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Resumen: Debido a las particularidades anatómicas clínicas e histológicas del aparato ungueal, y a las dificultades inherentes a la obtención y procesado de las biopsias ungueales, el estudio de las lesiones melanocíticas subungueales no suele ser una tarea sencilla. Además, en el caso de las lesiones melanocíticas subungueales de la edad pediátrica, hay que añadir las peculiaridades de las características clínicas y epidemiológicas propias de esta edad. En la infancia, muchos de los signos clínicos que son considerados de alarma en el adulto no han demostrado tener la misma validez, y no existe un claro consenso respecto a cuándo realizar una biopsia ungueal para descartar patología melanocítica maligna. Esto, unido al carácter excepcional del melanoma subungueal pediátrico, hacen que en la mayoría de los casos se recomiende exclusivamente la observación y el seguimiento. Por otro lado, las lesiones melanocíticas subungueales pediátricas pueden mostrar características histopatológicas atípicas, sin que ello implique un comportamiento clínico agresivo. El melanoma subungueal es una entidad excepcional, con solo 21 casos descritos hasta la fecha. Cabe destacar que ninguno de los casos de melanoma subungueal pediátrico descritos hasta la fecha presentó afectación metastásica visceral, ni tampoco ocasionó la muerte del paciente, y que el diagnóstico es controvertido en muchos de ellos. Por todo ello, y teniendo en cuenta la significativa mayor frecuencia de lesiones melanocíticas benignas subyacentes a melanoniquias longitudinales en la edad pediátrica, así como las peculiaridades clínicas de las mismas, el manejo de estas lesiones debe ser diferente al de las melanoniquias del adulto, siendo la observación la actitud más adecuada en la gran mayoría de los casos. Abstract: The study of subungual melanocytic lesions can present challenges because of the clinical and histologic characteristics of the nail unit and the difficulty of performing nail biopsies and processing specimens. These lesions can be even more challenging in children due to differences in clinical and epidemiological profiles between the adult and pediatric populations. Many of the clinical features of subungual melanocytic lesions that would raise alarm in an adult do not have the same implications in children. Consensus is also lacking on when a nail biopsy is needed to rule out malignancy in the pediatric setting. In view of these considerations and the rarity of subungual melanoma in childhood, the recommended approach in most cases is a watch-and-wait strategy. Subungual melanocytic lesions in children may also show atypical histopathologic features that are not necessarily associated with aggressive behavior. Subungual melanoma is very rare in childhood, with just 21 cases described to date. None of the patients developed visceral metastasis or died as a result and the diagnosis was controversial in many of the cases. Considering the above and the significantly higher frequency and particular characteristics of longitudinal melanonychia with a benign etiology in children, subungual melanocytic lesions should be managed differently in this setting than in adults. In most cases, a watch-and-wait approach is the most appropriate strategy.

The study of subungual melanocytic lesions can present challenges because of the clinical and histologic characteristics of the nail unit and the difficulty of performing nail biopsies and processing specimens. These lesions can be even more challenging in children due to differences in clinical and epidemiological profiles between the adult and pediatric populations. Many of the clinical features of subungual melanocytic lesions that would raise alarm in an adult do not have the same implications in children. Consensus is also lacking on when a nail biopsy is needed to rule out malignancy in the pediatric setting. In view of these considerations and the rarity of subungual melanoma in childhood, the recommended approach in most cases is a watch-and-wait strategy. Subungual melanocytic lesions in children may also show atypical histopathologic features that are not necessarily associated with aggressive behavior. Subungual melanoma is very rare in childhood, with just 21 cases described to date. None of the patients developed visceral metastasis or died as a result and the diagnosis was controversial in many of the cases. Considering the above and the significantly higher frequency and particular characteristics of longitudinal melanonychia with a benign etiology in children, subungual melanocytic lesions should be managed differently in this setting than in adults. In most cases, a watch-and-wait approach is the most appropriate strategy. Resumen: Debido a las particularidades anatómicas clínicas e histológicas del aparato ungueal, y a las dificultades inherentes a la obtención y procesado de las biopsias ungueales, el estudio de las lesiones melanocíticas subungueales no suele ser una tarea sencilla. Además, en el caso de las lesiones melanocíticas subungueales de la edad pediátrica, hay que añadir las peculiaridades de las características clínicas y epidemiológicas propias de esta edad. En la infancia, muchos de los signos clínicos que son considerados de alarma en el adulto no han demostrado tener la misma validez, y no existe un claro consenso respecto a cuándo realizar una biopsia ungueal para descartar patología melanocítica maligna. Esto, unido al carácter excepcional del melanoma subungueal pediátrico, hacen que en la mayoría de los casos se recomiende exclusivamente la observación y el seguimiento. Por otro lado, las lesiones melanocíticas subungueales pediátricas pueden mostrar características histopatológicas atípicas, sin que ello implique un comportamiento clínico agresivo. El melanoma subungueal es una entidad excepcional, con solo 21 casos descritos hasta la fecha. Cabe destacar que ninguno de los casos de melanoma subungueal pediátrico descritos hasta la fecha presentó afectación metastásica visceral, ni tampoco ocasionó la muerte del paciente, y que el diagnóstico es controvertido en muchos de ellos. Por todo ello, y teniendo en cuenta la significativa mayor frecuencia de lesiones melanocíticas benignas subyacentes a melanoniquias longitudinales en la edad pediátrica, así como las peculiaridades clínicas de las mismas, el manejo de estas lesiones debe ser diferente al de las melanoniquias del adulto, siendo la observación la actitud más adecuada en la gran mayoría de los casos.

