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9 páginas.- 5 figuras.- 51 referencias.- Supplementary information The online version contains supplementary material available at https://doi.org/10.1038/s41561-023-01170-x, Soil mosses are among the most widely distributed organisms on land. Experiments and observations suggest that they contribute to terrestrial soil biodiversity and function, yet their ecological contribution to soil has never been assessed globally under natural conditions. Here we conducted the most comprehensive global standardized field study to quantify how soil mosses influence 8 ecosystem services associated with 24 soil biodiversity and functional attributes across wide environmental gradients from all continents. We found that soil mosses are associated with greater carbon sequestration, pool sizes for key nutrients and organic matter decomposition rates but a lower proportion of soil-borne plant pathogens than unvegetated soils. Mosses are especially important for supporting multiple ecosystem services where vascular-plant cover is low. Globally, soil mosses potentially support 6.43 Gt more carbon in the soil layer than do bare soils. The amount of soil carbon associated with mosses is up to six times the annual global carbon emissions from any altered land use globally. The largest positive contribution of mosses to soils occurs under a high cover of mat and turf mosses, in less-productive ecosystems and on sandy and salty soils. Our results highlight the contribution of mosses to soil life and functions and the need to conserve these important organisms to support healthy soils., The study work associated with this paper was funded by a Large Research Grant from the British Ecological Society (no. LRB17\1019; MUSGONET). D.J.E. is supported by the Hermon Slade Foundation. M.D.-B. was supported by a Ramón y Cajal grant from the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (RYC2018-025483-I), a project from the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation for the I + D + i (PID2020-115813RA-I00 funded by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033a) and a project PAIDI 2020 from the Junta de Andalucía (P20_00879). E.G. is supported by the European Research Council grant agreement 647038 (BIODESERT). M.B. is supported by a Ramón y Cajal grant from Spanish Ministry of Science (RYC2021-031797-I). A.d.l.R is supported by the AEI project PID2019-105469RB-C22. L.W. and Jianyong Wang are supported by the Program for Introducing Talents to Universities (B16011) and the Ministry of Education Innovation Team Development Plan (2013-373). The contributions of T.G. and T.U.N. were supported by the Research Program in Forest Biology, Ecology and Technology (P4-0107) and the research projects J4-3098 and J4-4547 of the Slovenian Research Agency. The contribution of P.B.R. was supported by the NSF Biological Integration Institutes grant DBI-2021898. J. Durán and A. Rodríguez acknowledge support from the FCT (2020.03670.CEECIND and SFRH/BDP/108913/2015, respectively), as well as from the MCTES, FSE, UE and the CFE (UIDB/04004/2021) research unit financed by FCT/MCTES through national funds (PIDDAC).

12 páginas.- 4 figuras.- 49 referencia.- Supplementary information The online version contains supplementary material available at https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-023-01646-z .- Full-text access to a view-only version (Acceso a texto completo de sólo lectura en este enlace) https://rdcu.be/c8vZi, Urban greenspaces support multiple nature-based services, many of which depend on the amount of soil carbon (C). Yet, the environmental drivers of soil C and its sensitivity to warming are still poorly understood globally. Here we use soil samples from 56 paired urban greenspaces and natural ecosystems worldwide and combine soil C concentration and size fractionation measures with metagenomics and warming incubations. We show that surface soils in urban and natural ecosystems sustain similar C concentrations that follow comparable negative relationships with temperature. Plant productivity’s contribution to explaining soil C was higher in natural ecosystems, while in urban ecosystems, the soil microbial biomass had the greatest explanatory power. Moreover, the soil microbiome supported a faster C mineralization rate with experimental warming in urban greenspaces compared with natural ecosystems. Consequently, urban management strategies should consider the soil microbiome to maintain soil C and related ecosystem services., This study was supported by a 2019 Leonardo Grant for Researchers and Cultural Creators, BBVA Foundation (URBANFUN), and by BES Grant Agreement No. LRB17\1019 (MUSGONET). M.D-B., P.G-P., J.D. and A.R. acknowledge support from TED2021-130908B-C41/AEI/10.13039/501100011033/ Unión Europea NextGenerationEU/PRTR. M.D.-B. also acknowledges support from the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation for the I + D + i project PID2020-115813RA-I00 funded by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033. M.D.-B. was also supported by a project of the Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (FEDER) and the Consejería de Transformación Económica, Industria, Conocimiento y Universidades of the Junta de Andalucía (FEDER Andalucía 2014-2020 Objetivo temático ‘01 - Refuerzo de la investigación, el desarrollo tecnológico y la innovación’) associated with the research project P20_00879 (ANDABIOMA). D.J.E. was supported by the Hermon Slade Foundation. J.P.V. thanks the Science and Engineering Research Board (SERB) (EEQ/2021/001083, SIR/2022/000626) and the Department of Science and Technology (DST), India (DST/INT/SL/P-31/2021) and Banaras Hindu Univeristy-IoE (6031)-incentive grant for financial assistance for research in plant-microbe interaction and soil microbiome. J.D. and A. Rodríguez acknowledge support from the FCT (2020.03670.CEECIND and SFRH/BDP/108913/2015, respectively), as well as from the MCTES, FSE, UE and the CFE (UIDB/04004/2021) research unit financed by FCT/MCTES through national funds (PIDDAC).

