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Extranodal lymphoma are rare, in particular, breast non-Hodgkin's lymphoma has an impact of lower 0.5%. It is difficult to diagnose during the pre-operative period, since it can be confused with breast carcinoma.A 52 years old female patient was sent due to a lump in her left breast identified in a mammogram. A study was conducted with supplementary tests, being eventually diagnosed as low-grade B-cell follicular lymphoma. She was subjected to a mammary and axillary radioguided occult lesion localisation (ROLL). After, radiation therapy was delivered.It is a very rare pathology, therefore, there is not relevant research to show effective treatment or diagnosis.

This paper describes the merits and demerits of each technique utilized for determining the intakes of radioactive materials in workers with particular emphasis on the intake of thorium, uranium, and plutonium. Air monitoring at work places have certain flaws, which may give erroneous estimates of intake of the radionuclides. Bioassay techniques involve radiochemical determinations of radionuclides in biological samples such as urine, feces etc, and employing biokinetic models to estimate the intake from such measurements. Though, highly sensitive and accurate procedures are available for the determination of these radionuclides biokinetic models employed produce large errors in the estimate. In vivo measurements have fundamental problems of poor sensitivities. Also, due to non-availability of such facilities at most of the nuclear sites transporting workers at different facilities may cost a lot of financial resources. It seems difficult to defend in the court of law that determination of intake of radioactive material in workers by an individual procedure is accurate; at the best these techniques may be employed to obtain only an estimate of intake.

An analysis of the reliability of the ICRP's dose coefficients for intake of radionuclides, applied on the Human Respiratory Tract Dosimetry Model proposed in ICRP Publication No. 66 was carried out, with respect to the following variables: ventilation rates, time budget, total deposition, regional deposition for the four respiratory tract compartments (alveolar-interstitium, bronchioles, bronchi and extrathoracic), oral versus nasal breathing patterns, and variation in clearance rates of compartments. The analysis was done by calculating reliability factors defined as the square root of the ratio of larger to smaller dose coefficient calculated at the extreme values for the model parameter being tested, in intervals of values of the effective dose. Calculations for each of the variables were carried out for an adult, using these 12 radionuclides: 3H, 60Co, 90Sr, 95Zr, 106Ru, 125Sb, 131I, 137Cs, 210Pb, 226Ra, 238U and 239Pu. For AMAD = 0.1 mm the analysis associated with the total deposition in the compartments indicated a Reliability Category II. For AMADs = 1.0 and 10 mm the analysis associated with the deposition in the extrathoracic compartments indicated a Reliability Category II. For AMAD = 10 mm the deposition in the compartments of the tracheobronchial region also showed a Reliability Category II. Most results for all other parameters for the studied AMADs were found to be in Category I. The corresponding impacts on the uncertainties in the predicted bioassay results for these twelve radionuclides were also determined. This analysis is especially helpful when doses are estimated through bioassay measurements employing the ICRP Publication 66respiratory tract model.

The present paper deals with the following questions: Can a piece of any tissue or organ obtained at autopsies and/or biopsies be analyzed to predict the organ and/or body burden, initial exposures, and the committed dose equivalents to the workers or retired workers from exposures to thorium, uranium, and plutonium and what are the consequences of using such materials in predicting the initial exposures and the dose estimates? Based on the studies of the distribution of uranium and thorium in former uranium miners and millers, the distribution of plutonium in general population, and several other studies dealing with the distribution of actinides in man, it is reasonable to state that the utilization of tissue analyses for estimating the initial exposure to the workers may have serious limitations. The regulatory agencies must restrict the conditional utilization of tissue analyses in estimating exposures to the workers for thorium, uranium, and plutonium.

Conversion coefficients from air kerma free-in-air to effective dose and dose in organs have been calculated for hermaphrodite 1, 5, 10, 15 year old children and adult anthropomorphic mathematical models. The 15 year old child phantom is also used as the adult female phantom. The irradiation geometry considered was the phantom standing on an almost infinite plane source, which is the geometry normally used for detector's calibration for environmental in situ measurements. The ADAM computer code has been modified to use the phantoms described by Cristy for the children phantoms, the adult male phantom is described in the ICRP Report 23. Thirty-six incident energies ranging from 10 keV to 10 MeV were selected for the incident radiation.

