio, C. Agrapart, D. Bérard, V. Leray, Robert F. Wimmer-Schweingruber, K. Boughedada, Baptiste Cecconi, E. Lorfèvre, M. Steller, B. Katra, F. Chapron, Helmut O. Rucker, Stuart D. Bale, Matthieu Kretzschmar, J.-C. Pellion, Ivana Kolmasova, J. Sanisidro, N. Quéruel, Filippo Pantellini, V. Bouzid, Laurent Lamy, Milan Maksimovic, L. Guéguen, C. Fiachetti, S. Chaintreuil, Mykhaylo Panchenko, Karine Issautier, M. Dekkali, O. Krupařová, Keith Goetz, Tomas Karlsson, I. Fratter, H. Ottacher, Philippe Louarn, P. Fergeau, O. Le Contel, Christopher J. Owen, Jan Soucek, A. Retino, Mihailo M. Martinović, Y. de Conchy, Olga Alexandrova, E. Bellouard, G. T. Delory, David Pisa, S. Thijs, E. Guilhem, Anders Eriksson, L. Åhlén, Antonio Vecchio, Timothy S. Horbury, Ondrej Santolik, Eduard P. Kontar, T. Vincent, V. Cripps, Daniel Dias, I. Zouganelis, A. Jeandet, T. Dudok de Wit, Sonny Lion, L. Uhlíř, Quynh Nhu Nguyen, M. Timofeeva, Dirk Plettemeier, J. Baše, Christopher Cully, Petr Hellinger, Lorenzo Matteini, Fouad Sahraoui, C. Collin, Paul Turin, Javier Rodriguez-Pacheco, Säm Krucker, P. Plasson, J.-Y. Brochot, Vladimir Krasnoselskikh, P. Leroy, Petr Travnicek, R. Lán, Yu. V. Khotyaintsev, S.-E. Jansson, Štěpán Štverák, G. Barbary, Pierre Astier, G. Jannet, R. Piberne, E. P. G. Johansson, F. Gonzalez, P. Danto, Arnaud Zaslavsky, J. Břínek, Thomas Chust, Xavier Bonnin, C. Laffaye, G. Cassam-Chenai, S. Julien, B. Pontet, Matthieu Berthomier, Laboratoire d'études spatiales et d'instrumentation en astrophysique (LESIA (UMR_8109)), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP), Space Sciences Laboratory [Berkeley] (SSL), University of California [Berkeley], University of California-University of California, Laboratoire de Physique des Plasmas (LPP), Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École polytechnique (X)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Swedish Institute of Space Physics [Uppsala] (IRF), Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie de l'Environnement et de l'Espace (LPC2E), Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers en région Centre (OSUC), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National d’Études Spatiales [Paris] (CNES), Technische Universität Dresden = Dresden University of Technology (TU Dresden), Commission for Astronomy of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Austrian Academy of Sciences (OeAW), Institute of Atmospheric Physics [Prague] (IAP), Czech Academy of Sciences [Prague] (CAS), Space Research Institute of Austrian Academy of Sciences (IWF), Royal Institute of Technology [Stockholm] (KTH ), Unité Scientifique de la Station de Nançay (USN), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers en région Centre (OSUC), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université d'Orléans (UO), Nexeya Conseil & Formation, Institute for Mathematics, Astrophysics and Particle Physics (IMAPP), Radboud university [Nijmegen], Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES), Centre d’Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive (CEFE), Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UPVM)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), ALTRAN (FRANCE), Université de Rennes 1 (UR1), Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES), Univerzita Karlova v Praze, Universities Space Research Association (USRA), NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), Department of Physics and Astronomy [Calgary], University of Calgary, School of Physics and Astronomy [Minneapolis], University of Minnesota [Twin Cities] (UMN), University of Minnesota System-University of Minnesota System, Department of Physics [Imperial College London], Imperial College London, University of Glasgow, Fachhochschule Nordwestschweiz [Windisch] (FHNW), Institut de recherche en astrophysique et planétologie (IRAP), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Lunar and Planetary Laboratory [Tucson] (LPL), University of Arizona, University of Belgrade [Belgrade], Mullard Space Science Laboratory (MSSL), University College of London [London] (UCL), Universidad de Alcalá - University of Alcalá (UAH), Institute of Experimental and Applied Physics [Kiel] (IEAP), Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel (CAU), European Space Astronomy Centre (ESAC), European Space Agency (ESA), Laboratoire d'études spatiales et d'instrumentation en astrophysique = Laboratory of Space Studies and Instrumentation in Astrophysics (LESIA), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), University of California [Berkeley] (UC Berkeley), University of California (UC)-University of California (UC), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Radboud University [Nijmegen], Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UPVM)-École Pratique des Hautes Études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Institut Agro - Montpellier SupAgro, Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro), Université de Rennes (UR), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Agence Spatiale Européenne = European Space Agency (ESA)

