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The perennial grass cocksfoot (Dactylis glomerata L.) is a valuable early highly nutritious crop used as green fodder in agricultural production. The species is widespread across the Eurasian continent; it is characterized by plasticity and high ecological and geographical variability. The article considers the metabolic profiles of 15 accessions of the cocksfoot from the collection of the N.I. Vavilov Institute of Plant Genetic Resources (VIR). The material is represented by varieties and wild forms of various origin: the European part of the Russian Federation, Norway and Finland. The study was carried out using gas-liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. The study and comparison of groups of metabolites of cocksfoot accessions of various ecological and geographical origin was carried out. Statistical processing included the calculation of the main parameters of variability, factor analysis of the correlation system (Qand R-technique), cluster analysis by Ward’s method and discriminant analysis. The variability of the quantitative and qualitative composition of the substances identified was revealed. Based on statistical processing of the results obtained, five groups of cocksfoot accessions were identified, differing in the profile of metabolites. One of the groups with a similar composition of metabolites consisted of accessions from one ecological and geographical region; another, of accessions of different origin. Significant differences were noted in the metabolomic profiles of a late-maturing wild cocksfoot accession from the Republic of Karelia at the booting stage from earlyand mid-maturing accessions at the heading stage; it contained the largest number of free amino acids and the smallest number of identified primary and secondary metabolites. Wild-growing accession k-44020 from Norway surpassed other wild-growing accessions in the content of free amino acids, sugars and phosphates at the heading stage. Wildgrowing accessions differed from breeding varieties with a high content of proline and threonine, indicators of high resistance to lack of moisture and high air temperature.

Background. The use of faba bean (Vicia faba L.) as a feed and food plant is hindered by the presence of antinutritional substances and in particular phenolic compounds – tannins – in the seed coat. The existence of low-tannin or zero-tannin forms in the faba bean gene pool allows breeders to promote this trait. The aim of this work was to carry out biochemical validation of a known morphological marker of low tannin content and identify relationships of some phenotypic traits characterized by accumulation of phenolic compounds (tannins and anthocyanins) with their concentration for use as additional morphological markers of the low content of these antinutrients in bean seeds.Materials and methods. Associations of the presence/absence of anthocyanin in seedlings, pigmentation on petals, and dark extrafloral nectaries on stipules with the content of tannins and anthocyanins were analyzed in 10 faba bean accessions with different seed coat colors from the VIR collection. The plants were grown and evaluated in Leningrad Province in 2020–2021. Tannins in seeds were assessed using Leventhal’s method. Anthocyanins were analyzed in the green biomass of plants using a spectrophotometric method.Results and conclusion. Different combinations of the studied morphological features associated with the coloration of the studied organs were found. A high positive correlation between the levels of anthocyanins and tannins (r = 0.79) was identified as well as a direct connection of the high value of these traits with the presence of a dark extrafloral nectary on stipules and anthocyanin in seedlings. The absence of anthocyanin staining on seedlings and the absence of dark-colored extrafloral nectaries on stipules can serve as markers of low-tannin genotypes in the early stages of plant development. The light seed coat color that does not darken for a long time may also be the evidence of low tannin content.

Background. Dairy farming is one of the main segments in the agricultural sector of Murmansk Province. Expanding the range of cultivated legume fodder crops and their cultivars is one of the ways to comprehensively solve the problem of feed in the Kola Peninsula. Introduction of perennial legumes into the feed production practice will reduce the production cost of feeds and improve their quality.Materials and methods. Fodder galega, variable and yellow alfalfa (2005–2009), bird’s-foot trefoil (2006–2007), and sweet clover (2007–2008) were studied at the Polar Experiment Station of VIR. Weather conditions during the years of study differed in temperature and water regimes. Observations and records were made according to VIR’s guidelines. Statistical data processing included the calculation of the main variation parameters and the construction of a generalized linear model of the variance structure.Results. The data are presented on the study of the collection of four perennial fodder legumes in Murmansk Province, Russia, in 2005–2009. Alfalfa surpassed fodder galega, sweet clover and bird’s-foot trefoil in winter hardiness, height and bushiness, showed medium leafiness, and (for the entire study cycle) had low air-dry mass yield. Biennial bicarpic sweet clover stood out for its air-dry mass yield on average per year, had medium height and foliage, but low winter hardiness and bushiness. Bird’sfoot trefoil was significantly inferior to the rest of the studied crops in all agronomic characteristics. Galega had the highest leafiness; in winter hardiness, bushiness and plant height it was slightly inferior to alfalfa, and in yield to white clover. Seeds under the conditions of Murmansk Province can be obtained only from galega accessions.Conclusion. According to a set of agronomic characters, the most promising crop is fodder galega, especially its adapted naturalized accessions selected in 1991–1993.

