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The COVID-19 pandemic has affected all domains of human life, including the economic and social fabric of societies. One of the central strategies for managing public health throughout the pandemic has been through persuasive messaging and collective behaviour change. To help scholars better understand the social and moral psychology behind public health behaviour, we present a dataset comprising of 51,404 individuals from 69 countries. This dataset was collected for the International Collaboration on Social & Moral Psychology of COVID-19 project (ICSMP COVID-19). This social science survey invited participants around the world to complete a series of moral and psychological measures and public health attitudes about COVID-19 during an early phase of the COVID-19 pandemic (between April and June 2020). The survey included seven broad categories of questions: COVID-19 beliefs and compliance behaviours; identity and social attitudes; ideology; health and well-being; moral beliefs and motivation; personality traits; and demographic variables. We report both raw and cleaned data, along with all survey materials, data visualisations, and psychometric evaluations of key variables. ispartof: SCIENTIFIC DATA vol:10 issue:1 ispartof: location:England status: published

In the present paper, we tested an objectification theory model including compliance with COVID-19 safety measures as an outcome. Safety measures recommended by governments and health organizations include monitoring one’s body and interpersonal and social distance from others. We contend that the diffuse safety anxiety stemming from sexual and self-objectification encourages targets to broadly adopt behaviors that protect against body-based dangers, including COVID-19. Accordingly, safety anxiety should predict greater compliance with COVID-19 safety measures. U.S. residents (N = 501) were recruited online and completed measures of sexual objectification, self-objectification, safety anxiety, appearance anxiety, and COVID-19 safety compliance. Two-step mediation analyses revealed a positive indirect effect of sexual objectification on safety anxiety through internalization of observers’ perspectives (self-objectification Factor 1); in turn, there was a positive indirect effect of internalized others on COVID-19 body-based safety compliance through safety anxiety. Moreover, women (vs. men) reported higher levels of sexual objectification, internalization of observers’ perspectives, safety anxiety, appearance anxiety, and COVID-19 safety measure compliance. Not only is safety anxiety relevant to cautionary behaviors protective against sexual objectification threat, but it also predicts compliance with measures that reduce the risk of contracting COVID-19. Implications for objectification theory are discussed.

The article presents an experimental exploration of the selected technical features of the Avigilon 2.0C-H4A-BO1-IR Compact Zoom Camera with IR Adaptive Illumination. The article describes the purpose, procedure, and results of the motion detection verification, as well as the identification of motion detection errors, using Avigilon's investigated camera, to the distance of guaranteed recognition capability in specific daylight conditions that determines video analysis. This article constitutes the first part of the internal research activity of the Department of Flight Preparation - pre-research, for the design of an integrated mobile airport security system. For safety reasons, the testing was performed near the airport and not at the airport. The test sample was obtained by using the Avigilon 2.0C-H4A-BO1-IR camera located 8 meters above the ground level in the direction of the selected perimeter of the "protected area" for the experiment. The movement in the space was made by people and the passage of motor vehicles at a distance that was less than the distance guaranteed by the camera's recognition capability in the specific daylight conditions. The movement of persons and motor vehicles was generally performed perpendicular to the position of the camera, left to right, and/or back. The speed of movement of people was, as a rule, an average walking speed of 1m/s, the motor vehicles ranging up to 40km /h. Identification of motion detection errors is important for corrections of the prepared information model of security risk assessment of a protected object based on the fuzzy logic to support the airport security management decisions, as well as for finding a technical solution to eliminate these camera vulnerabilities, or selecting and testing another camera for our mobile technology platform. The results advance our theoretical knowledge and have a praxeological significance for the creation of a technological demonstrator and subsequently a prototype of a smart mobile airport security system. Institutions responsible for the protection of state borders, the fight against illegal migration, smuggling of goods, etc. are also interested in mobile security solutions.

In this article the author name ‘Agustin Ibanez’ was incorrectly written as ‘Augustin Ibanez’. The original article has been corrected.