Subjects
Physics, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Astronomy, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Astrophysics, Plasma, 01 natural sciences, law.invention, instrumentation: miscellaneous, Solar wind, Orbiter, solar wind, Space and Planetary Science, law, 0103 physical sciences, [PHYS.ASTR]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, addenda, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, errata
Abstract

Contains fulltext : 239392.pdf (Publisher’s version ) (Open Access)

Published
2021
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5. First observations and performance of the RPW instrument on board the Solar Orbiter mission

Author

M. Maksimovic, J. Souček, T. Chust, Y. Khotyaintsev, M. Kretzschmar, X. Bonnin, A. Vecchio, O. Alexandrova, S. D. Bale, D. Bérard, J.-Y. Brochot, N. J. T. Edberg, A. Eriksson, L. Z. Hadid, E. P. G. Johansson, T. Karlsson, B. Katra, V. Krasnoselskikh, V. Krupař, S. Lion, E. Lorfèvre, L. Matteini, Q. N. Nguyen, D. Píša, R. Piberne, D. Plettemeier, H. O. Rucker, O. Santolík, K. Steinvall, M. Steller, Š. Štverák, P. Trávníček, A. Vaivads, A. Zaslavsky, S. Chaintreuil, M. Dekkali, P.-A. Astier, G. Barbary, K. Boughedada, B. Cecconi, F. Chapron, C. Collin, D. Dias, L. Guéguen, L. Lamy, V. Leray, L. R. Malac-Allain, F. Pantellini, J. Parisot, P. Plasson, S. Thijs, I. Fratter, E. Bellouard, P. Danto, S. Julien, E. Guilhem, C. Fiachetti, J. Sanisidro, C. Laffaye, F. Gonzalez, B. Pontet, N. Quéruel, G. Jannet, P. Fergeau, T. Dudok de Wit, T. Vincent, C. Agrapart, J. Pragout, M. Bergerard-Timofeeva, G. T. Delory, P. Turin, A. Jeandet, P. Leroy, J.-C. Pellion, V. Bouzid, W. Recart, I. Kolmašová, O. Krupařová, L. Uhlíř, R. Lán, J. Baše, M. André, L. Bylander, V. Cripps, C. Cully, S.-E. Jansson, W. Puccio, J. Břínek, H. Ottacher, V. Angelini, M. Berthomier, V. Evans, K. Goetz, P. Hellinger, T. S. Horbury, K. Issautier, E. Kontar, O. Le Contel, P. Louarn, M. Martinović, D. Müller, H. O’Brien, C. J. Owen, A. Retino, J. Rodríguez-Pacheco, F. Sahraoui, L. Sanchez, A. P. Walsh, R. F. Wimmer-Schweingruber, I. Zouganelis, Laboratoire d'études spatiales et d'instrumentation en astrophysique = Laboratory of Space Studies and Instrumentation in Astrophysics (LESIA), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Laboratoire de Physique des Plasmas (LPP), Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École polytechnique (X)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Swedish Institute of Space Physics [Uppsala] (IRF), Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie de l'Environnement et de l'Espace (LPC2E), Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers en région Centre (OSUC), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National d’Études Spatiales [Paris] (CNES), Space Sciences Laboratory [Berkeley] (SSL), University of California [Berkeley] (UC Berkeley), University of California (UC)-University of California (UC), Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES), Innovations for High Performance Microelectronics (IHP), Institut für Weltraumforschung = Space Research institute [Graz] (IWF), Osterreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften (ÖAW), Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Tours (CHRU Tours), Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive - UMR 5558 (LBBE), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre Hospitalier Lyon Sud [CHU - HCL] (CHLS), Hospices Civils de Lyon (HCL), ALTRAN (FRANCE), GeNeuro Innovation [Lyon], Hôpital Saint Eloi (CHRU Montpellier), Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire [Montpellier] (CHRU Montpellier), Institut des Neurosciences de Montpellier (INM), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université de Montpellier (UM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Rennes (UR), Nexeya Conseil & Formation, Institute of Atmospheric Physics [Prague] (IAP), Czech Academy of Sciences [Prague] (CAS), Microbes, Intestin, Inflammation et Susceptibilité de l'Hôte (M2iSH), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine d'Auvergne (CRNH d'Auvergne)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Université Clermont Auvergne (UCA), Service de Médecine Interne [CHU Clermont-Ferrand], CHU Gabriel Montpied [Clermont-Ferrand], CHU