Recently, the trend of using fruit and berry crops as ingredients for functional and dietary nutrition, the development and implementation of flavors, pigments, new medicines and dietary supplements has been actualized. Because the direction of use depends on the biochemical properties of fruits, which are determined not only by species and varietal characteristics, but also by reproduction conditions, the study of the biochemical composition of fruits grown in various regions of the world continues to be relevant. In this regard, the collection of N.I. Vavilov Institute (VIR), which has a wide diversity of fruit and berry crops, is of great interest for study. Ribes nigrum fruits have a balanced set of sugars, organic acids, essential oils, microelements, a high content of vitamins, anthocyanins, pectins. Lonicera caerulea fruits are characterized by high values of phenolic substances: bioflavonoids, hydroxycinnamic acids, flavonols, polyphenols, anthocyanins, as well as vitamins, carotenoids, iridoid glycosides and other natural antioxidants. The investigation of L. caerulea and R. nigrum fruit’s accessions from the VIR collection using gas-liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry allows us to obtain new information about the biochemical characteristics of fruits, to identify L. caerulea and R. nigrum varieties with optimal economically valuable characteristics, to determine the specificity of L. caerulea and R. nigrum metabolomic spectra in the setting of Northwest Russia. As a result of the analysis, typical compounds of the metabolomic profile of each culture were identified. Organic acids, phenol-containing compounds and polyols prevailed in L. caerulea, while mono- and oligosaccharides, in R. nigrum. The qualitative composition of the black currant varieties ‘Malen’kii Printz’, ‘Dobriyi Dzhinn’, ‘Tisel’, ‘Orlovskii Val’s’, and blue honeysuckle ‘S 322-4’, ‘Malvina’, ‘Leningradsky Velikan’ was optimal for food consumption; the varieties of blue honeysuckle ‘Bazhovskaya’ and black currant ‘Aleander’ had a good representation of biologically active compounds, which makes samples attractive as raw materials for the production of biologically active additives, including with the use of microorganisms’ cultures.

The purpose of this work was to evaluate the stability and plasticity parameters of 30 samples of the collection of Eastern galega (Galega orientalis). The research was carried out on the Polar OS VIR (Apatity, Murmansk region) in 2005-2009. Observations and records were carried out according to the VIR guidelines. Statistical data processing included the calculation of stability and environmental plasticity indices. During the years of the research, various conditions were formed for the manifestation of the studied traits: favorable – according to winter hardiness and foliage in 2005 (environment index +4.1 and +6.1), plant height and seed productivity – in 2009 (+24.8 and +10.9), bushiness – in 2006 ( +7.4), fodder productivity – in 2008 ( +0.33); unfavorable – for winter hardiness in 2008 (-2.9), height and feed productivity in 2006 ( -23.8 and -0.44), bushiness, leafiness and seed productivity in 2007 (-5.0, -3.0 and -6.4). The variability of the stability parameter in plant height and yield of air-dry mass is average, in bushiness, leafiness and seed yield is high, in winter hardiness is very high. The studied accessions are fairly evenly distributed among groups with low, optimal and high values of the stability parameter. Valuable material for breeding are k-55536 and k-55537 accessions naturalized in the Murmansk region with high feed (19.5±2.32 and 19.8±1.94 t/ha) and seed (6.45±0.371 and 6.85±0.282 c/ha) productivity, stability of the seed yield index, responsiveness to improving growing conditions according to the yield of air-dry mass.