Right-wing ideology and cognitive ability, including objective numeracy, have been found to relate negatively. Although objective and subjective numeracy correlate positively, it is unclear whether subjective numeracy relates to political ideology in the same way. Replicating and extending previous research, across two samples of American adults (ns= 455, 406), those who performed worse on objective numeracy tasks scored higher on right-wing authoritarianism (RWA) and social dominance orientation (SDO), and they self-identified as more conservative on general, social, and economic continua. Controlling for objective numeracy, subjective numeracy related positively to measures of right-wing ideologies. In other words, those who strongly (vs. weakly) endorsed right-wing ideologies believed they are good with numbers yet performed worse on numeracy tasks. We discuss implications for the opposing direction of associations between ideology with objective versus subjective numeracy and similarities with literature on overconfidence.

Politicians and pundits have postulated an “empathy gap” between the political left and right, yet little empirical evidence addresses this speculation. We recognize that dispositional empathy is conceptualized as comprising both affective (empathic concern; EC) and cognitive (perspective-taking; PT) aspects. Employing estimates from nationally-representative polls, and nationwide data collection with widely-used EC and PT measures, we tested regional-level differences in each. States with more self-identified Republicans, Republican voters, self-identified political conservatives, religious people, or that scored higher in legal/social “tightness”, were significantly lower in PT (mean r = −0.38). These relations remained after controlling for economic conditions (e.g., poverty) or state-level personality. Among states that were above the median in right-wing characteristics, 69–73% were below the median in PT. Comparable patterns for EC were less robust but were evident after controlling for confounds. Following current interest in studying regional differences in personality, these findings reveal a clear PT (cognitive) gap between the left and the right geographically.

Until vaccines or treatments are widely available and used, behavioral change (e.g. social distancing) on an unparalleled collective scale is the chief way to curb the spread of COVID-19. Relying on ideology and collective action models as conceptual frameworks, in the present study the role of ideological and psychological factors in COVID-19-related opinions, health compliance behaviors, and collective action were examined in three countries. Results, examining country as a moderator, showed some politically conservative orientations, especially social dominance orientation, relate to less collective action, less support of measures to manage COVID-19, and lower compliance. Variables, including empathy for those affected by COVID-19 and group efficacy also predicted COVID-19-related attitudes and behavior. Belief in science and perceived risk also emerged as key factors to impact compliance-related attitudes and behaviors. Implications for motivating collective compliance are discussed.

The quality of Air Force capabilities is conditioned primarily by the quality of human potential, available techniques and technologies, and other material, technical and financial resources. The content and form of professional training of aviation personnel, the level of their training, and usability is therefore a current agenda and a challenge for the future. The main goal of the article is to identify and describe the initial state of training requirements of selected specializations, within the requirements for air personnel for the Air Force of the Armed Forces of the Slovak Republic, as a specific air operator. The methodology of solving the problem is based on historical and content analysis of previous experience and aviation practice, induction, deduction, and synthesis of knowledge for formulating the target state of training of selected specializations for aviation. The result is the requirements and baseline for the specializations of a military pilot, air traffic controller, and technician. The partial outputs are part of a feasibility study to support decision-making processes on the way forward in meeting the strategic goal in the field of training of air personnel for the Air Force.

The specifics of the training of military pilots of military aviation system from the years of proven special training procedures and are characteristic of the said specialization. However, preparedness requirements may vary. These changes may be caused by changes in available aircraft, technology, but also by legislative changes. The main goal of the article is to present a proposal for a prospective model of education of pilots of transport aircraft for a specific air operator, the Air Force of the Armed Forces of the Slovak Republic. The methodology of solving the problem is based on historical and content analysis of previous flight training experience and transport aviation practice, induction, deduction, and synthesis of knowledge for formulating the perspective education model with support of SWOT analysis results. The result is the transport aircraft pilots ‘model of theoretical preparation and practical flight training for the Slovak Air Force. The partial outputs are part of a feasibility study to support the decision-making processes on the way forward in meeting the strategic goal in the field of training of air personnel for the Slovak Air Force.