22 páginas.-. 5 figuras.- 64 referencias.- Supplementary Information This pdf file includes: Supplementary Figs. 1–5, Tables 1–11 and references. https://static-content.springer.com/esm/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41559-022-01935-4/MediaObjects/41559_2022_1935_MOESM1_ESM.pdf, While the contribution of biodiversity to supporting multiple ecosystem functions is well established in natural ecosystems, the relationship of the above- and below-ground diversity with ecosystem multifunctionality remains virtually unknown in urban greenspaces. Here we conducted a standardized survey of urban greenspaces from 56 municipalities across six continents, aiming to investigate the relationships of plant and soil biodiversity (diversity of bacteria, fungi, protists and invertebrates, and metagenomics-based functional diversity) with 18 surrogates of ecosystem functions from nine ecosystem services. We found that soil biodiversity across biomes was significantly and positively correlated with multiple dimensions of ecosystem functions, and contributed to key ecosystem services such as microbially driven carbon pools, organic matter decomposition, plant productivity, nutrient cycling, water regulation, plant–soil mutualism, plant pathogen control and antibiotic resistance regulation. Plant diversity only indirectly influenced multifunctionality in urban greenspaces via changes in soil conditions that were associated with soil biodiversity. These findings were maintained after controlling for climate, spatial context, soil properties, vegetation and management practices. This study provides solid evidence that conserving soil biodiversity in urban greenspaces is key to supporting multiple dimensions of ecosystem functioning, which is critical for the sustainability of urban ecosystems and human wellbeing., This study was supported by a 2019 Leonardo Grant for Researchers and Cultural Creators, BBVA Foundation (URBANFUN), and by the BES grant agreement number LRB17\1019 (MUSGONET). M.D.-B. acknowledges support from the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation for the I+D+i project PID2020-115813RA-I00 funded by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033. M.D.-B. is also supported by a project of the Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (FEDER) and the Consejería de Transformación Económica, Industria, Conocimiento y Universidades of the Junta de Andalucía (FEDER Andalucía 2014-2020 Objetivo temático ‘01-Refuerzo de la investigación, el desarrollo tecnológico y la innovación’) associated with the research project P20_00879 (ANDABIOMA). H.C. was supported by the Strategic Priority Research Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences (XDA28020202), National Key R&D Program of China (2022YFD1500202) and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (91951109, 42230511, 92251305). K.F. was supported by Young Elite Scientist Sponsorship Program by CAST (2021QNRC001) and China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (2021M703302). F.D.A. and S.A. were supported by ANID FONDECYT 11180538 and 1170995. J.P.V. was supported by SERB (SIR/2022/000626, EEQ/2021/001083), DST (DST/INT/SL/P-31/2021) and Banaras Hindu University, IoE (6031) incentives grant for plant-microbe interaction and soil microbiome research. T.G. and T.U.N were supported by the Slovenian Research Agency grants P4-0107, J4-3098 and J4-4547.