Metabolomic profiling data obtained through gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry are presented. Thirty oat accessions from the collection of the N.I. Vavilov Institute of Plant Genetic resources (VIR) served as the material for the research. Those accessions of Russian and French origin showed different degrees of breeding refinement: from local landraces (the early 1920s) and primitive cultigens (1920–1930s) to modern improved cultivars. Twenty-seven hulled and three naked oat varieties were selected for the study.The main objective of the work was to identify differences among common oat varieties with different degrees of breeding refinement at the level of metabolomic profiles. The resulting data reflected the metabolic state of oat genotypes with different ecogeographic backgrounds. They were compared to assess the content of main metabolite groups important for the formation of the crop’s stress resistance traits as well as nutritional, medicinal and dietary properties of oat grain products. The most informative indicators were identified (fucosterol, chiro-inositol, xylitol; undecylic, threonic, glutamic, ribonic and phosphoric acids; sorbose, fructose, glucose-3-phosphate, and myo-inositol), which helped to make statistically significant differentiation among oat accessions of different origin with various degrees of breeding refinement. Comparing metabolomic profiles of different oat variety groups (landraces, primitive cultigens, and modern cultivars, developed by Russian and French breeders) mirrored distinctive features of the trends followed by different plant breeding schools.This study showed that breeding efforts to improve biochemical indicators in oat grain would require the use of the genetic diversity found in landraces and primitive cultigens collected or developed in the 1920–1930s. This diversity is still preserved and maintained in the global germplasm collection at VIR.

Narrow-leaved lupine (Lupinus аngustifolius L.) is a widely cultivated leguminous forage and green manure crop with a potential for human nutrition. However, the presence of secondary metabolites – alkaloids – in lupine seeds considerably affects the quality of raw produce, reducing its nutritive value; in addition, high concentrations of alkaloids are toxic to humans and animals. Therefore, plant breeders working with lupine need to gain knowledge about the variability of alkaloid content in seeds of different genotypes and search for the sources of their low concentrations in the crop’s gene pool. The collection of narrow-leaved lupine genetic resources held by the N.I. Vavilov Institute of Plant Genetic Resources (VIR) offers wide opportunities for such search by means of mass screening. For its part, largescale gene pool screening requires the selection of an optimal technique to measure alkaloid content in seeds, so that it would be easily reproducible and as little labor-, time- and fund-consuming as possible. The results of the search for such method are presented. Qualitative and quantitative indices were compared when target compounds had been extracted with multicomponent mixtures and individual reagents (chloroform, methanol, etc.) and the extracts analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. High-performance liquid chromatography combined with mass spectrometry was also employed. Five major alkaloids were found to be present in all types of extracts: lupanine, 13-hydroxylupanine (dominant ones), angustifoline, sparteine, and isolupanine. The fullest extraction of alkaloids was observed when the extractant with an added alkaline agent was used (425 mg/100 g). The lowest level of extraction was registered with chloroform (216 mg/100 g). The significance of the differences was confirmed statistically.

Ecologization of agricultural production and at the same time increasing of its efficiency is possible through the use of bacterial preparations. In long-term field experiments of 2016-2019 valuable characters of plant-microbial populations of red fescue (Festuca rubra L) variety Severnaya 82 of lawn and pasture use were studied after re-inoculation of seeds, obtained from the parent populations, which were also developed after inoculation with rhizosphere microorganisms on the basis of preparations of Mobiline 880, Azorizin 8, Azorizin 6, Flavobacterin, Agrofil and Rizoagrin. In the sowing experiment of 2016, plants of the first year of growth from the population with Mobilin 880 significantly exceeded in height (82 cm) the control plants without seed inoculation (77 cm, LSD05 = 3.5). In the experiment of 2017, the plants of all created plant-microbial populations of the second year of growth exceeded in height (48-50 см) the control variant plants (45 cm, LSD05 = 2.3). According to the yield of green mass in the 2016 experiment, populations of red fescue with Mobilin 880 and Rhizoagrin were distinguished (by 1.1 t/ha with yield in the control of 0.80 t/ha, LSD05 =0.23). The prolongation of the effect of Flavobacteria in the experiment has not been observed. Plant-microbial populations with Azorizin 8 and Mobilin 808 proved to be promision according to the character of high seed yield: in the third generation, they had higher seed productivity (0.144 и 0.152 t/ha, respectively) compared to the control without inoculation (0.076 t/ha, LSD05 = 0.064). To create highly productive plant-microbial populations of red fescue seeds, it is necessary to search among highly productive parent populations inoculated with associative symbionts, followed by inoculation of daughter populations with the same bacterial preparations.