The bodies of research on intergroup contact and on collective action have historically remained separate in their pursuit to understand how to promote social equality. In recent years, however, researchers have begun to explore the extent to which contact and collective action work together or against each other in the pursuit of social change. To date, there is mixed evidence on the relation between these two constructs, with some suggesting that intergroup contact can have ironic effects by reducing the likelihood that disadvantaged group members will engage in collective action in favor of their own group. The goal of this Special Issue is to better understand the effect that intergroup contact can have on collective action and ignite a new body of research that directly considers the relation between the two. The papers comprising this Special Issue offer unique and yet complementary perspectives, highlighting the importance of moving beyond dyadic relations, the need to consider intergroup friendships and social embeddedness, the value of promoting inclusive identities and how support for collective action not only differs by group status but is also influenced by individual differences. Together, the papers offer theoretical and methodological suggestions to move research in this important field forward.

Factors that predict political party affiliation are of particular importance in research due to the wider implications in politics and policy making. Extending this line of work, the idea that cre...

Women of Colour are subject to unique pressures regarding their appearance due to racialised beauty standards and the pre-eminence of White features (e.g., skin tone and hair texture). Through associated self-objectification, Women of Colour can face negative outcomes, including negative thoughts and feelings about body features, and can engage in potentially dangerous behaviours like skin bleaching. The present research investigated the connection between internalisation of White beauty standards and Women of Colour’s dissatisfaction with their skin and hair as well as their use of cosmetic products to attempt to meet White beauty ideals. Participants were 149 African American women from the United States and 168 Indian women living in India. Results reveal that internalisation of White beauty ideals predicted skin tone and hair texture dissatisfaction as well as skin bleaching. Results also suggest that these associations are indirectly mediated by surveillance of skin tone and hair texture. Findings are discussed in relation to self-objectification theory and representations of racialised beauty standards. These findings suggest that in order to reduce the negative effects of internalisation of White ideals on Women of Colour, White standards of beauty ought to be targeted and dismantled. Broadening of beauty standards and increasing positive media representations of Women of Colour may also be important.

The shootings at the Canadian Parliament on October 22, 2014 received international coverage and fueled concerns about terrorism and growing Islamoprejudice. In the wake of this event, our two studies (n = 215, n = 492) investigated objective temporal distance, right-wing ideology, and intergroup emotions as predictors of prejudice, outgroup trust, and the restriction of civil liberties. Objective temporal distance from the shootings was also examined as a moderator of the relations between ideology and intergroup emotions with intergroup attitudes. Results showed that greater endorsement of right-wing ideologies, higher intergroup anxiety, or higher intergroup disgust were associated with greater prejudice and lower outgroup trust. Of particular note, participants who completed the survey further from (vs. closer to) the event reported more positive intergroup attitudes and were less likely to endorse restricting civil liberties. Objective temporal distance also moderated some of the associations between intergroup emotions with intergroup attitudes. Implications are discussed.

In two studies with women living in India (Study 1, n = 177) and African American women in the United States (Study 2, n = 120), we investigated whether skin-tone surveillance, which theoretically is a manifestation of self-objectification, predicted greater skin-color dissatisfaction and greater skin-bleaching behavior. Given the existence of colorism in Indian and American societies, we expected that ideologies that rationalize and perpetuate the status quo would moderate the proposed relations. Results were consistent with objectification theory and system justification theory. The positive relation between skin-tone surveillance and skin-color dissatisfaction was weaker among women of color who more strongly (vs. weakly) endorsed system justifying ideologies, and the positive relation between skin-tone surveillance and skin-bleaching behavior was stronger among women of color who more strongly (vs. weakly) endorsed system justifying ideologies. Our results suggest that self-objectification theorists and researchers should consider culturally specific manifestations of self-objectification as well as protective and legitimating effects of system justifying ideologies. We encourage clinicians and policy makers to use public campaigns and individual-level interventions to target the norms and motivations underlying skin-bleaching. Online slides for instructors who want to use this article for teaching are available on PWQ's website at http://journals.sagepub.com/page/pwq/suppl/index

