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Charge-state-resolved kinetic energy spectra of Sn ions ejected from a laser-produced plasma (LPP) of Sn have been measured at different densities of the H2 buffer gas surrounding a micro-droplet LPP. In the absence of H2, energetic keV Sn ions with charge states ranging from 4+ to 8+ are measured. For the H2 densities used in the experiments no appreciable stopping or energy loss of the ions is observed. However, electron capture by Sn ions from H2 results in a rapid shift toward lower charge states. At the highest H2 pressure of 6 × 10 − 4 mbar, only Sn2+ and Sn+ ions are measured. The occurrence of Sn+ ions is remarkable due to the endothermic nature of electron capture by Sn2+ ions from H2. To explain the production of keV Sn+ ions, it is proposed that their generation is due to electron capture by metastable Sn 2 + ∗ ions. The gateway role of metastable Sn 2 + ∗ is underpinned by model simulations using atomic collision cross sections to track the charge states of Sn ions while traversing the H2 buffer gas, This work is part of the research portfolio of the Advanced Research Center for Nanolithography (ARCNL), a publicprivate partnership between the University of Amsterdam (UvA), the Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam (VU), the University of Groningen (RuG), the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO), and the semiconductor equipment manufacturer ASML. The project is co-financed by Holland High Tech with PPS allowance for research and development in the top sector HTSM. The theoretical work of I R and L M was partially supported by Ministerio de Economía and Competitividad (Spain), Project No. FIS2017-84684-R. The computational support by the Centro de Computación Científica of UAM is also acknowledged

SUMMARY Objective To evaluate the microshear bond strength (mSBS) of 10 universal adhesive systems applied on five different CAD/CAM restorative materials, immediately and after thermal aging. Methods and Materials Five CAD/CAM materials were selected: 1) feldspathic glass ceramic (FeCe); 2) pre-polymerized reinforced resin composite (ReRC); 3) leucite-reinforced glass ceramic (LeGC); 4) lithium disilicate (LiDi); and 5) yttrium-stabilized zirconium dioxide (ZiDi). For each material, 15 blocks were cut into four rectangular sections (6 × 6 × 6 mm; n=60 per group) and processed as recommended by the respective manufacturer. For each indirect material, the following adhesive systems were applied according to the respective manufacturer’s instructions: 1) AdheSE Universal [ADU]; 2) All-Bond Universal [ABU]; 3) Ambar Universal [AMB]; 4) Clearfil Universal Bond [CFU]; 5) Futurabond U [FBU]; 6) One Coat 7 Universal [OCU]; 7) Peak Universal Bond [PUB]; 8) Prime&Bond Elect [PBE]; 9) Scotchbond Universal Adhesive [SBU]; 10) Xeno Select [XEN, negative control]. After the application of the adhesive system, cylinder-shaped transparent matrices were filled with a dual-curing resin cement (NX3) and light cured. Specimens were tested in shear mode at 1.0 mm/min (mSBS), after 24 hours and 10,000 thermal cycles (TC). All data were submitted to statistical analysis (α=0.05). Results For FeCe, there was no significant decrease in mean mSBS for AMB, FBU, and SBU after TC when compared at 24 hours. For ReRC, AMB and SBU showed higher mean mSBS when compared to CFU and XEN, after 24 hours and TC. For LiDi, FBU and OCU showed higher mean mSBS when compared to CFU and XEN, after 24 hours and TC. For LeGC, AMB and PUB showed higher mean mSBS when compared to XEN, after 24 hours and TC. For ZiDi, OCU and SBU showed higher mean mSBS when compared to XEN, after 24 hours and TC. In addition, PBE and XEN showed the lowest mean mSBS after TC with higher percentage of bond strength reduction. Conclusions The mean mSBS among the different universal adhesives varied widely for each CAD/CAM material used. In addition, most universal adhesives underwent a statistically significant bond strength reduction after TC.