The generation of cell blocks (CB) obtained from ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration biopsies (USFNAB) is a well-established technique in breast and thyroid pathology, but is rarely used in dermatology. We reviewed CBs obtained from USFNAB of skin lesions, which were categorized as malignant skin tumors, benign skin tumors, inflammatory skin tumors or deposit skin diseases. The diagnostic yield of each category was compared to histopathology. The USFNAB of 51 skin lesions was processed into CBs. There was overall agreement between histopathology and CBs in 84.31% of cases. Diagnostic group concordance for benign, malignant as well as inflammatory and deposit skin lesions were 69.2%, 93.7% and 86.3% respectively. Cell block generation from USFNAB aspirates of skin lesions should be considered as part of the dermatologic diagnostic armamentarium. Further experience is needed to better understand for which types of dermatologic lesions it would be clearly indicated. Resumen: La generación de bloques celulares (CBs) obtenidos a partir de punción-aspiración con aguja fina guiada por ultrasonido (USFNAB), es una técnica bien establecida en patología mamaria y tiroidea, pero rara vez se utiliza en dermatología. Revisamos los CBs obtenidos por USFNAB de lesiones cutáneas, que se clasificaron como tumores cutáneos malignos, tumores cutáneos benignos, tumores cutáneos inflamatorios o enfermedades cutáneas por depósito. El rendimiento diagnóstico de cada categoría se comparó con la histopatología. La USFNAB de 51 lesiones cutáneas se procesó en CBs. Hubo concordancia global entre la histopatología y los CBs en el 84,31% de los casos. La concordancia entre histopatología y CBs para lesiones cutáneas benignas, malignas e inflamatorias y por depósito fue del 69,2, 93,7 y 86,3%, respectivamente. La generación de CBs a partir de USFNAB de lesiones cutáneas debe considerarse como parte del arsenal diagnóstico dermatológico. Se necesita más experiencia para comprender mejor para qué tipos de lesiones dermatológicas estaría claramente recomendado.

Resumen: La generación de bloques celulares (BC) obtenidos a partir de punción-aspiración con aguja fina guiada por ultrasonido (PAAFUS) es una técnica bien establecida en patología mamaria y tiroidea, pero rara vez se utiliza en dermatología. Revisamos los BC obtenidos por PAAFUS de lesiones cutáneas, que se clasificaron como tumores cutáneos malignos, tumores cutáneos benignos, tumores cutáneos inflamatorios o enfermedades cutáneas por depósito. El rendimiento diagnóstico de cada categoría se comparó con la histopatología. La PAAFUS de 51 lesiones cutáneas se procesó en BC. Hubo concordancia global entre la histopatología y los BC en el 84,31% de los casos. La concordancia entre histopatología y BC para lesiones cutáneas benignas, malignas e inflamatorias y por depósito fue del 69,2%, del 93,7% y del 86,3%, respectivamente. La generación de BC a partir de PAAFUS de lesiones cutáneas debe considerarse como parte del arsenal diagnóstico dermatológico. Se necesita más experiencia para comprender mejor para qué tipos de lesiones dermatológicas estaría claramente recomendado. Abstract: The generation of cell blocks (CBs) obtained from ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration biopsies (USFNAB) is a well-established technique in breast and thyroid pathology, but is rarely used in dermatology. We reviewed CBs obtained from USFNAB of skin lesions, which were categorized as malignant skin tumors, benign skin tumors, inflammatory skin tumors or deposit skin diseases. The diagnostic yield of each category was compared to histopathology. The USFNAB of 51 skin lesions was processed into CBs. There was overall agreement between histopathology and CBs in 84.31% of cases. Diagnostic group concordance for benign, malignant as well as inflammatory and deposit skin lesions were 69.2%, 93.7% and 86.3% respectively. Cell block generation from USFNAB aspirates of skin lesions should be considered as part of the dermatologic diagnostic armamentarium. Further experience is needed to better understand for which types of dermatologic lesions it would be clearly indicated.