Theories of stereotyping and prejudice have yet to be comprehensively applied to accents. U.S. adults (n = 124) listened to clips from Indian, Latinx, Arabic, and Toronto-accented speakers. They then completed stereotype measures based on solidarity, status, dynamism (SSD), and the Stereotype Content Model (SCM), and evaluated the speakers. Stereotypes, but not evaluations, differed between accents. Results suggest that measures of warmth and competence may be sufficient to capture differences in accent-based stereotyping. Authoritarianism predicted accent-based prejudice against non-North American accents relative to Toronto accents (as in-group allies), whereas social dominance orientation predicted more negative evaluations overall. Neither ideological belief predicted stereotypes.

Combating climate change and protecting the environment is a significant topic amongst political leaders and concerned citizens across the globe. The degree to which individuals perceive green issues as important is connected to their politics, those subscribing to conservative ideologies being less supportive of pro-environmental initiatives and less concerned about climate change than those endsorsing liberal ideologies. Examining political ideology as a uni- and bi-dimensional construct, the present research investigated whether political liberals (vs. conservatives), those higher (vs. lower) in right-wing authoritarianism, and those higher (vs. lower) in social dominance orientation differ in their perceptions of the morality of green behaviours. In Studies 1 (n = 200) and 2 (n = 150), liberal (vs. conservative) ideologies related to perceiving pro-environmental behaviours as more moral. Further, in Study 2, the relation between ideology and perceptions of green behaviours as moral was explain...

Threat has traditionally been conceptualized as a cause or consequence of right-wing ideologies. We argue that the relation is bidirectional and that conceptually pairing right-wing ideologies with threat might be too simplistic and potentially inaccurate. To illustrate a more nuanced perspective, we review recent findings and present data investigating the relations between threat and multiple dimensions of right-wing ideology. Using path analyses SEM, we found that greater right-wing authoritarianism (RWA) predicted perceiving greater latent risk, whereas greater social dominance orientation (SDO) predicted perceiving less latent risk (Study 1); RWA associated with experiencing greater distress, whereas SDO associated with experiencing less distress (when considering the self or others engaging in harmful behaviors; Study 2). Thus, consistent with existing literature, one aspect of right-wing ideology (RWA) relates to greater threat, but another (SDO) relates to experiencing less threat, inconsistent wi...

Studies show that synchronizing movements with others encourages a collective social identity, leading to increased cooperation within a group. The current study investigated whether movement synchrony impacts social categorization and cooperation across intergroup boundaries. Two 3-person groups were brought together under movement synchrony conditions designed to emphasize different social categorizations of the aggregate: all individuals moved to the same beat, each minimal group moved to a different beat, or each individual moved to a different beat. Results demonstrate that movement synchrony influenced social categorization and cooperation across intergroup boundaries. Implications for approaches to intergroup relations using movement synchrony are noted.

The article discusses climate change and average monthly air temperature in 2019 at Košice International Airport. The article analyses the monthly average air temperature in 2019 and the deviation of these values from the normal (1981- 2010). With the help of statistic tests and calculations is verified the correctness of the hypothesis that the air temperature in 2019 at Košice Airport is warmer than the normal. The measured values and the deviation of the 2019 average monthly air temperature from the normal are defined on Picture 1. The article contains statistic calculations (the Shapiro-Wilk normality test and the Student́s t-test for verifying the hypothesis), picture and table for visualization the mentioned facts.