Clermont-Ferrand-CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Royal Institute of Technology [Stockholm] (KTH ), Department of Physics and Astronomy [Calgary], University of Calgary, Space Research Institute of Austrian Academy of Sciences (IWF), Austrian Academy of Sciences (OeAW), NOAA National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research [Wellington] (NIWA), Department of Physics [Imperial College London], Imperial College London, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL), Institut de recherche en astrophysique et planétologie (IRAP), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Lunar and Planetary Laboratory [Tucson] (LPL), University of Arizona, University of Belgrade [Belgrade], Laboratoire des sciences de l'ingénieur, de l'informatique et de l'imagerie (ICube), École Nationale du Génie de l'Eau et de l'Environnement de Strasbourg (ENGEES)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Strasbourg (INSA Strasbourg), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-Les Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg (HUS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Matériaux et Nanosciences Grand-Est (MNGE), Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Réseau nanophotonique et optique, Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Sorbonne Université (SU), International Centre for Radio Astronomy Research - Curtin University, Curtin University [Perth], Planning and Transport Research Centre (PATREC)-Planning and Transport Research Centre (PATREC), European Space Astronomy Centre (ESAC), Agence Spatiale Européenne = European Space Agency (ESA), Laboratoire d'études spatiales et d'instrumentation en astrophysique (LESIA (UMR_8109)), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP), University of California [Berkeley], University of California-University of California, Institut für Weltraumforschung [Graz] (IWF), CHU Saint-Eloi, Institut des Neurosciences de Montpellier - Déficits sensoriels et moteurs (INM), Université de Montpellier (UM)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Strasbourg (INSA Strasbourg), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École Nationale du Génie de l'Eau et de l'Environnement de Strasbourg (ENGEES)-Réseau nanophotonique et optique, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Matériaux et nanosciences d'Alsace (FMNGE), Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA) Mulhouse - Colmar (Université de Haute-Alsace (UHA))-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), European Space Agency (ESA), and Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Tours (CHRU TOURS)

Subjects
Sun: general, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Astronomy, Astrophysics, 01 natural sciences, 7. Clean energy, law.invention, Orbiter, Astronomi, astrofysik och kosmologi, law, 0103 physical sciences, Astronomy, Astrophysics and Cosmology, Aerospace engineering, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Physics, Sun: radio radiation, business.industry, Astrophysics::Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Sun, Astronomy and Astrophysics, solar wind, Space and Planetary Science, general, radio radiation, Physics::Space Physics, Astrophysics::Earth and Planetary Astrophysics, business, [PHYS.ASTR]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]
Abstract

International audience; The Radio and Plasma Waves (RPW) instrument on the ESA Solar Orbiter mission is designed to measure in situ magnetic and electric fields and waves from the continuum up to several hundred kHz. The RPW also observes solar and heliospheric radio emissions up to 16 MHz. It was switched on and its antennae were successfully deployed two days after the launch of Solar Orbiter on February 10, 2020. Since then, the instrument has acquired enough data to make it possible to assess its performance and the electromagnetic disturbances it experiences. In this article, we assess its scientific performance and present the first RPW observations. In particular, we focus on a statistical analysis of the first observations of interplanetary dust by the instrument’s Thermal Noise Receiver. We also review the electro-magnetic disturbances that RPW suffers, especially those which potential users of the instrument data should be aware of before starting their research work.