The aim of this work was to analyze the effect of calcium and osmotic pretreatments on mass transfer and texture parameters of chilacayote (Cucurbita ficifolia Bouché). Samples were immersed in Ca(OH)2 solutions at concentrations of 0.5, 1, and 1.5 g/100 mL water; solution temperature of 20, 35, and 50 °C; and immersion times of 1.5, 3, and 4.5 h. Subsequently, pretreated samples with a Ca solution were osmotically dehydrated for 2 h with sucrose solutions at 30, 45, and 60 °Brix and temperatures of 30, 50, and 70 °C. Chilacayote tissue showed a positive response to interaction with Ca2+ ions, increasing the calcium content in the samples. The osmotic effect increased the water loss and the solute gain in the calcium impregnated samples. However, the calcium gained was leached, so the calcium retained decreased considerably. The hardness and adhesiveness increased significantly during calcium pretreatment, and it was maintained during osmosis by impregnated sucrose on the surface. Also, calcium increased the cohesiveness, but its values decreased after osmosis due to brittle behavior acquired. Samples acquired a more plastic than elastic behavior because the springiness decreased during both pretreatments. The gumminess and chewiness were affected by the decrease in cohesiveness and springiness, so less work is required to digest the osmosed samples. Calcium pretreatment (1 g/100 mL water, 35 °C, and 3 h) and osmosis (45 °Brix, 50 °C, and 2 h) were selected as appropriate process conditions for adequate calcium content, mass transfer, and texture parameters.

Previous studies during the Covid-19 pandemic reported particularly high prevalence of anxiety and depression among university students, suggesting that they can be a vulnerable group at greater risk than the general population for developing psychological disorders in situations of confinement. However, the impact varied between countries and individuals, concluding that sociocultural and individual differences could condition this impact. Based on this evidence, the psychological impact of the pandemic on Ibero-American students was investigated. A battery of questionnaires was administered to a large sample of 7601 university students (72% female) from six different Spanish-speaking countries: Argentina, Colombia, Ecuador, Spain, Mexico, and Uruguay and were compared with a sample of general population (n = 51211). Descriptive analyses indicated a high prevalence (46.15%) of distress among university students, independent of country and significantly higher than in general population (28.27%). Greater feelings of loneliness and greater neuroticism were significantly associated with anxiety, depression, and somatisation. Likewise, male gender and higher levels of resilience resulted as protective factors, while posttraumatic growth was also higher in men and was associated with higher levels of resilience, perceived competence, and responsibility. The data suggest the need to consider individual risk factors such as being a woman, presenting higher levels of neuroticism and loneliness in understanding the psychological impact of the pandemic in university students. It is concluded that universities should offer specific interventions to address mental health problems, complementary to the health system of each country to manage the added complications of the crisis events on students’ mental health.

Mesquite pods were dried and milled. The physicochemical properties of mesquite flour were characterized. The pods were dried at 60°C, 15% RH, and 2 m/s airflow. After drying, two types of milling were applied: (1) industrial blade mill and (2) Blender, and the nutritional composition was determined. The sorption isotherms were obtained at 30, 35, 40, and 45°C for a range of water activity of 0.07–0.9. The particle size distribution and the average particle size of the flours were characterized by means of diffraction of blue laser light; furthermore, the morphology was analyzed by (SEM). The powders were also analyzed by DSC. Alveography was applied to study the rheology of the flour. Mesquite powders are highly hygroscopic, and the (GAB) model displays a good description of the experimental data. Flours expose different morphologies depending on the milling technique; a more homogeneous powder was obtained from the industrial blade mill. Rheological characterization indicates that mesquite flour decreases the tenacity and extensibility of the flour mixture. According to DSC, the flours are very stable over a wide temperature range from 0 to 120°C, and the thermograms indicate a transition of proteins affected by high-molecular-weight carbohydrates and moisture content.

En la investigación se reactivaron los aislados bacterianos en medio líquido JMV para evaluar la virulencia de Burkholderia glumae frente a semillas de arroz certificadas por Fedearroz variedades F67, F68 y F2000; se procedieron a desinfectar las semillas, consecutivamente se dejaron en agua destilada estéril por 2 días; luego se secaron y se ajustó el DO del inóculo de Burkholderia glumae (aislados Bg007, Bg010 y Bg011), realizando diluciones para evaluar concentraciones desde 108 hasta 103 células por mililitro; se procedió a agitar las semillas con el inóculo, llevadas posteriormente vacío durante 10 minutos por cada dilución llevándose a cajas de Petri con papel filtro humedecido con agua destilada estéril durante 7 días; crecidas las plántulas se procedieron a medir parámetros y nivel de severidad. Se procedió a hacer el análisis estadístico mediante Software es IBM SPSS Statistics, el cual permitió obtener Gráficas De Dispersión, Diagramas De Barras De Error; Comparaciones Multivariante, la Prueba de Muestras Relacionadas se realizó a partir Comparación de las Medias. Se hizo conteo de frecuencias, junto con sus Diagramas de Frecuencias, se dividió las medidas en quintiles para realizar una escala cuantitativa de severidad. El análisis estadístico permitió evidenciar que la cepa más virulenta fue el aislado Bg007 y la menos virulenta el aislado Bg011, la variedad de arroz más afectada fue la F2000 y la menos afectada fue la F68.