The relevance of the work lies in the development of an information model for the evaluation and selection of instructor pilots for Smart City Urban Air Mobility (UAM), which are best suited for professional, psychophysiological and pedagogical qualities for effective training of future pilots. As a result, pilots' competency input models for Smart City UAM have been proposed for the first time: a model for evaluating the mindset and decision making of a pilot in Smart City ; model of knowledge of pilot theory knowledge in Smart City ; a model for assessing flight training knowledge and flight competence for Smart City UAM ; model of knowledge assessment in theory of pedagogy, psychology and communicative competence. Competence models can use a different number of rating indicators and different scale scores. A six-step general algorithm for evaluating and selecting instructor pilots for Smart City UAM has been developed for the first time, integrating different pilot competency models and taking into account the "desired values" of the decision-maker. Experimentally developed 7-pilot algorithm for pilot instructor selection for further training for Smart City UAM.

The urgency of the work lies in the development of a fuzzy model for quantifying experts for smart city transportation and mobility, for ranking them and selecting an expert group, which integrates different models of competence of experts and reveals the subjectivity of the answers to the questions in their evaluation. The development of such a model will allow to increase the degree of validity of the decision making of the choice of experts (employees, specialists) municipality, which are best suited for the competences, qualities or psychophysiological peculiarities for the effective fulfillment of the task for smart city transportation and mobility. As a result, for the first time, a seven-step general algorithm for the expert group, for smart city transportation and mobility, assessment and selection model has been developed that integrates different expert competence models and can be applied to different areas of specialist selection. A structural framework for the evaluation and ranking of the expert group was also proposed for the first time, as well as examples of constructing membership functions for the evaluation questionnaire. Experimentally tested the general algorithm of fuzzy model of evaluation on the test example of the choice of the head of expert group among 5 experts on 3 models of competences (model of self- esteem, model of special abilities and skills, model of psychophysiological qualities of personality).

The trend is to create the consortia of public and private sector entities for the purpose of jointly researching the practical problems and finding solutions. The aim of the paper is to identify the scientific problem, research activities and the problem solving methodology for the first consortium project focusing on an expert information portal to support the safe movement of persons in the field using ground and aerial data collection of specific spatial data. The paper on the project proposal is aimed at supporting the innovation through the multidisciplinary industrial research and experimental development within the domain of Digital Slovakia and the creative industry as well as in the field of information and communication technologies and the environment. The paper answers the pre-research questions why research is to be carried out and which are the main research activities that will determine the course of scientific work in order to identify the scientific problem and the appropriate solution methodology for creating an expert information portal to support the safe movement of people the collection of specific spatial data.

This article is devoted to the analysis and comparison of two meteorological instruments, ceilometers. The aim of the paper is to recommend a more suitable design and principle design used in the construction of two different types of ceilometers commonly used in Europe, based on the recommendations of a group of experts with more than ten years of experience in aviation weather measurement and observation. With increasing air traffic density, in some areas located below the flight paths, Cirrus clouds may form under appropriate meteorological conditions, which do not dissipate immediately but expand into layers. This artificial cloud formation changes the optical transmittance of the atmosphere, and this may affect climate change in the region. Although the ceilometer is primarily designed to detect the height of the cloud base using laser technology, after some adjustments, the raw laser output can be interpreted as the optical transmittance of the atmosphere. The data thus measured can be used to quantify climate change in the areas concerned. As part of preparing the project for the EU Horizon 2020 challenge, the team of experts decided to systematically address this issue. Identifying a suitable monitoring facility for the presence of man-made cloud due to air traffic is a crucial step in the experimental verification of climate change in a given region and the subsequent modeling of possible climate scenarios for the affected areas.

The optimizing of the National Pilot Training System for the State Operator - Air Force, is a permanent challenge. The training quality affects our future flight safety. The paper is a follow-up to the issue in the framework of the published work on the topic “Pre-Research of updated criteria for Failure status of Integrated Flight Preparation and Training”. The aim of the paper is an indicative pre-research to examine the updated criteria for identifying and describing the model recovery regimes within the Integrated Flight Preparation and military pilot training, as the part of the preparatory stage of the qualitative research of the issue. The paper focuses on defining the problem of updated criteria, the orientation analysis and the plan for further research of the issue within the preparatory stage of qualitative research. Failures of the Integrated Flight Preparation and Pilot Training System mean the identified deviations from the standard results of pilots in each subsystem. The main emphasis lies in the pre-research of updated criteria for the quantitative identification and analysis of 5 selected modes of the failure state recovery. The paper responds to a pre-research question concerning the updated criteria for the possible modes of failure recovery, it means the criteria for the corrections of deviations from the standard results of pilots in the proposed Integrated Flight Preparation and Training model of the future military pilots.