Published
2021
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6. The Solar Orbiter Radio and Plasma Waves (RPW) instrument

Author

L. R. Malac-Allain, T. Dudok de Wit, E. Lorfèvre, C. Collin, J. Sanisidro, Mihailo M. Martinović, X. Bonnin, E. Guilhem, Milan Maksimovic, P. Leroy, A. Vecchio, Eduard P. Kontar, L. Uhlíř, N. Quéruel, H. Ottacher, K. Boughedada, Christopher Cully, G. Barbary, Pierre Astier, Anders Eriksson, L. Åhlén, O. Krupařová, B. Pontet, T. Chust, G. Jannet, J. Parisot, Mats André, Paul Turin, P. Plasson, F. Chapron, M. Steller, W. Recart, W. Puccio, Vladimir Krasnoselskikh, Robert F. Wimmer-Schweingruber, V. Bouzid, Laurent Lamy, V. Cripps, R. Lán, Keith Goetz, B. Katra, S. Chaintreuil, Gregory T. Delory, I. Fratter, Dirk Plettemeier, C. Fiachetti, V. Krupař, M. Chariet, Sonny Lion, M. Dekkali, Lars Bylander, F. Gonzalez, Jan Soucek, Christopher J. Owen, Mykhaylo Panchenko, P. Danto, David Pisa, T. Vincent, Y. de Conchy, Säm Krucker, G. Cassam-Chenai, S. Julien, Baptiste Cecconi, Olga Alexandrova, A. Retino, V. Leray, Karine Issautier, S. Thijs, E. P. G. Johansson, Filippo Pantellini, D. Bérard, J. Baše, L. Guéguen, R. Piberne, P. Fergeau, Matthieu Berthomier, Tomas Karlsson, Arnaud Zaslavsky, Quynh Nhu Nguyen, J.-Y. Brochot, E. Bellouard, Yu. V. Khotyaintsev, Lorenzo Matteini, Štěpán Štverák, Javier Rodriguez-Pacheco, Fouad Sahraoui, S.-E. Jansson, O. Le Contel, Timothy S. Horbury, J.-C. Pellion, Pavel M. Trávníček, A. Jeandet, C. Agrapart, Petr Hellinger, Ondrej Santolik, I. Zouganelis, C. Laffaye, M. Timofeeva, D. Dias, Philippe Louarn, Helmut O. Rucker, Stuart D. Bale, Ivana Kolmasova, J. Břínek, Matthieu Kretzschmar, Andris Vaivads, Laboratoire d'études spatiales et d'instrumentation en astrophysique = Laboratory of Space Studies and Instrumentation in Astrophysics (LESIA), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Laboratoire de Physique des Plasmas (LPP), Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-École polytechnique (X)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Swedish Institute of Space Physics [Uppsala] (IRF), Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie de l'Environnement et de l'Espace (LPC2E), Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers en région Centre (OSUC), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National d’Études Spatiales [Paris] (CNES), Technische Universität Dresden = Dresden University of Technology (TU Dresden), Institute of Computing [Campinas] (IC), Universidade Estadual de Campinas = University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive - UMR 5558 (LBBE), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (Inria)-VetAgro Sup - Institut national d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche en alimentation, santé animale, sciences agronomiques et de l'environnement (VAS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre d'Investigation Clinique [CHU Clermont-Ferrand] (CIC 1405), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Direction de la recherche clinique et de l’innovation [CHU Clermont-Ferrand] (DRCI), CHU Clermont-Ferrand-CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Department of Physics [Imperial College London], Imperial College London, Laboratoire Structures, Propriétés et Modélisation des solides (SPMS), Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-CentraleSupélec-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Hasselt University (UHasselt), Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES), Centre National d’Etudes Spatiales, Centre National d’Études Spatiales [Paris] (CNES), Laboratoire de physique et chimie de l'environnement (LPCE), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), DIREN RHONE ALPES LYON FRA, Partenaires IRSTEA, Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA)-Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l'environnement et l'agriculture (IRSTEA), International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire [Montpellier] (CHRU Montpellier), Space Sciences Laboratory [Berkeley] (SSL), University of California [Berkeley] (UC Berkeley), University of California (UC)-University of California (UC), Institute of Atmospheric Physics [Prague] (IAP), Czech Academy of Sciences [Prague] (CAS), NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), Universities Space Research Association (USRA), Jiangsu University of Science and Technology (JUST), Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho = São Paulo State University (UNESP), Alfven Laboratory, Royal Institute of Technology [Stockholm] (KTH ), Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå University, Umea Plant Science Centre, Umeå University-Umeå University, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Department of Space and Plasma Physics [Stockholm], KTH School of Electrical Engineering, Royal Institute of Technology [Stockholm] (KTH )-Royal Institute of Technology [Stockholm] (KTH ), Swedish Institute of Space Physics [Kiruna] (IRF), Institut de recherche en astrophysique et planétologie (IRAP), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Agence Spatiale Européenne = European Space Agency (ESA), Laboratoire d'études spatiales et d'instrumentation en astrophysique (LESIA (UMR_8109)), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP), Institute of Computing [Campinas] (UNICAMP), Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Université d'Orléans (UO)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), University of California [Berkeley], University of California-University of California, Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and European Space Agency (European Space Agency) (ESA)