Resumen: Introducción: Realizamos una revisión de los melanomas múltiples primarios que se han diagnosticado en nuestro servicio a lo largo de los últimos 32 años (1987-2019) con el objetivo de tener mejor caracterizada nuestra población de pacientes con melanoma y poder ofrecerles un seguimiento más estrecho mediante la elaboración de un protocolo de seguimiento personalizado. Metodología: Estudio observacional, descriptivo y retrospectivo de los melanomas primarios múltiples diagnosticados en un hospital de tercer nivel entre enero de 1987 y marzo de 2019. Se recogieron las características clínicas, epidemiológicas e histológicas de los melanomas primarios, así como de los subsecuentes melanomas, y se realizó un análisis descriptivo de las mismas. Resultados: Se incluyeron 31 pacientes (15 hombres y 16 mujeres), con una media de edad de 67 años (intervalo: 36-85 años). La mediana de tiempo transcurrido desde el diagnóstico del primer melanoma primario y el del segundo melanoma fue de 2 años (intervalo 0-4 años). La mediana del número de melanomas por paciente fue de 2 (entre 2 y 6). Del total de 31 pacientes, 25 padecieron 2 melanomas (80%), 4 de ellos 3 melanomas (13%), y 2 pacientes presentaron 5 y 6 melanomas primarios, respectivamente. Los segundos melanomas primarios o subsecuentes eran menos invasivos comparados con los primeros. La mediana de índices de Breslow fue de 1 mm en los primeros (entre 0,67 y 4 mm) y de 0,5 mm (0,32-2,42 mm) en los segundos. Conclusiones: Los melanomas subsecuentes son más finos que los primeros melanomas diagnosticados. Se encontró un aumento de la frecuencia en los dos últimos años de melanomas múltiples primarios. Estos datos resaltan la importancia del seguimiento estrecho y a largo plazo de estos pacientes. Abstract: Background: We reviewed all cases of multiple primary melanoma diagnosed at our department over a 32-year period (1987-2019) to better characterize this subgroup of patients and develop a tailored protocol to offer them closer follow-up. Methods: Retrospective, observational, descriptive study of patients diagnosed with multiple primary melanoma at a tertiary care hospital between January 1987 and March 2019. We collected clinical, epidemiologic, and histologic characteristics of primary and subsequent melanomas and performed a descriptive analysis. Results: Thirty-one patients (15 men and 16 women) with a median age of 67 years (range, 36-85 years) were included. Second primary melanomas were diagnosed after a median of 2 years (range, 0-4 years). The median number of melanomas per patient was 2 (range, 2-6). Twenty-three of the 31 patients, 25 had 2 primary melanomas (80%), 4 had 3 melanomas (13%), and 2 patients each had 5 and 6 primary melanomas. Subsequent melanomas were less invasive than the initial primary melanomas. Median Breslow thickness was 1 mm (range, 0.67-4 mm) for the first primary melanoma and 0.5 mm (range, 0.32-2.42 mm) for subsequent melanomas. Conclusions: Subsequent melanomas are thinner than primary melanomas. We observed an increase in the number of cases of multiple primary melanoma diagnosed in the last 2 years of our study. Our findings highlight the importance of close, long-term follow-up of patients.