Correction to: Nature Communications, published online 27 March 2023 In the version of this article originally published, the current affiliation 25, “CEAZA, Universidad Católica del Norte, Coquimbo, Chile,” initially appeared as the last affiliation, offsetting all author footnotes from 25-39. The affiliation order has been restored in the article.

Hypoglycemia is a common condition in the newborn period. Several intrinsic and extrinsic factors play a role in the degree/duration of hypoglycemia. Multiple thresholds have been proposed as a potential point whereby hypoglycemia may have short and long-term adverse effects. Rather than a "numerical" threshold, treatment approaches should be individualized and tailored to the etiology, symptoms, and neonatal underlying conditions. Hyperglycemia in the newborn period is commonly seen in preterm infants and can exert gluco-toxic effects in organs at critical periods of development. Considering the peripheral insulin resistance (IR) of prematurity and contributing factors is key to achieving euglycemia.

Background. Infection in acute pancreatitis will worsen the disease prognosis. The aim of our study was to analyze the role of procalcitonin as a prognostic biomarker for infections and clinical severity. Method. A prospective single-cohort observational study of patients diagnosed of acute pancreatitis (n = 152) was designed. PCT determination was tested on admission (first 72 hours). Infections (biliary, extrapancreatic and infected pancreatic necrosis), need for antibiotics, need for urgent ERCP and severity scores for acute pancreatitis was assessed. ROC curves were designed and the area under the curve was calculated. Logistic regression for multivariate analysis was performed to evaluate the association between procalcitonin optimal cut-off level and major complications. Results. PCT > 0.68mg/dL had higher incidence of global infection, acute cholangitis, bacteraemia, infected pancreatic necrosis, use of antibiotics in general, and need for urgent ERCP. In the multivariate regressions analysis, PCT > 0.68mg/dL at admission demonstrated to be a strong risk factor for complications in acute pancreatitis. Discussion. PCT levels can be used as a reliable laboratory test to predict infections and the clinical severity of acute pancreatitis. High levels of PCT predict antibiotics prescription as well as the need for urgent ERCP in patients with concomitant clinically severe cholangitis.

Background Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate, particularly when given with a ritonavir-boosted PI, reduces bone mineral density (BMD) and increases bone turnover markers (BTMs). Ritonavir-boosted atazanavir plus lamivudine is a feasible simplified option. We evaluated whether switching from a triple ritonavir-boosted PI plus tenofovir disoproxil fumarate to a two-drug regimen of lamivudine plus ritonavir-boosted atazanavir would improve BMD. Methods Single-arm pilot study. Virologically suppressed patients on tenofovir disoproxil fumarate plus lamivudine or emtricitabine plus ritonavir-boosted PI with low BMD, without previous resistance mutations and/or virological failure to study drugs were switched to 100/300 mg of ritonavir-boosted atazanavir plus 300 mg of lamivudine once daily. The primary endpoint was BMD change by DXA at Week 48. Results There were 31 patients, 4 (13%) female, and median age was 40 years. Seven participants (22.5%) had osteoporosis. At 48 weeks, mean (SD) changes in spine and hip BMD were +0.01 (0.03) (P = 0.0239) and +0.013 (0.03) g/cm2 (P = 0.0046), respectively. Mean (SD) T-score changes were +0.1 (0.23) (P = 0.0089) and +0.25 (0.76) (P = 0.0197), respectively. N-telopeptide and urine tenofovir disoproxil fumarate toxicity markers showed significant improvements. One participant withdrew from the study and two were lost to follow-up. There were no virological failures, or serious or grade 3–4 adverse events. Conclusions Switching from a tenofovir disoproxil fumarate plus ritonavir-boosted PI triple therapy to a lamivudine plus ritonavir-boosted atazanavir two-drug regimen in virologically suppressed HIV-infected adults with low BMD was safe, increased low BMD and reduced plasma markers of bone turnover and urine markers of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate toxicity over 48 weeks.