Background. The collection of wild yellow alfalfas from the Medicago falcata s.l. complex maintained at the N.I. Vavilov All-Russian Institute of Plant Genetic Resources (VIR) is a unique genetic stock collected while exploring the ex-USSR territories from 1924 to 2018. It includes Medicago falcata L. proper, M. borealis Grossh., M. romanica Prod., M. quasifalcata Sinsk., M. difalcata Sinsk., and M. glandulosa David. Gap analysis makes it possible to assess the sufficiency of VIR’s collecting efforts in a certain locality or administrative unit and plan further collecting activities to ensure comprehensive conservation of sickle alfalfa genetic diversity.Material and methods. Databases of the Perennial Forage Crop Genetic Resources Department at VIR, and digital maps of administrative subdivisions of Russia and neighboring countries served as the research material. The ex-USSR administrative subdivisions were accepted as operational units. For each of them, the number of ser. Falcatae Vass. species and the number of accessions per administrative subdivision were taken into account. Statistical data processing included construction of frequency tables and differentiated mapping.Results. The coordinates of collection sites were identified for 446 accessions. Collections of six wild species within the studied complex were analyzed across the ex-USSR space, and in more detail in Krasnodar Territory.Conclusion. The target areas were identified for further collecting activities. For Russia, the prioritized regions where the collection could be replenished are the northern frontier of the area of sickle alfalfa distribution in the European part and its eastern borderline in Siberia, both characterized by extreme environmental conditions. To increase the geographic diversity of the collection, additional collecting efforts are required, along with mobilization of accessions from the neighboring countries.

Various species of bentgrass (Agrostis L.) are an important component of natural pastures. They are used to prepare forage grass mixtures or set up lawns; there are released cultivars. The collection of bentgrass held by VIR currently consists of 576 accessions. A. gigantea Roth is represented mainly by wild accessions; A. stolonifera L., A. canina L., and A. tenuis Sibth. by cultivars and breeding material of foreign origin. The representativeness of the gene pool and the distribution of germplasm collecting sites over the territory of the ex-USSR have been evaluated, and the species diversity has been analyzed within the collection. The regions have been identified that need to be addressed by collecting missions to fill ‘the gaps’ in the geographic, environmental and taxonomic range of bentgrass species. The passport database of VIR’s bentgrass collection and electronic maps of the ex-USSR administrative subdivisions served as the material for the research. A total of 176 administrative subdivisions were accepted as operational units and studied. For each of them, the total number of Agrostis spp. and the total number of accessions collected in its territory were taken into account. Among the eleven species collected, A. gigantea was analyzed in more detail. It appeared that the Northwest of the European part of Russia, Western Siberia, Sakhalin Province, and the Republic of Yakutia were most fully explored by collecting teams. However, the taxonomic and population diversity of bentgrass has not practically been mobilized so far in the southern parts of the Non-Black-Soil and Black-Soil zones, Middle and Lower Volga regions, North Caucasus, Eastern Siberia, and the Far East of Russia. Poorly represented in the collection is the taxonomic diversity of wild bentgrass accessions. The Russian Far East, mountainous areas of the Central Asian Republics, and the Northern and Central Urals are of the greatest interest for filling this gap.