Literature data from in vivo chest measurements and urinary excretion rates of individuals exposed to U3O8 and UO2 were used to compare the results predicted by different models with empirical observations in humans. As a result the use of the respiratory tract model proposed in ICRP Publication 66 with its default absorption parameters underestimates urinary excretion of inhaled U3O8 and UO2. The new respiratory tract model also overpredicts the Fecal/Urine activity ratio, independently of the systemic model. For U3O8 and UO2 the choice of systemic model has very little influence on the predicted urinary excretion of inhaled compounds. On the other way, the choice of the respiratory tract model does influence the predicted urinary excretion significantly. In this work specific absorption parameters for U3O8 and UO2 were derived to be used in the respiratory tract model proposed in ICRP Publication 66. The predicted biokinetics of these compounds were compared with those derived for Type M and Type S compounds of uranium.

This article is the third part of a comprehensive review on the pancreatic arterial blood supply and deals with the inferior pancreaticoduodenal a. The aim of this review is to summarise the anatomical studies, starting from Haller's reports, and to supply as far as possible, with original material, angiographic evidences for the classic anatomical notions. For this purpose, the overall research was carried out by picking out and studying 1015 selective angiographies (celiac trunk and its branches, superior mesenteric a.) taken from the angiographic archives of the Institutes of Radiology of Siena, Rome (Catholic University), and Perugia. Angiographically, the authors observed the inferior pancreaticoduodenal a., present in most instances, as arising from the superior mesenteric a., from the right accessory hepatic a., or from a common trunk with the first or the first two jejunal aa. Some variations of the course have been shown. The authors underline and discuss the discordant opinions still existing regarding the incidence of the different ways the inferior pancreaticoduodenal a. arises and the surgical importance of the variation of origin of this artery.

The influence of the degree of hydrolysis (DH) on the rate of brown colour development in a hydrolysed concentrated Grana whey permeate (HCCWP), to be used as osmotic agent, was studied. The colour (L∗, a∗, b∗) and the optical density (420 nm) were measured for 7 days at approximately 1-day intervals, on three concentrates at pH 6 at 65, 75 and 85% degree of hydrolysis, and heated at 35, 45 and 55°C. The activation energy of the browning process was correlated with the DH values of HCCWP: increasing the DH decreased the activation energy and increased the rate of colour change. The choice of degree of lactose hydrolysis of concentrated permeate seems to be an effective way of controlling the rate of brown colour development and of improving the shelf life of the product.

The excretion of inhaled poorly transportable compounds of uranium relative to chest content has been measured in humans by a substantial number of measurements of urine, feces, andin vivo measurements over the chest. The use of these measurements have permitted us to compare the results predicted by the models with empirical observations in humans. The ICRP-30 model for inhaled class Y compounds of uranium along with the ICRP-30 systemic model, no matter what the particle size, grossly underpredicts urinary excretion over time than that observed in human occupationally exposed to poorly transportable compounds of uranium by inhalation. Conversely, if urinary excretion were to be used to estimate the contents of poorly transportable uranium compounds in the lung using ICRP-30 models, the results would be significantly overestimated. The new ICRP (ICRP-66) respiratory tract model also grossly underestimates urinary excretion of inhaled poorly transportable uranium compounds and exacerbates the problem, at least for the default values of the parameters of the model. A lung model derived from the original ICRP-30 lung model, which is named “modified,” has been proposed in this work. It predicts urinary excretion better, even though it is not entirely satisfactory in predicting urine/fecal ratio in excreta.

In vitro bioassay measurements for plutonium have been performed on a routine basis for many years. Since the biokinetic models have changed considerably and the dose limitation systems have become more restrictive, it is necessary to estimate the impact of these changes on the interpretation of bioassay measurements. This study is carried out for the plutonium systemic models proposed by the ICRP publications: ICRP-30, ICRP-48, and ICRP-56, using the excretion functions proposed by Langham, Durbin, and Jones. A quantitative comparison of dose estimates using the dose limitation systems proposed in the ICRP Publications 26 and 60 is also done. In order to evaluate the impact on the use of the new ICRP respiratory tract model, a comparative study of intake and dose estimates, using the new and the ICRP-30 respiratory tract models, was also done for the case of inhalation of plutonium compounds. These calculations are particularly important to provide means to compare doses when the occupational exposures lasted many years and the doses were assessed using different models and dose limitation systems.