Investigating the issue of professional pilot training requires the identification and analysis of possible failures of the individual components (subsystems) of the integrated preparation and training. The aim of the paper is an indicative pre-research to examine the updated criteria for identifying the classes of states (situations) and classification of failure status of integrated training for flight preparation and military pilot training (its subsystem, element), as the part of the preparatory stage of the qualitative research of the issue. The paper focuses on defining the problem, the orientation analysis and the plan for further research of the issue within the preparatory stage of qualitative research to determine the updated criteria for basic stages of system failure. Failures of the Integrated Flight Preparation and Pilot Training System (IFPT) mean the identified deviations from the standard results of pilots in each subsystem. The paper answers the pre-research question of why research is to be carried out and which are the main factors that will determine the next course of scientific work to identify the failure phases of an integrated flight preparation and training system in a particular future pilot’s case.

The aim of the article is to create a register of risks of the aviation disaster Metrojet 9268, to identify the causes and sources of these risks. The article content is focused on the case study of The Metrojet 9268 aircraft accident, which is the starting point for searching the possibility of using state-of-the-art technology in order to deal with the terrorist threat. In case of screening and security controls even for the possibility of the fight against organized crime. The main focus is not in the review and description of the air disaster, but in the register of external and internal security risks of the selected air disaster, and in the subsequent proposal of further research of selected technologies in the framework of doctoral studies.

The “Technology-Innovation Platform for Aerospace and Environmental Engineering and Research”, as an informal science and research consortium, is looking for and identifying the new challenges for the preparation of project activities. The aim of paper is to identify the scientific problem, research activities and the problem solving methodology for the second consortium project, with a view to improving the protection of national borders and the Schengen area. The paper on the project proposal aims to support the innovation through the multidisciplinary industrial research and experimental development within the “Innovation Center for Research on Advanced and Specific Methods and Procedures in the Air Transport”, at the University Science Park UVP TECHNICOM, at the Technical University of Kosice (TUKE). The Center represents a joint research and development place of the Faculty of Aeronautics TUKE and MSM Martin, Ltd.The paper answers the questions why the research should be carried out and which are the main research activities that will determine the further course of the scientific work in order to identify the scientific problem and the appropriate solution methodology.

The aim of the paper is to identify a scientific problem for exploring the use of layered voice analysis (LVA) technology in the airport object protection processes. The content of the paper is focused on the social and professional need to find the optimal tools for the security agenda within the airport. The main focus is on the using of relevant expert tools to identify the scientific problem of LVA, to make the methodology of the comprehensive examination of the issue to its practical verification.

The aim of the paper is to examine the methods, forms and didactic means of aviation education of military pilots at the selected institutions from 1973 to the present using the analysis for the quality teaching process and the interaction of edutants (human factors) - teachers and students, based on the SWOT analysis of selected historical data. The paper is the second part of the study on the issue of aviation education, which answers the question of strengths and weaknesses, risks and opportunities for the future education quality aspects. The main motive of our pre-research and historical data analysis is to acquire the knowledge applicable to the creation of new study programs of the Faculty of Aeronautics of the Technical University of Kosice (FA) in the study field Transport according to the new descriptions approved by the Accreditation commission.

The aim of paper is to identify the risks of university aviation education of military pilots at the selected institutions from 1973 to the present using the analysis for the quality teaching process and the interaction of edutants (human factors) teachers and students. The paper is the third part of the study on the above issue of aviation education, which answers the question of the research identification of data. The main motive of our pre-research and historical data analysis is to acquire the knowledge applicable to the creation of new study programs of the Faculty of Aeronautics of the Technical University of Kosice (FA) in the study field Transport according to the new descriptions approved by the Accreditation commission. Not everything from the history of aviation education was bad and unusable for the present and the future.