Background: Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) is an aggressive malignant neuroendocrine tumour. There are two subsets of MCC, one related to Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCPyV) and the other to ultraviolet radiation (UVR). MCPyV-positive and MCPyV-negative MCCs have been considered to be different tumours, as the former harbour few DNA mutations and are not related to UVR, and the latter usually arise in sun-exposed areas and may be found in conjunction with other keratinocytic tumours, mostly squamous cell carcinomas. Two viral oncoproteins, large T antigen (LT; coded by MCPyV_gp3) and small T antigen (sT; coded by MCPyV_gp4), promote different carcinogenic pathways., Objectives: To determine which genes are differentially expressed in MCPyV-positive and MCPyV-negative MCC; to describe the mutational burden and the most frequently mutated genes in both MCC subtypes; and to identify the clinical and molecular factors that may be related to patient survival., Methods: Ninety-two patients with a diagnosis of MCC were identified from the medical databases of participating centres. To study gene expression, a customized panel of 172 genes was developed. Gene expression profiling was performed with nCounter technology. For mutational studies, a customized panel of 26 genes was designed. Somatic single nucleotide variants (SNVs) were identified following the GATK Best Practices workflow for somatic mutations., Results: The expression of LT enabled the series to be divided into two groups (LT positive, n = 55; LT negative, n = 37). Genes differentially expressed in LT-negative patients were related to epithelial differentiation, especially SOX9, or proliferation and the cell cycle (MYC, CDK6), among others. Congruently, LT displayed lower expression in SOX9-positive patients, and differentially expressed genes in SOX9-positive patients were related to epithelial/squamous differentiation. In LT-positive patients, the mean SNV frequency was 4.3; in LT-negative patients it was 10 (P = 0.03). On multivariate survival analysis, the expression of SNAI1 [hazard ratio (HR) 1.046, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.007-1.086; P = 0.02] and CDK6 (HR 1.049, 95% CI 1.020-1.080; P = 0.001) were identified as risk factors., Conclusions: Tumours with weak LT expression tend to co-express genes related to squamous differentiation and the cell cycle, and to have a higher mutational burden. These findings are congruent with those of earlier studies., Competing Interests: Conflicts of interest The authors declare no conflicts of interest., (© The Author(s) 2024. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of British Association of Dermatologists. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oup.com.)

Abstract: Self-healing juvenile cutaneous mucinosis is a rare entity, characterized by the presence of subcutaneous nodules together with frequent nonspecific systemic symptoms, which occurs in the pediatric age and characteristically resolves spontaneously. Although the diagnostic criteria do not require a biopsy to be performed, it is frequently performed, and an abundant dermal mucin deposition will be observed together with other features such as fibroblastic proliferation. Although the prognosis is benign, follow-up is required for the eventual development of a rheumatologic disease.We present 2 clinical cases, describing the clinical findings and their histopathologic correlation. Comparatively, the outcome in both cases was different: in one case, the mucinosis resolved without any related event in the follow-up, and in the other case, the resolution was accompanied by the subsequent development of idiopathic juvenile arthritis., Competing Interests: The author declares no conflicts of interest., (Copyright © 2023 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.)

Subcutaneous nodules are a rare adverse event following immunization frequently associated with suboptimal injection procedures and aluminium-containing vaccines. We present three cases of subcutaneous nodules following immunization describing their clinical signs, histopathological features and ultrasound findings and demonstrating the use of sonography as an aid to the diagnosis of this entity., (© 2021. Società Italiana di Ultrasonologia in Medicina e Biologia (SIUMB).)

The study of subungual melanocytic lesions can present challenges because of the clinical and histologic characteristics of the nail unit and the difficulty of performing nail biopsies and processing specimens. These lesions can be even more challenging in children due to differences in clinical and epidemiological profiles between the adult and pediatric populations. Many of the clinical features of subungual melanocytic lesions that would raise alarm in an adult do not have the same implications in children. Consensus is also lacking on when a nail biopsy is needed to rule out malignancy in the pediatric setting. In view of these considerations and the rarity of subungual melanoma in childhood, the recommended approach in most cases is a watch-and-wait strategy. Subungual melanocytic lesions in children may also show atypical histopathologic features that are not necessarily associated with aggressive behavior. Subungual melanoma is very rare in childhood, with just 21 cases described to date. None of the patients developed visceral metastasis or died as a result and the diagnosis was controversial in many of the cases. Considering the above and the significantly higher frequency and particular characteristics of longitudinal melanonychia with a benign etiology in children, subungual melanocytic lesions should be managed differently in this setting than in adults. In most cases, a watch-and-wait approach is the most appropriate strategy., (Copyright © 2021 AEDV. Publicado por Elsevier España, S.L.U. All rights reserved.)