Background— The Mehran Risk Score (MRS) has been demonstrated to be clinically useful for prediction of contrast-induced nephropathy (CIN) after nonurgent percutaneous coronary intervention. We aim to validate the MRS in the setting of Primary percutaneous coronary intervention for prediction of both CIN and short- and long-term clinical outcomes. Methods and Results— We assigned 891 consecutive patients with ST-elevation–myocardial infarction undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention to 4 groups of risk of CIN (RC) according to MRS (low, medium, high, and very high risk). We evaluated CIN, death, and major cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events after 25 months' mean follow-up. At multivariable analysis, mortality in very high-risk group was more than 10-fold higher (hazard ratio [HR], 10.11; 95% confidence interval [CI], 4.83 to 21.1; P P P P P =0.001), and medium-risk group (HR, 1.42; 95% CI, 1.10 to 1.85; P =0.007). In addition, the HR for rehospitalization increased with the increasing RC groups (HR, 3.32; 95%CI, 1.96 to 5.63; P P =0.008; HR, 7.73; 95% CI, 2.97 to 20.10; P P =0.021) in the very high RC group, 1.33 (95% CI, 0.68 to 2.61; P =0.398) in the high RC group, and 1.10 (95% CI, 0.67 to 1.79; P =0.699) in the medium RC group, as compared with the lower one. Conclusions— The MRS may be applied in the primary angioplasty setting population and is able to predict CIN and to stratify patients for poor clinical outcomes both in the short- and long-term follow-up.

Infantile subglottic hemangioma is a pediatric tumor of endothelial cells characterized by an initial phase of rapid proliferation (around 6 months), followed by slow involution, often leading to complete regression following the first year of life. It is most frequently found in females and it usually it occurs also in the skin. From its position it can cause a progressive airway obstruction, so early diagnosis and treatment are very important. Many treatments have been described in the literature, including systemic steroids, intralesional steroid injection, carbon dioxide laser therapy, submucous resection, interferon alfa-2 and also tracheostomy as last approach. This case report discusses a 6-month old infant, that arrived to our attention for an acute two-way stridor. Laringoscopy under general anesthesia showed a subocclusive subglottic haemangioma that closed 70% of the laryngeal airway. In agreement with our ENT specialist it was decided to begin systemic steroid therapy, first by i.v. ingection during intensive therapy with rinotracheal intubation and mechanic ventilation; after the canula removal and the hemangioma reduction, the patient took oral steroids with a gradual reduction of the dose. This case evidences the importance of laryngoscopy in the diagnosis of subglottic haemangioma; it also proves the importance of multi-disciplinary collaboration with ENT specialist and dermatologist for the diagnosis and treatment of this kind of patient. It also shows that systemic steroids are an effective alternative in the management of obstructive pediatric subglottic hemangiomas.

The main objective of this paper is to point out problems associated with interpretation of bioassay monitoring in view of the existing biokinetic models. The exposure to thorium in Brazil is given in this paper as an example of the seriousness of the problem.

We introduce a framework for image enhancement, which smooths images while preserving edge information. Domain (spatial) and range (feature) information are combined in one single measure in a principled way. This measure turns out to be the geodesic distance between pixels, calculated on weighted orthogonal domains. The weight function is computed to capture the underlying structure of the image manifold, but allowing at the same time to efficiently solve, using the Fast Marching algorithm on orthogonal domains, the eikonal equation to obtain the geodesic distances. We show promising results in edge-preserving denoising of gray scale, color and texture images.

The CROP 1A Profile corresponds to the southern section (in Italy) of the Central European Profile (CEP), which the following geophysical-geological institutions have acquired as part of their seismic exploration studies of the lithosphere: DEKORP (Germany), OEKORP (Austria), and CROP (Italy). The joint program, which consists mainly of seismic reflection acquisition along the profile from the Bavarian foreland (München) down to the Adriatic Venetian Plain (Treviso), was brought under the umbrella of the TRANSALP Project in 1998; the seismic acquisition part of this Project has now been completed, as most of the data processing. The seismic profile was acquired during 1998, by the contractor THOR in the Bavarian segment, and by the contractor GEOITALIA in the southernmost Venetian sector (between Conegliano and Peron, a village north of Belluno). The Profile was completed in 1999 by THOR. In order to integrate the seismic data of the Transalp Profile, shown in figure 6 and in Plates 68-71, which are the main topic of this paper, we include a brief description conditions in the zones crossed by the Profile. The various from south to north, from the “Venetian Molasse” of Montello and the Belluno mountains in the Italian Dolomites and, N of the Insubric Line, to the eastern sector of the Northern Alps, including the Tauern window, and the Northern Calcareous Alps and, in the foreland, the Bavarian Molasse structural settings.