Aviation education is a complex pedagogical process, which we perceive as a didactic system for the creation of personnel competencies to perform aviation professions. Increasing the quality of education requires effective use of the experience and needs of aviation practice. The aim of the article is to examine the content of aviation education of military pilots at the selected institutions from 1973 to the present using the analysis for the quality teaching process and the interaction of edutants (human factors) teachers and students. The article is the first part of the study on the issue of aviation education, which answers the question of strengths and weaknesses, risks and opportunities for quality content. The result is knowledge applicable in the creation of content for new study programs of the Faculty of Aeronautics of the Technical University in Kosice.

This paper deals with the civil aviation experience focused on the impact of global climate change on the operational and performance parameters of the Cessna Citation XLS+ aircraft and consequently on the whole aviation. The aim of this article is to do a research, study and analyze the influence of the global climate change (especially temperature changing – warming up) on this aircraft type performance and make an evaluation and conclusion for how it can affect the operation, economy and safety of the air traffic flow management. The theoretical and practical part of the article includes a system analysis of temperature changes and operational performances of the selected type of aircraft. The result and benefits of the paper is a response on the current issue: how the global climate change can influence the Civil/ Military aircraft operational parameters. This experience is also a part of the Knowledge Alliance of Aviation Education. The perspective international Expert Database of Civil and Military Aviation Experience is still in progress.

With Donald Trump the Republican nominee and Hillary Clinton the Democratic nominee for the 2016 U.S. Presidential election, speculations of why Trump resonates with many Americans are widespread - as are suppositions of whether, independent of party identification, people might vote for Hillary Clinton. The present study, using a sample of American adults (n = 406), investigated whether two ideological beliefs, namely, right-wing authoritarianism (RWA) and social dominance orientation (SDO) uniquely predicted Trump support and voting intentions for Clinton. Cognitive ability as a predictor of RWA and SDO was also tested. Path analyses, controlling for political party identification, revealed that higher RWA and SDO uniquely predicted more favorable attitudes of Trump, greater intentions to vote for Trump, and lower intentions to vote for Clinton. Lower cognitive ability predicted greater RWA and SDO and indirectly predicted more favorable Trump attitudes, greater intentions to vote for Trump and lower intentions to vote for Clinton.

In three samples of Christian undergraduate students (n = 43, n = 115, n = 73), we investigated the relative influence of Christian religious identification and intergroup disgust sensitivity (ITG-DS; an affect-laden individual difference variable reflecting reactivity to disgust and revulsion reactions toward outgroups) on several religious variables: Perceived threat of religious outgroups, attitudes toward faith-based schooling, intercultural child adoption, banning of religious symbols, and Islamophobia. Results revealed that religious identification and ITG-DS are both relevant to interfaith prejudices, but in different ways. With respect to unique predictive effects, ITG-DS emerged as the stronger and more consistent predictor. Meta-analytic integration confirmed that ITG-DS, but not religious identification, robustly predicts Islamophobia. Implications for understanding correlates of religious outgroup prejudices are considered.

We examined personal belief in a just world (PBJW) based on individuals' evaluations of their past, present, and anticipated future lives. Participants (N = 259; 59% female; M age = 20.48) viewed the degree of justice in their lives as improving over time. Individuals with more positive psychological health (encompassing self-esteem, depression, anxiety, and stress) perceived that their lives had become substantially more just from the past to the present, and that the future would entail similar levels of personal justice. At the other extreme, individuals with more negative psychological health perceived that their lives had not become more just from the past to the present, but nonetheless envisioned substantial improvements in personal justice into the future. This work provides valuable new insights into PBJW based on a temporally-expanded perspective.