Introduction Chemsex is a dynamic phenomenon with cultural variation. There is limited information about its prevalence and specific characteristics in our geographical area. Methods In this cross-sectional study of a series of gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men (gbMSM) who engaged in chemsex and were attending the Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, Spain, between March 2018 and May 2019, we aimed to identify potential vulnerabilities and describe the profiles of individuals who engaged in chemsex in our site. Baseline clinical and epidemiological characteristics related to HIV, HCV, STIs, sexual practices, and drug consumption were evaluated. A sub-analysis considering vulnerability conditions was completed. Results We included 161 participants: 67% were migrants and 48% were Latin American. A total of 150 participants were people living with HIV (PLWH), and 13% had a detectable HIV viral load (VL). The prevalence of HCV infection was 37%. Slamming practice was reported by 20% of the participants. Migrants from Latin America were younger, had a lower percentage of university education, and more frequently had detectable HIV-VLs and syphilis. HCV-positive participants reported more injecting drug use, versatile fisting practices, and syphilis. Slam users consumed more methamphetamine and mephedrone, had significantly higher HIV-VLs when detectable, and reported less sober sex. Conclusion and Policy Implications We identified certain baseline characteristics of our chemsex cohort that may confer a profile of greater vulnerability, which must be addressed in a personalized way when attempting damage reduction and a global approach to the practice of chemsex at our site. Access to specialized and interdisciplinary services with cultural competence in the complexity of the phenomenon should be guaranteed to these individuals for better management.

To assess the impact of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) epidemics on the prevention and care for HIV and other sexually transmitted infections at a major reference centre providing preventive and clinical services in Catalonia, Spain.We retrospectively compared anonymized clinical and laboratory data from March to December 2020 vs. 2019.Monthly clinical data on HIV preexposure and postexposure prophylaxis users and on adults with HIV infection were retrieved from the administrative hospital database. Monthly tests for HIV, hepatitis B and C, Treponema pallidum, Neisseria gonorrhoeae,and Chlamydia trachomatis, and plasma lipids and glucose were recovered from the laboratory database.There were less (↓28%, P = 0.003) but more advanced (mean CD4+ cells/μl 305 vs. 370, P 0.001) HIV infections and more gonorrhoea (↑39%, P 0.001) and chlamydia (↑37%, P 0.001) infections in 2020 vs. 2019. In people with HIV, rates of HIV RNA less than 50 copies/ml remained stable (11 vs. 11%, P = 0.147) despite less scheduled visits (↓25%, P 0.001). However, they had less antiretroviral prescription changes (↓10%, P = 0.018), worse plasma lipids [mean total cholesterol 190 vs. 185 mg/dl, P 0.001;mean low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol 114 vs. 110 mg/dl, P 0.001; mean triglycerides 136 vs. 125 mg/dl, P 0.001; mean high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol 47 vs. 48 mg/dl, P = 006], and an excess of mortality (↑264%, P = 0.006) due in great part not only to COVID-19 but also to other causes.In our setting, COVID-19 epidemics was associated with an increase in some prevalent sexually transmitted infections, with less but more advanced HIV infections, and with worse nonvirologic healthcare outcomes and higher mortality in people living with HIV.