The vapD gene is present in microorganisms from different phyla and encodes for the virulence-associated protein D (vapD). In some microorganisms, it has been suggested that vapD participates in either protecting the bacteria from respiratory burst within the macrophage or in facilitating the persistence of the microorganism within the respiratory epithelial cell. The aim of this study was to define the phylogenetic relationship of the Helicobacter pylori vapD gene with other vapD genes of different bacterial species from different phyla and to estimate the genealogy of vapD gene within H. pylori species. Sixteen sequences of Helicobacter pylori vapD gene obtained from Mexican patients and 211 vapD sequences from 72 species of six bacterial phyla were analysed. Our results showed that the vapD region is a hot spot that presents a greater diversity in the Mexican strains of H. pylori to that previously reported. Rearrangements in the vapD region led to the formation of new ORFs in Mexican strains, which were not seen as being fortuitous, suggesting that these chromosomal rearrangements might provide some type of advantage to the bacteria. Phylogenetic analysis, codon usage bias and GC content indicated that vapD was acquired by horizontal gene transfer. Then, in some H. pylori strains it was incorporated and fixed into the bacterial chromosome and maintained in these strains in a similar fashion as an essential gene. Genealogical analysis of the H. pylori vapD gene showed two divisions: one that grouped most of the strains from different parts of the world and the other that grouped only Mexican strains together with the 60190 and 26695 reference strains. Keywords: vapD gene; Helicobacter pylori; Genealogy; Phylogeny; Horizontal Gene Transfer.

Rationale: widespread population vaccination against the SARS-CoV-2 virus is a matter ofgreat interest to public health managers as it is the main pharmacological measureto contain the COVID-19 epidemic. Hesitancy or reluctance to vaccination hasbecome one of the main barriers to containing the pandemic. The young adultpopulation appears as one of the population clusters with the greatest reluctance tovaccination, even in countries such as Spain, one of those with the highestvaccination rate during this pandemic.Objective: the aim of this study was to identify the main predictive factors of vaccinationintention and profile people with hesitancy/reluctance to vaccinate againstSARS-CoV-2 virus in young adults living in Spain during the pandemic.Method: a cross-sectional study was carried out based on the administration of an onlineform (PSY-COVID-2) that evaluated the intention of vaccination together with a widerange of sociodemographic, social, cognitive, behavioral and affective variables in asample of 2210 young adults.Results: 14% of the young adults sample showed hesitancy/reluctance to vaccination at thebeginning of their vaccination campaign. Pearson`s product-moment correlationrevealed that a total of 35 factors of a heterogeneous nature were associated withthe intention to vaccinate. Analysis of variance showed that belonging to healthpersonnel, threat to personal health, tolerance of confinement, favorable attitude tomobility restrictions, to preventive measures, to the vaccine and to the public systemresponse, trust in the government and health/science experts, personality(extraversion and agreeableness), time and quality of information about COVID-19,and coping strategy of seeking emotional support were conditions associated withthe intention to vaccinate against SARS-CoV-2. In contrast, conspiratorial thinkingabout COVID-19, availability of public resources for mental health, good post-pandemic mood, and coping strategies of seeking family support and substance use were conditions associated with hesitancy/reluctance to vaccination. A multiple linear regression analysis showed that a reduced set of 4 attitudinal and social variables explained 41% of the variability in vaccination intention: attitude towards vaccination, trust in health/science experts, conspiracy ideations and time spent on information about COVID-19. A discriminant analysis showed that these 4 variables had good sensitivity and specificity when classifying people as reluctant/not reluctant to vaccination, properly classifying 86% of people. Conclusions: psychosocial processes related to attitudes, trust and information are the main predictors of vaccination intention in a highly reluctant group such as the young adult population.