Broadening of the genetic diversity of donors of resistance to biotic environmental factors is a challenging problem concerning Triticum L., which can be solved by using wild relatives of wheat, in particular, Aegilops tauschii Coss., in breeding programs. This species, believed to be the donor of D genome of common wheat (T. aestivum L.), is a source of some traits important for breeding. This greatly facilitates the possibility of crossing Ae. tauschii with common wheat. Aegilops L. species are donors of effective genes for resistance to fungal diseases in wheat. For instance, genes that determine resistance to rust agents in common wheat were successfully introgressed from Ae. tauschii into the genome of T. aestivum L. The aim of our study was to identify differences in metabolomic profiles of Ae. tauschii forms (genotypes), resistant or susceptible to such fungal pathogens as Puccinia triticina f. sp. tritici and Erysiphegraminis f. sp. tritici.These indicators may be used as biochemical markers of resistance. A comparative analysis of groups of Ae. tauschii accessions showed that metabolomic profiles of the forms with or without resistance to fungal pathogens differed significantly in the contents of nonproteinogenic amino acids, polyols, phytosterols, acylglycerols, mono- and oligosaccharides, glycosides, phenolic compounds (hydroquinone, kempferol), etc. This fact was consistent with the previously obtained data on the relationship between Fusarium resistance in oats (Avenasativa L.) and certain components of the metabolomic profile, such as acylglycerols, nonproteinogenic amino acids, galactinol, etc. Thus, our studies once again confirmed the possibility and effectiveness of the use of metabolomic analysis for screening the genetic diversity of accessions in the VIR collection, of Ae. tauschii in particular, in order to identify forms with a set of compounds in their metabolomic profile, which characterize them as resistant. Ae. tauschii accessions with a high content of pipecolic acids, acylglycerols, galactinol, stigmasterol, glycerol, azelaic and pyrogallic acids, campesterol, hydroquinone, etc., can be used for creating wheat and triticale cultivars with high resistance to fungal pathogens causing powdery mildew, brown rust, and yellow rust.

Surveying vegetation in various areas within Russia is an important link to successful management of plant genetic resources. Species and forms of wild perennial legumes and forage grasses possess complex adaptability to local environments. The aim of VIR’s collecting mission to Voronezh and Tambov Provinces in 2016 was to replenish the preserved genetic diversity of leguminous and perennial forage crops with samples of interest for breeding for fodder and seed productivity and resistance to limiting environmental factors. The task of the collecting mission was to explore the territory and collect seeds of wild perennial forage and leguminous plants. The exploration route and collecting sites are indicated on the map. Geographical coordinates and descriptions of habitats were recorded for 38 collecting sites. During the survey of fourteen districts in Voronezh Province and two districts in Tambov Province, 169 plant samples were collected, including 140 forage plant accessions (33 species) and 29 leguminous ones (9 species). The most frequently occurring species were identified: Poa pratensis L., Melilotus officinalis (L.) Pall., Medicago falcata L., Vicia angustifolia L. and Lathyrus tuberosus L. Plants of Onobrychis arenaria (Kit.) DC. occur throughout Voronezh Province in meadow-steppe communities. Of interest are the samples of Agropyron pectinatum (Bieb.) Beauv. collected on the northern border of its area of distribution; three species of lower-growing fescue (Festuca rubra L., F. valesiaca Gaudin. and F. pseudovina Hack. ex Wiesb.); a perennial form of Medicago lupulina L.; a sample of Lotus corniculatus L. found on chalky outcrops of the Kalach Hills; red (Trifolium pratense L.), golden (T. aureum Pollich.) and strawberry (T. fragiferum L.) clovers from the valley of the Khoper River; pisiform vetch (Vicia pisiformis L.) from Kalach District and hairy vetch (V. villosa Roth) from Povorino District of Voronezh Province. The materials collected by the team were added to the holdings of VIR and are available for further study and use in breeding.