Both dermatologists and pathologists sometimes find daunting the evaluation of melanonychia (especially subungual melanocytic lesions) because of the fear of performing nail surgery due to the risk of dystrophy, difficulties processing and interpreting nail biopsy specimens, and a general lack of experience in the field. Nevertheless, mastery of nail biopsy techniques, correct processing and orientation of specimens, and familiarity with the histologic particularities of the nail apparatus can attenuate the undoubted complexity and facilitate the tasks involved. Longitudinal excision is the biopsy technique that ensures the simplest histologic interpretation, and it is associated with a low risk of nail dystrophy when performed correctly. Clinical and epidemiological data are crucial. Subungual melanoma in childhood, for instance, is very rare and even lesions with atypical clinical and/or histologic features are probably benign. The presence of suprabasal melanocytes and other findings that would suggest malignancy at other sites are considered normal in the nail apparatus. Subungual melanoma shows a lentiginous pattern in the early stages of disease, and detection of an inflammatory infiltrate accompanying atypical lentiginous subungual lesions would appear to be one of the first diagnostic findings., (Copyright © 2021 AEDV. Published by Elsevier España, S.L.U. All rights reserved.)

Background: We reviewed all cases of multiple primary melanoma diagnosed at our department over a 32-year period (1987-2019) to better characterize this subgroup of patients and develop a tailored protocol to offer them closer follow-up., Methods: Retrospective, observational, descriptive study of patients diagnosed with multiple primary melanoma at a tertiary care hospital between January 1987 and March 2019. We collected clinical, epidemiologic, and histologic characteristics of primary and subsequent melanomas and performed a descriptive analysis., Results: Thirty-one patients (15 men and 16 women) with a median age of 67years (range, 36-85years) were included. Second primary melanomas were diagnosed after a median of 2years (range, 0-4years). The median number of melanomas per patient was 2 (range, 2-6). Twenty-three of the 31 patients, 25 had 2 primary melanomas (80%), 4 had 3 melanomas (13%), and 2 patients each had 5 and 6 primary melanomas. Subsequent melanomas were less invasive than the initial primary melanomas. Median Breslow thickness was 1mm (range, 0.67-4mm) for the first primary melanoma and 0.5mm (range, 0.32-2.42mm) for subsequent melanomas., Conclusions: Subsequent melanomas are thinner than primary melanomas. We observed an increase in the number of cases of multiple primary melanoma diagnosed in the last 2years of our study. Our findings highlight the importance of close, long-term follow-up of patients., (Copyright © 2020 AEDV. Publicado por Elsevier España, S.L.U. All rights reserved.)

Introduction and Objectives: Pilomatricoma is the second most common skin tumor in childhood and youth and it has a broad differential diagnosis. The main objective of the present study was to determine the incidence of pilomatricomas in our hospital and to analyze the following variables: patient age and sex, tumor site, symptoms, previous trauma, clinical diagnosis, associated diseases, number of cases of multiple tumors, ultrasound findings, anesthetic and surgical techniques, and postoperative complications., Material and Method: This was a retrospective study of the pilomatricomas surgically excised between January 2004 and December 2012 and registered in the database of the pathology department of our hospital., Results: We found 261 pilomatricomas in 239 patients (120 female and 119 male) between 1 and 83 years of age (mean age, 26.4 years). The most common presentation was as a firm subcutaneous nodule, which was asymptomatic in 82% of cases. Tumors most commonly affected the head and neck (49.81%). Preoperative diagnosis was correct in 54.4% of cases, concomitant diseases were present in 59 cases, and 7 patients reported a history of trauma in the area of the tumor. There were 17 cases of multiple tumors, 1 case in a patient with familial disease and 2 in patients with Steinert disease. Soft-tissue ultrasound was performed on 57 lesions; images were compatible with pilomatricoma in 48 cases. Tumor excision was performed under local anesthesia in 185 cases and under local and general anesthesia in 76. The postoperative complications were hypertrophic scarring and wound dehiscence (1 case each)., Conclusions: This was a retrospective study with the largest series recorded in Spain and with one of the highest incidences. In addition, we report on variables not described in other studies., (Copyright © 2013 Elsevier España, S.L.U. y AEDV. All rights reserved.)

A 49-year-old man with no known history of pulmonary disease was treated at our hospital after observation of an interstitial pattern on a chest film. The patient was a smoker and professional painter. Computed tomography of the chest showed a diffuse bilateral ground-glass pattern. The lung biopsy showed intra-alveolar lipid accumulation in the form of vacuoles of varying sizes surrounded by numerous focally multinucleated macrophages, establishing a definitive diagnosis of exogenous lipoid pneumonia. Given the patient's profession, he was recommended to avoid workplace exposure to paraffins and oily sprays. The clinical course was favorable after exposure was stopped, with improved lung function and symptoms.