The containment measures in the face of the COVID-19 epidemic have posed a notable challenge for formal teaching-learning processes, which have had to be adapted to a context of health security. An active learning program, MOTEMO-OUTDOOR was tested on a sample of 273 university undergraduate students. A within-subjects design was carried out with an adaptation of the four discussion seminars to three formats: face-to-face synchronous indoor (in a classroom), face-to-face synchronous outdoor (in a green space) and virtual asynchronous at home. Each student was assigned to the indoor (2 seminars) and outdoor (2 seminars) conditions, and a subsample (n = 30) also participated in the virtual context in application of the university's COVID lockdown protocols. The impact of the experience was evaluated in 6 dimensions (learning experience, evaluative impact, hedonic experience, technical conditions, environmental conditions and security against COVID-19). The exploratory factor analysis revealed a structure of two higher-order factors, called learning experience and learning conditions.The results relative to the general sample revealed a higher learning experience in the outdoor compared to the indoor context, being the dimension of hedonic experience the one that supposes the greatest difference between both.In contrast, the outdoor context presented better scores in learning conditions, with the component of environmental conditions being the one that supposed a greater difference between both.The analysis of the subsample revealed the absence of differences in the learning experience between the face-to-face vs. virtual contexts, despite the fact that the latter had better scores in the learning context factor with moderate effect sizes. It is concluded that this adaptation through active methodologies to an outdoor context and a virtual context, allows to overcome part of the technical and environmental limitations and improves health security perception, guaranteeing the learning experience, and thus provide with versatility the teaching-learning processes in a higher education context.

An increase in fat-free mass (FFM) improves athletic performance. The aim of this study was to determine if a decrease in the FFM, expressed as the AKS index, is associated with physiological alterations after a training period in swimmers between 8-15 years old. Forty-two swimmers participated in this study, after 15 weeks of training the swimmers were divided into two groups, those who decreased (A) and those who increased FFM (B). In group A there was a decrease in both, body weight and muscle mass, while in group B there was an increase in body weight. We found that group A showed a reduction in lymphocytes count, in addition to an increase in serum urea, a decrease in VO2, and a decrease in their 1 min recovery. We showed here that a reduction in FFM is positively associated with physiological alterations that reduce athletic performance.

Spotify has emerged as an important online platform for streaming digital music. A key aspect of Spotify is that it provides access to music on-demand to a worldwide level. In this regard, Spotify via its API permits to gain access to music-related data with the aim to know information about different parameters such as: artist, album, and genre. This paper aims to: (1) give an overview of the shared features of the songs that appeared at Mexico’s top 50 during 2019, (2) analyze how these features are related to a track permanence on the top 50; and (3) compare those results with the global top 50 chart.

Objetivo: Determinar los factores que influyen en la calidad de vida del cuidador primario en pacientes con enfermedades crónico no transmisibles: Diabetes Mellitus e Hipertensión Arterial del Centro de Salud de la localidad Benito Juárez en San Agustín Tlaxiaca, Hidalgo. Material y método: Diseño del estudio no experimental, de tipo cuantitativo descriptivo transversal. La muestra fue de 12 personas, Cuidadores primarios de pacientes con enfermedades crónico no transmisibles: Diabetes Mellitus e Hipertensión Arterial de la localidad de Benito Juárez, de San Agustín Tlaxiaca. Se aplicó un instrumento que valora datos económicos, sociales y psicológicos del cuidador primario, el cual está conformado por 21 ítems. Resultados: se observó que la calidad de vida del cuidador primario de pacientes con enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles: diabetes mellitus e hipertensión arterial en el centro de salud Benito Juárez, se ve afectada por los distintos factores que se identifican en relación con su calidad de vida, los cuales se ven vinculados con las repercusiones que la enfermedad, los tratamientos de sus pacientes traen consigo, en el orden físico, psicológico y socioeconómico.