Consistent with objectification theory, many studies have shown that self-objectification (and body surveillance) is associated with depression and dissatisfaction with life. Critically, however, much of this research has been conducted with White women attending university in North America. To extend this literature, we investigated whether greater skin tone surveillance – a group-specific manifestation of self-objectification among women of colour – is linked to higher depression and lower life satisfaction among Indian women. Given that some system justifying ideologies provide a protective well-being effect for lower status individuals, we considered whether colour-blind racial ideology (i.e., the minimization/denial of White privilege) weakened the relations between skin tone surveillance and poorer well-being outcomes. Data were collected via Amazon Mechanical Turk; participants included Indian women (N = 177) between the ages of 19–30 living in India. Participants completed measures of skin tone surveillance, colour-blind racial ideology, depression, and life satisfaction. Results revealed that skin tone surveillance was associated with higher depression (and more strongly among women higher in colour-blind racial ideology). Moreover, skin tone surveillance was associated with lower life satisfaction only among women lower in colour-blind racial ideology. Implications are discussed.

We investigated whether viewing September 11 footage affected peoples’ perceived distress spanning past, present, and anticipated future. Participants (n = 174) were randomly assigned to a 9/11, fear, or neutral condition and completed measures of temporal perceived distress, distress of future terrorism, Islamophobia, and restriction of civil liberties attitudes. Participants in the neutral and fear conditions perceived their 9/11-related distress as declining over time. Those in the 9/11 condition perceived their distress as higher at present and declining from present (vs. past ratings). Those viewing 9/11 (vs. neutral or fear) footage reported greater future terrorism distress, more prejudice, and greater restriction of civil liberties. These differences were explained by higher 9/11-related distress ratings for past 5 years, present, and future.

Intergroup disgust sensitivity (ITG-DS) reflects an affect-laden revulsion toward out-groups. Previous attempts to weaken its prediction of prejudice have failed. Given that clinical approaches to disgust sensitivity successfully utilize mental imagery, we consider contact simulation interventions. Participants were randomly assigned to control, standard imagined contact, or an elaborated contact condition (elaborated imagined contact [EIC]; detailed imagination involving physical contact with a homeless person, with relaxation instructions). Both contact conditions (vs. control) significantly weakened the link between ITG-DS and prejudice, yet only EIC weakened the relation between ITG-DS and out-group trust. Mediated moderation analysis confirmed that EIC significantly attenuated the link between ITG-DS and prejudice through increasing trust. Clinically relevant treatments are thus valuable in severing the association between (a) ITG-DS and (b) lower out-group trust and greater out-group prejudice.

Although much is known about the motivational underpinnings of authoritarian ideologies, less is known about the underlying mental abilities. In the present study, the relations between right-wing authoritarianism (RWA), social dominance orientation (SDO), and reasoning abilities were investigated. Participants (n = 198) completed measures of reasoning ability (Necessary Arithmetic Operations task, Diagramming Relationships task), RWA, and SDO. Greater RWA was only associated with lower ability to recognize hierarchical relationships; neither RWA nor SDO were associated with general arithmetic reasoning ability. Implications for understanding ideology are discussed.

Human faces, and more specifically the eyes, play a crucial role in social and nonverbal communication because they signal valuable information about others. It is therefore surprising that few studies have investigated the impact of intergroup contexts and motivations on attention to the eyes of ingroup and outgroup members. Four experiments investigated differences in eye gaze to racial and novel ingroups using eye tracker technology. Whereas Studies 1 and 3 demonstrated that White participants attended more to the eyes of White compared to Black targets, Study 2 showed a similar pattern of attention to the eyes of novel ingroup and outgroup faces. Studies 3 and 4 also provided new evidence that eye gaze is flexible and can be meaningfully influenced by current motivations. Specifically, instructions to individuate specific social categories increased attention to the eyes of target group members. Furthermore, the latter experiments demonstrated that preferential attention to the eyes of ingroup members predicted important intergroup biases such as recognition of ingroup over outgroup faces (i.e., the Own Race Bias; Study 3) and willingness to interact with outgroup members (Study 4). The implication of these findings for general theorizing on face perception, individuation processes, and intergroup relations are discussed.