Background. One of the main tasks of the present-day breeding practice is the development of high-yielding intensive-type fodder crop cultivars for indoor feeding of livestock. Alfalfa, as a productive and high-protein crop, deserves special attention. An offer of new breeding sources would enable breeders to broaden the diversity of alfalfa cultivars. Objective. The present study involved 65 local varieties and wild accessions of alfalfa from Turkey preserved in the VIR collection. Material and methods. Yekaterinino Experiment Station of VIR (Tambov Province) was chosen as the research site. Evaluation of the alfalfa collection was carried out in 2015–2017, using the methods developed at VIR for fodder crop research targeted at such traits as green biomass yield, seed productivity, and leafiness. The cultivar ‘Marusinskaya 425’ was used as the reference. Results and conclusions. In 2015, four accessions were identified as promising for their green matter yield and seed productivity: local varieties k-3373 and k-3378 from Konya Province, k-5992 from Isparta Province, and k-6116 from Sivas Province. In 2016, three accessions exceeded the reference in the yield of green matter, and three accessions had higher seed productivity. Eight accessions surpassed the reference in leafiness. In 2017, only one accession, k-6009 (Kayseri Province), significantly exceeded the reference in green matter yield. Nine accessions were selected for their high seed yield. The maximum seed productivity was observed in the accession k-3379 (Konya). Leafiness was notably higher than the reference’s in 15 accessions. The average for three years shows that none of the accessions credibly surpassed the reference in green matter yield. Four accessions had higher seed productivity than the reference. According to the three-year average, 11 accessions exceeded the reference in leafiness. All in all, in the three years of study, the accessions k-3373, k-3378 and k-3379 (Konya) were selected for high green matter yield and seed productivity. High seed productivity and leafiness, with satisfactory green matter yield, were registered in the accession k-5992 (Isparta). The accession k-6009 (Kayseri) significantly exceeded the reference in green matter yield, but demonstrated low seed productivity and poor leafiness. The place of origin for the identified local accessions had been Central Anatolia, with its continental climate. These accessions are valuable breeding sources with noteworthy commercial traits. Alfalfa from Asia Minor can be recommended for use in breeding practice, targeted at the development of new high-yielding intensive-type cultivars.

Forecasting of plant productivity with the help of mathematical models is in demand in the field of precision agriculture. The work is devoted to determining the optimal timing of harvesting for green mass using theoretical growth curves in 37 samples of perennial grasses. The theoretical curves were constructed on the basis of Richards equation. The study of samples was carried out in the Leningrad Research Institute of Agriculture. The accounting was carried out in the spring and summer periods of 2018. Models were built for 37 samples. Three models had low convergence. The point of inflection wasn’t determined for 8 samples. The rest 26 had high reliability and correlation between empirical data and the model curve. Among the samples of cocksfoot, tall fescue and bromegrass the variability in the potential height of plants, the growth rate at an exponential site and the rate of reaching the inflection point to the asymptote were observed. The samples of tall fescue were homogeneous in the model parameters. The most early matured varieties were Serebristy (21st of May) and Leningradskaya 204 (20th of May); their esti mated hay ripening began after 40 and 36 days. Late estimated hay ripeness was observed in the samples of tall fescue (55-62 days), bromegrass (Chishminsky 3 - 49 days), cocksfoot (Leningradskaya 853 - 53 days and wild samples: k-44349 from Leningrad region - 51 days and k-44354 from Komi Republic - 53 days. The recommended model is applicable for the majority of the studied samples. The use of the offered model allows to optimize the date of mowing taking into account the varietal belonging.

Three-year study of one hundred world collection of alfalfa was conducted in Central Black-Earth zone of Russia. The varieties of Medicago × varia ‘Zheltogibridnaya 99’, ‘Flora 2’, ‘Karlygash’ and ‘№ 152’ (hybrid ‘Severnaya hybridnaya’ בAugune II’) were recommended for breeding programs. The most variable were character of seed production, productivity of green mass and hay yield productivity; character of foliage and the intensity of regrowth of plants on the 20-th day after spring regrowth had medium variability. The height before the first mowing and height in the phase of full flowering had low variability. There was a significant correlation between the yield of green mass and hay, the yield of green mass and intensity of regrowth and a weak negative correlation between the yield of green mass and seed yield.