espanolEn 1992 se elaboro la primera propuesta tecnica de establecimiento del Parque Nacional Maquenque, en la zona fronteriza de Costa Rica con Nicaragua. Diez anos despues, el Ministerio del Ambiente y Energia resolvio apoyar al Comite Ejecutivo del Corredor Biologico San Juan-La Selva con una meta de conservacion mas integral para la conduccion del establecimiento del Parque Nacional Maquenque. Gracias a un aporte financiero fundamental del Critical Ecosystem Partnership Fund y Conservacion Internacional fue posible realizar varios estudios tecnicos e investigaciones cientificas, entre los que el de tenencia de la tierra y el del estado ambiental base de la region fueron el principal insumo para elaborar el plan de manejo del area del parque propuesto. En conjunto con los pobladores de la zona de amortiguamiento, se acordo abandonar la propuesta de creacion de parque nacional y, en su defecto, solicitar la creacion de un area silvestre protegida, con categoria de “refugio nacional de vida silvestre mixto”. En concordancia con todo el proceso, en 2005 se creo el Refugio Nacional de Vida Silvestre Mixto Maquenque. De esta manera ordenada, y con clara determinacion, Costa Rica reafirma su compromiso con la biodiversidad y con el establecimiento de un enlace critico de conservacion, entre el Sureste de Nicaragua y la Cordillera Volcanica Central de Costa Rica, con una incidencia directa en el patrimonio natural de ambos paises y del istmo mesoamericano. EnglishThe first proposal for the establishment of the Maquenque National Park in the border area of Costa Rica with Nicaragua was submitted in 1992. Ten years later, the Ministry of the Environment and Energy decided to back up the Executive Committee of the San Juan-La Selva Biological Corridor with a more integral conservation goal to lead the establishment of Maquenque National Park. Thanks to significant funding from the Critical Ecosystem Partnership Fund and Conservation International, we were able to conduct a set of technical and scientific studies, amongst them a land tenure study and a diagnostic of the environmental state of the region, as main inputs to establish the management plan of the proponed area. Together with dwellers from the buffer area, we decided to discard the park proposal and, instead of it, to work for the establishment of a protected area with the category of “national wildlife refuge”. Respecting the aforementioned process, the Maquenque National Wildlife Refuge was created in 2005. In this manner and with a clear determination, Costa Rica claimed its compromise with biodiversity and with the establishment of a key conservation nexus between Southeast Nicaragua and the Central Volcanic Range of Costa Rica, with a direct impact on the natural treasures of both countries and the Mesoamerican isthmus.

Objective The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of a 12-week multicomponent treatment based on pain neuroscience education, therapeutic exercise, cognitive behavioral therapy, and mindfulness—in addition to treatment as usual—compared with treatment as usual only in patients with fibromyalgia. Methods This randomized controlled trial involved a total of 272 patients who were randomly assigned to either multicomponent treatment (n = 135) or treatment as usual (n = 137). The multicomponent treatment (2-hour weekly sessions) was delivered in groups of 20 participants. Treatment as usual was mainly based on pharmacological treatment according to the predominant symptoms. Data on functional impairment using the Revised Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire as the primary outcome were collected as were data for pain, fatigue, kinesiophobia, physical function, anxiety, and depressive symptoms (secondary outcomes) at baseline, 12 weeks, and, for the multicomponent group only, 6 and 9 months. An intention-to-treat approach was used to analyze between-group differences. Baseline differences between responders (>20% Revised Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire reduction) and nonresponders also were analyzed, and the number needed to treat was computed. Results At posttreatment, significant between-group differences with a large effect size (Cohen d > 0.80) in favor of the multicomponent treatment were found in functional impairment, pain, kinesiophobia, and physical function, whereas differences with a moderate size effect (Cohen d > 0.50 and Conclusion Compared with usual care, there was evidence of short-term (up to 3 months) positive effects of the multicomponent treatment for fibromyalgia. Some methodological shortcomings (eg, absence of follow-up in the control group and monitoring of treatment adherence, potential research allegiance) preclude robust conclusions regarding the proposed multicomponent program. Impact Despite some methodological shortcomings in the design of this study, the multicomponent therapy FIBROWALK can be considered a novel and effective treatment for patients with fibromyalgia. Physical therapists should detect patients with clinically relevant depression levels prior to treatment because depression can buffer treatment effects. Lay Summary Fibromyalgia is prevalent and can be expensive to treat. This multicomponent treatment could significantly improve the core symptoms of fibromyalgia compared with usual treatment.