Subjects
010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Astronomy, Astrophysics, Plasma oscillation, 01 natural sciences, law.invention, Orbiter, Astronomi, astrofysik och kosmologi, law, 0103 physical sciences, Astronomy, Astrophysics and Cosmology, Aerospace engineering, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, miscellaneous [instrumentation], 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Physics, business.industry, Astrophysics::Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Plasma, Solar radio, instrumentation: miscellaneous, Solar wind, solar wind, Space and Planetary Science, Physics::Space Physics, Astrophysics::Earth and Planetary Astrophysics, Interplanetary spaceflight, business, [PHYS.ASTR]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]
Abstract

The Radio and Plasma Waves (RPW) instrument on the ESA Solar Orbiter mission is described in this paper. This instrument is designed to measure in-situ magnetic and electric fields and waves from the continuous to a few hundreds of kHz. RPW will also observe solar radio emissions up to 16 MHz. The RPW instrument is of primary importance to the Solar Orbiter mission and science requirements since it is essential to answer three of the four mission overarching science objectives. In addition RPW will exchange on-board data with the other in-situ instruments in order to process algorithms for interplanetary shocks and type III langmuir waves detections. Correction in: Astronomy & Astrophysics, Volume 654, Article Number C2, DOI 10.1051/0004-6361/201936214e

Published
2020
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7. Narrow-leaved lupine seeds as a dietary protein source for fattening rabbits: a comparison with white lupine seeds

Author

Z. Volek, L. Uhlířová, and L. Zita

Subjects
legumes, growth, health, nitrogen retention, rabbit, Animal culture, SF1-1100
Abstract