12 páginas.- 3 figuras.- 56 referencias.- Supplementary information The online version contains supplementary material available at https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-37428-6, Soil contamination is one of the main threats to ecosystem health and sustainability. Yet little is known about the extent to which soil contaminants differ between urban greenspaces and natural ecosystems. Here we show that urban greenspaces and adjacent natural areas (i.e., natural/semi-natural ecosystems) shared similar levels of multiple soil contaminants (metal(loid)s, pesticides, microplastics, and antibiotic resistance genes) across the globe. We reveal that human influence explained many forms of soil contamination worldwide. Socio-economic factors were integral to explaining the occurrence of soil contaminants worldwide. We further show that increased levels of multiple soil contaminants were linked with changes in microbial traits including genes associated with environmental stress resistance, nutrient cycling, and pathogenesis. Taken together, our work demonstrates that human-driven soil contamination in nearby natural areas mirrors that in urban greenspaces globally, and highlights that soil contaminants have the potential to cause dire consequences for ecosystem sustainability and human wellbeing., This study was supported by a 2019 Leonardo Grant for Researchers and Cultural Creators, BBVA Foundation (URBANFUN), and by the BES grant agreement No LRB17\1019 (MUSGONET). We are grateful for the assistance of Yunyun Hao and Xuemei Han during soil sampling. We also thank Drs. Shuai Du and Xiuli Hao for their help in data analyses. M. D-B. is supported by the projects from the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (PID2020-115813RA-I00) (SOIL4GROWTH) and TED2021-130908B-C41 (URBANCHANGE) funded by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033, and a project of the Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (FEDER) and the Consejería de Transformación Económica, Industria, Conocimiento y Universidades of the Junta de Andalucía (FEDER Andalucía 2014-2020 Objetivo temático “01 - Refuerzo de la investigación, el desarrollo tecnológico y la innovación”) associated with the research project P20_00879 (ANDABIOMA). Y-R. L. is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (42177022). M.G.A.H is supported by the Swiss National Science Foundation (310030_188799). D.J.E. is supported by the Hermon Slade Foundation. F.B. and J.L.M. acknowledge support from the Spanish Ministry and FEDER funds for the project AGL2017-85755-R, the I+D+i project PID2020-114942RB-I00 funded by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/ 501100011033, the i-LINK+2018 (LINKA20069) from CSIC, as well as funds from “Fundación Séneca” from Murcia Province (19896/GERM/15). E.M.-J. was supported by an Experienced Researcher Fellowship of the Humboldt Foundation. E.M-J. and C.P. acknowledge support from the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (PID2020-116578RB-I00). F.A. is supported by ANID FONDECYT 1220358. H-W.H. and J-Z.H. are supported by the project (DP210100332) from Australian Research Council. S.A. is funded by ANID FONDECYT 1170995 and ANID ANILLO ACT192027. MB is supported by a Ramón y Cajal grant from Spanish Ministry of Science (RYC2021-031797-I). The contribution of TG and TUN was supported by the Research Program in Forest Biology, Ecology and Technology (P4-0107) and project V4-3098 of the Slovenian Research Agency. T.P.M. would like to acknowledge contributions from the National Research Foundation of South Africa and cities involved in the South African survey. J.D. and A. Rey acknowledge support from the FCT (IF/00950/2014 and SFRH/BDP/108913/2015, respectively). JPV is thankful to SERB (EEQ/2021/001083) and DST (DST/INT/SL/P-31/2021) and BHU-IoE (6031)-incentive grant for research and development. MCR acknowledges support from an ERC Advanced Grant (694368). AM acknowledged financial support from the PMRF, Ministry of Education - Government of India, India.

We used airborne hyperspectral images to generate a dense survey of bathymetric data in the Bahía Blanca estuary (Buenos Aires Province, Argentina). This estuarine area is characterized by intense sediment transport turning the water muddy, and thus optical bathymetric estimations are difficult. We used 24 spectral bands in a range of 500–900 nm acquired with a hyperspectral camera aboard an unmanned aerial vehicle, together with 100 bathymetry data points surveyed with a sonar sensor aboard an unmanned surface vehicle, covering an area of about 800 m2. Random-forest and support-vector-machine regressors were trained with this data set. The resulting model yielded a determination coefficient of 0.815 with unseen data, a root-mean-square error of 0.166 m, and an absolute average error less than 2%. These results allow dense and accurate reconstructions of the underwater profile in wide, muddy, shallow regions of the Bahía Blanca estuary, showing the feasibility of hyperspectral imagery combined with sonar data in turbid shallow waters.

The Feynman Technique is a mental model and learning strategy used to simplify any complex information. This study endeavors to provide empirical evidence on the effectiveness of the Feynman Technique as a heutagogy-based learning strategy that fits the e-learning landscape. Utilizing true experimental research design, grades 4, 7, and 11 students from typical elementary and national high schools were randomly assigned to experimental and control groups and underwent pre- and posttests. Using two-sample and paired T-tests, results show that students under the experimental group, which applied the Feynman Technique, showed higher posttest scores and learning gains than those in the control group. Hence, this study proves that the Feynman Technique can be an effective tool to improve K-12 students’ learning, especially now given the new learning delivery modalities.