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To determine the factors influencing functional improvement of cervical spinal cord injuries during hospital admission.We performed a retrospective study of patients with an acute cervical spinal cord injury who had completed a rehabilitation programme in the Spinal Cord Injuries Unit of the Canary Islands between 2001 and 2018. To measure functional improvement, we administered the Spinal Cord Independence Measure III (SCIM III) on admission and at discharge.Of the 141 patients in our sample, 88% were men. Worse functional results were observed in older patients, those with a history of alcohol consumption, complete lesions and those with more severe lesions on the ASIA scale. Factors significantly associated with functional improvement were the interval between injury and admission to the unit, length of hospital stay, and the interval between injury and hospital discharge.Older patients, as well as those with a history of alcohol intake, complete lesions and greater severity on the ASIA scale, had worse functional outcomes. In contrast, early admission was crucial to obtain better functional outcomes and was associated with shorter hospital stays.

The aim of this research was to detect rabies virus in peripheral tissues in captive vampires. Vampire bats were inoculated with 106 MICLD50 of homologous rabies virus. Bats displayed clinical signs of rabies beginning on d 8 until the 19th d post-inoculation (pi). Rabies virus antigens were found in the brain of all rabid bats. Viral RNA was detected in brain, salivary gland and tongue tissue by RT-PCR and nested PCR (nPCR). Viral genome was also detected in organs unrelated to the central nervous system. Rabies virus was not detected in saliva nor documented from any tissues without occurrence of viral antigens in the brain. Host humoral response was most pronounced via the induction of viral neutralizing antibodies (VNA) from d 8 to 20 pi, having a peak at d 14 with 0.9 IU. Antibody levels were variable, but tended to remain high after inoculation, showing significant differences to the negative control group (P=0.001). This research is one of the few recent studies focused upon Desmodus rotundus and contributes to the basic knowledge of rabies virus pathogenesis, which is required for an understanding of perpetuation in a major viral reservoir in Latin America.

ResumenDespués de más de 40 años desde la descripción del Síndrome de Doble Compresión por Upton y McComas en el Lancet, sigue siendo un tema debatido que ha llevado a algunos cirujanos de mano a dudar de su existencia. La evidencia científica demuestra que la alteración del transporte axonal es el mecanismo más plausible en la fisiopatología de ese síndrome de compresión nerviosa. Se ha demostrado que una cuidadosa exploración clínica junto a un buen estudio neurofisiológico bien dirigido incrementa la eficiencia diagnóstica en términos de pacientes correctamente diagnosticados en el SDC. La liberación del Ligamento Transverso del Carpo está indicada en determinados pacientes que cumplen unos criterios de inclusión y exclusión específicos. Los resultados demuestran que la liberación del canal carpiano en esa población diana específica, es capaz de mejorar la gravedad de los síntomas de manera similar a la población afecta de Síndrome del Túnel Carpiano y de manera casi similar, a nivel de la Discapacidad de MMSS. Sólo instrumentos genéricos, como el SF-36, han sido capaces de detectar la diferencia a nivel de ciertas dimensiones de la Salud en relación a la Calidad de Vida entre los resultados del tratamiento en SDC y STC.

Polycrystalline samples of the (CuInTe2)1-x(TaTe)x alloys system were prepared by the melt and anneal technique in the composition range 0 2/3 show diffraction patterns with several phases with poor crystallization. In addition, the tetragonal CuInTe2-like phase shows spinodal decomposition i.e. there are two phases, one Ta-rich and the other Ta-poor, with the same crystal structure and very close lattice parameters. SEM measurements also show up to six different phases, although they do not produce observed diffraction line in powder XRD patterns. DC magnetic susceptibility measurements as a function of temperature using the ZFC-FC protocol were performed in samples with x ≤ 2/3. With the exception of x = 2/3, all samples show a similar behavior in the ZFC and FC curves which are typical of a system with a distribution of magnetic cluster sizes. Sample x = 2/3 shows ferromagnetic behavior with Tc = 50 K. For sample x = 1/4, measurements of the magnetization as a function of the applied magnetic field and temperature were performed. From the analysis of the curves it was found that the clusters contain 105 Ta-atoms and a coercitive field of 0.22 kOe at T = 5 K.