Lupine seeds have the potential to be an alternative to imported dietary proteins. In rabbits, it has been indicated that White lupine seed (WLS) is a suitable protein source. Other lupine species, for example, narrow-leaved lupine seed (NLS), have not yet been tested in rabbit diets. Two experiments were carried out to evaluate the effect of the dietary inclusion of NLS on growth performance, sanitary risk index (SRI), coefficients of total tract apparent digestibility (CTTAD) and nitrogen output in fattening rabbits. Narrow-leaved lupine was compared with WLS as a main protein source. For Experiment I, a total of 198 Hyplus rabbits (37 days of age) were allocated into two groups (99 rabbits per group), fed the WLS I diet (120 g/kg of WLS cv. Amiga) or the NLS I diet (150 g/kg of NLS cv. Probor), and used for performance and carcass trait evaluations. In addition, the CTTAD of the diets and the nitrogen output were determined in 10 Hyplus rabbits per treatment (37 days of age). For Experiment II, a total of 180 Hyplus rabbits (32 days of age) were allocated into two groups (90 rabbits per group), fed the WLS II diet (120 g/kg of WLS cv. Amiga) or the NLS II diet (130 g/kg of NLS cv. Primadona), and used for performance and carcass trait evaluations. In addition, the CTTAD of the diets was determined in 10 Hyplus rabbits per treatment (32 days of age). Regardless of the treatment, the dietary inclusion of NLS had a negative effect on growth of the rabbits. The nitrogen excretion and coefficients of nitrogen retention of rabbits were not affected by the treatments. In Experiment I, SRI (37 to 80 days of age) was higher in rabbits fed the NLS I diet than in those fed the WLS I diet (38.4% v. 23.2%, respectively; P = 0.031). Similarly, in Experiment II (32 to 74 days of age), SRI was higher in rabbits fed the NLS II diet than in rabbits fed the WLS II diet (37.8% v. 23.3%, respectively; P = 0.052). In conclusion, regardless of the variety, the dietary inclusion of NLS had no negative effect on the nitrogen output or dressing-out percentage of rabbits when compared to those of rabbits fed the WLS diets. With respect to the SRI and performance, however, NLS did not provide a satisfactory outcome.

Published
2020
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8. Relationship between muscle fibre characteristics and meat sensory properties in three nutria (Myocastor coypus) colour types

Author

E. Tůmová, D. Chodová, L. Uhlířová, J. Vlčková, Z. Volek, and V. Skřivanová

Subjects
nutria, muscle histochemical measurements, sensory characteristics, correlation, Animal culture, SF1-1100
Abstract

The study determined the muscle fibre characteristics and sensory properties of the longissimus lumborum muscle (LL) of eight-month-old nutrias of three colour types and the correlations between meat histochemical measurements and eating quality. The following nutria colour types were used in the experiment: Standard (ST), Moravian Silver (MS), and Prestice Multicolour (PM). The nutria colour type significantly (P < 0.001) affected the number of type IIB fibres with the lowest number in ST (108 per mm2). The proportion of type I fibres varied between 10.6 and 14.2%; type IIA fibres varied between 6.1 and 7.8%; and type IIB fibres varied between 78.2 and 83.4% and it was not affected by colour type. The cross-sectional area (CSA) was 2.565-2.841 µm2 in type I, 2.867-3.010 µm2 in type IIA, and 4.698-5.517 µm2 in type IIB fibres. The CSA of type IIB fibres (P < 0.001) was the largest in ST. The sensory trait of tenderness (P < 0.05) was the lowest in MS. Correlations between the proportion of fibres and sensory traits were not observed. The CSA of type I fibres correlated with flavour (0.19) and the CSA of type IIB fibres with tenderness (0.10).

Published
2016
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9. The effect of 1-week feed restriction on performance, digestibility of nutrients and digestive system development in the growing rabbit

Author

E. Tůmová, Z. Volek, D. Chodová, H. Härtlová, P. Makovický, J. Svobodová, T.A. Ebeid, and L. Uhlířová

Subjects
rabbit, feed restriction, growth, feed consumption, gastrointestinal tract, Animal culture, SF1-1100
Abstract

A 3 to 4 week feed restriction of about 20% to 25% of the free intake is widely applied in rabbit breeding systems to reduce post-weaning digestive disorders. However, a short intensive feed restriction is described in few studies and can be beneficial for growing rabbits due to a longer re-alimentation period. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of ad libitum (AL) and two restriction levels of feeding (50 and 65 g/rabbit per day) applied for 1 week on performance, gastrointestinal morphology and physiological parameters during the restriction and during the re-alimentation period. Rabbits were divided into three experimental groups: AL rabbits were fed AL, R1 rabbits were restricted from 42 to 49 days of age and received 50 g daily (29% of AL) and R2 rabbits were restricted at the same age and were fed 65 g of feed daily (37% of AL). In the 1st week after weaning and in the weeks after restriction, all the groups were fed AL. During the restriction period, daily weight gain (DWG) in R1 significantly dropped to 11% (experiment 1) and 5% (experiment 2) compared with rabbits in the AL group, although they were fed 29% of AL, whereas in the R2 group it decreased to 20% (experiment 1) and 10% (experiment 2). In the week following feed restriction, DWG in the restricted groups increased (P