A total of 62 Prototheca bovis isolates from cases of bovine mastitis were tested for susceptibility to different antifungal compounds by the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) reference microdilution method and a commercial colorimetric microdilution panel (Sensititre YeastOne). All isolates displayed low susceptibility to echinocandins (MICs > 8 μg/ml for anidulafungin, caspofungin, and micafungin), flucytosine (MIC > 64 μg/ml), and the azoles enilconazole and fluconazole (MICs > 4 and > 64 μg/ml, respectively). Moreover, 45.2, 32.3, and 1.6% of isolates had MICs > 4 μg/ml for ketoconazole, terbinafine, and voriconazole, respectively, when tested by the CLSI method. In contrast, all isolates were more susceptible to the polyene compounds amphotericin B and nystatin, and itraconazole, posaconazole, and ravuconazole (MICs ≤ 2 μg/ml, in all cases). Comparison of the results obtained in the CLSI and Sensititre methods showed excellent essential agreement (EA) for azoles (98.4% for itraconazole and posaconazole, and 100% for voriconazole) and moderate EA for amphotericin B (72.6%), when MICs were read after 48 and 24 h of incubation, respectively. In contrast, much lower EA values were obtained in some cases when the MICs for both techniques were determined after 48 h of incubation (e.g., 9.7% for amphotericin B and 69.4% for posaconazole). Therefore, the CLSI broth microdilution method and the Sensititre YeastOne panel can be used indistinctly for susceptibility testing of P. bovis isolates against azoles but not against amphotericin B until further optimization of the test conditions. Lay summary The antifungal susceptibility of Prototheca bovis isolates was analyzed. All tested isolates displayed low susceptibility to echinocandins, flucytosine, and some azoles. Excellent agreement of the results of two different test methods was obtained for azoles, but not for the polyene amphotericin B.

Preterm birth is the leading cause of death in children under 5 years of age. Premature infants who receive life-saving oxygen therapy often develop bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), a chronic lung disease. Infants with BPD are at a high risk of abnormal neurodevelopment, including motor and cognitive difficulties. While neural progenitor cells (NPCs) are crucial for proper brain development, it is unclear whether they play a role in BPD-associated neurodevelopmental deficits. Here, we show that hyperoxia-induced experimental BPD in newborn mice led to lifelong impairments in cerebrovascular structure and function as well as impairments in NPC self-renewal and neurogenesis. A neurosphere assay utilizing nonhuman primate preterm baboon NPCs confirmed impairment in NPC function. Moreover, gene expression profiling revealed that genes involved in cell proliferation, angiogenesis, vascular autoregulation, neuronal formation, and neurotransmission were dysregulated following neonatal hyperoxia. These impairments were associated with motor and cognitive decline in aging hyperoxia-exposed mice, reminiscent of deficits observed in patients with BPD. Together, our findings establish a relationship between BPD and abnormal neurodevelopmental outcomes and identify molecular and cellular players of neonatal brain injury that persist throughout adulthood that may be targeted for early intervention to aid this vulnerable patient population.

To compare body composition and growth in very low birthweight infants according to their source of human milk: maternal expressed breast milk (MEBM) versus donor breast milk (DBM). We hypothesized that infants fed predominately MEBM would exhibit reduced body fat percentage compared to those fed predominately DBM.Premature infants weighing ≤1500 g on an exclusive human milk diet were enrolled in a single-center study between 2017 and 2021. Demographic data and anthropometric measurements were collected. All infants underwent body composition analysis via dual energy x-ray absorptiometry at 36 weeks corrected post menstrual age.A total of 60 infants were enrolled and 48 were included in the primary analysis. No differences were detected in percent body fat (14 vs. 12%, p = 0.7) or fat-free mass (2050 vs. 2130 g, p = 0.7). Both groups displayed similar growth and anthropometric measurements. Caloric and macronutrient intake between groups was similar.In the cohort of patients studied, no differences were observed in percent body fat based on primary human milk type intake in the first 28 postnatal days. Further investigation is required in a larger population of exclusive human milk fed preterm infants to determine if body composition differences exist based on an infant's primary human milk source.Premature infants are at risk for altered body composition at term corrected age, specifically increased body fat percentage, which may have implications for the future. To our knowledge this is the first study exploring body composition outcomes based on an infant's primary human milk source. Infants fed exclusive human milk (e.g., donor vs. maternal) displayed similar percent body fat and growth outcomes.