Published
2016
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10. Effect of feed restriction and different crude protein sources on the performance, health status and carcass traits of growing rabbits

Author

L. Uhlířová, Z. Volek, M. Marounek, and E. Tůmová

Subjects
carcass quality, digestive health, feeding regime, growth, protein source, rabbit, Animal culture, SF1-1100, Veterinary medicine, SF600-1100
Abstract

We evaluate the effect of the crude protein source (CP) in combination with 2 feeding strategies (AL: ad libitum or R: restricted) on the performance, health status and carcass traits of growing-fattening rabbits (between 33 and 75 d of age). Two experimental diets were formulated; the first containing soybean meal (SBM: 70 g/kg) as the main CP source and the second containing white lupin seeds (WLS: 105 g/kg) as the main CP source. A total of 160 weaned Hyplus rabbits (774±10 g live weight) were randomly allocated to the experimental groups, combination of feeding strategy and diet (AL SBM, R SBM, AL WLS and R WLS; 40 rabbits per group with 4 rabbits per cage), for 42 d. The feeding programme was applied as follows: both the AL SBM and AL WLS rabbits were fed ad libitum for the entire fattening period, whereas the R SBM and R WLS rabbits were subjected to feed restriction between 33 and 47 d of age (75% of the ad libitum intake). Afterwards, all restricted rabbits were fed ad libitum until 75 d of age. Regardless of the CP source, the feed restriction reduced the final live weight by 83 g, chilled carcass weight by 65 g, and dressing out percentage by 0.9 percentage points (P

Published
2015
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11. Carcass composition and meat quality of Czech genetic resources of nutrias (Myocastor coypus)

Author

E. Tůmová, D. Chodová, J. Svobodová, L. Uhlířová, and Z. Volek

Subjects
nutria, colour type, slaughter traits, meat nutritional value, muscle fibre, Animal culture, SF1-1100
Abstract

The effects of sex and colour type on carcass composition, nutrients content, and muscle fibre characteristics of hind leg meat of nutrias raised under intensive conditions were the focus of this study. Thirty-six eight-month-old nutrias of both sexes with three colour types (Standard nutria, ST; Moravian Silver, MS; and Prestice Multicolour, PM) were studied. Live weight was affected by colour type (P < 0.05) and sex (P < 0.001); however, no effects of these variables were found for the dressing out percentage. Crude protein content was significantly higher in males than in females, whereas crude fat content was higher in females. A significant interaction between colour type and sex was found for hydroxyproline and ash contents. Fatty acids were affected primarily by the sex of nutrias. No effect of colour type on the distribution of muscle fibres in the Biceps femoris muscle was found. However, females had fewer βR (P < 0.05) and more αR fibres (P < 0.001) than males.

Published
2015
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12. Lightning initiation: Strong pulses of VHF radiation accompany preliminary breakdown.

Author

Kolmašová I, Santolík O, Defer E, Rison W, Coquillat S, Pedeboy S, Lán R, Uhlíř L, Lambert D, Pinty JP, Prieur S, and Pont V

Abstract

We analyze lightning initiation process using magnetic field waveforms of preliminary breakdown (PB) pulses observed at time scales of a few tens of microseconds by a broad-band receiver. We compare these pulses with sources of narrow-band very high frequency (VHF) radiation at 60-66 MHz recorded by two separate Lightning Mapping Arrays (LMAs). We find that almost none of the observed PB pulses correspond to geo-located VHF radiation sources, in agreement with previous results and with the hypothesis that processes generating VHF radiation and PB pulses are only weakly related. However, our detailed analysis discovers that individual peaks of strong VHF radiation seen by separate LMA stations correspond surprisingly well to the PB pulses. This result shows that electromagnetic radiation generated during fast stepwise extension of developing lightning channels is spread over a large interval of frequencies. We also show that intense VHF radiation abruptly starts with the first PB pulse and that it is then continuously present during the entire PB phase of developing discharges.

Published
2018
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