The authors study the behaviour of the middle colic, left colic superior, middle and inferior and the first sigmoidal arteries in the territory of the terminal portion of the transverse colon, the left colonic flexure and the descending colon. The study was carried out on 1200 angiographies of the superior and inferior mesenteric aa. and on 150 anatomical specimens, surgically extirpated in the course of left emicolectomy operations. Contrary to what is believed by most authors, the left flexure is a colonic tract very well supplied by blood while the descending colon results to be poorly supplied, being served only by one artery (the left sup. colic a.) often of limited caliber and with branches (the middle and the inf. left colic aa.) sometimes totally or partially lacking. In this last colonic tract the vascular continuity, represented by the arterial arcades, is often interrupted. The Riolan's arcade, variously shaped, is to be considered a constant vascular structure (only once it was lacking in this study). Sometimes it is doubled by a second more internal arcade which must not be confused with the intermesenteric arcade. In four of the observed cases, the Riolan's arcade resulted strengthened by a second retroperitoneal arcade, derived from a branching of the middle colic a., whose branches of division went to the two colonic flexures and descended along the postero-lateral walls of the ascending and descending colon, often parallel to the regular abdominal branches. Exceptionally the colonic flexure is supplied by the only left colic a., which behaves as a specific artery, by us called "dominant artery". The central branches of the artery go to the flexure while the lateral ones join the branches of the middle colic and the first sigmoidal aa., effecting tenuous connections, surgically unreliable. In this case the arterial continuity of the Riolan's arcade can be considered interrupted, at least for the surgical practice. The intermesenteric arcade, in its three forms (direct, mixed and indirect), was observed in 20% of the cases. The colic marginal a. is considered by the authors a tier of arches formed by the colic aa. The left colonic flexure is also supplied by particular vessels originated from the middle colic and the left colic aa. (angular branches and arcades and bridge-branches) or from the superior mesenteric a. (angular artery of Donati) and from other sources, particularly from the splenic a. These vessels then join the colic "vasa recta" through the phrenocolic ligament and the marginal omental vessels. This research shows that the vascular continuity of the left colon is not a constant element, able to reassure the surgeon, for possible interruptions that may occur in its composition.

This contribution concern with the first and preliminary results on the seismic reflection profile across the Eastern Alps, in the frame of the Austrian, German and Italian Trans-Alp Project.

Seismic While Drilling (SWD) and Geophysical monitoring of the well have been widely and successfully used during the last two years in the Southern Apennine Range, over and around the Monte Alpi oil field, the targest oil discovery in Italy.

The present article is the fourth part of a comprehensive review of the arterial blood supply of the pancreas and completes the study of the arterial vascularization of the pancreatic head dealing with the anterior inferior and posterior inferior pancreaticoduodenal aa. and with some minor sources of blood supply not involving the classical system of the pancreaticoduodenal arches. The aim of this review is to summarise the anatomical studies, starting from Haller's reports, and to supply, as far as possible with original material, angiographic evidence for the classic anatomical concepts. For this purpose, 1015 selective angiographs (celiac trunk and its branches, superior mesenteric a.) were taken from the angiographic archives of the Institutes of Radiology of Siena, Rome (Catholic University), and Perugia. These demonstrated the anterior inferior pancreaticoduodenal a., present in most instances, as arising from the inferior pancreaticoduodenal a., from a common trunk with the posterior inferior pancreaticoduodenal a. and the 1st jejunal a., from the 1st jejunal a. or from the superior mesenteric a.; on the other hand, the posterior inferior pancreaticoduodenal a. was more variable, originating from the inferior pancreaticoduodenal a., from a common trunk with the anterior inferior pancreaticoduodenal a. and the 1st jejunal a., from the superior mesenteric a., from the dorsal pancreatic a., or from a right accessory hepatic a. coming from the superior mesenteric a. In addition, minor branches to the head of the pancreas arose from the gastroduodenal a., the dorsal pancreatic a., the common hepatic a. and the inferior right phrenic a. Other origins of the inferior pancreaticoduodenal aa. previously reported, but not angiographically detectable with certainty, as well as further minor sources of blood supply to the head of the pancreas, have been listed. The differing opinions regarding the incidence of the various ways the inferior pancreaticoduodenal aa. arise are discussed and an attempt is made to explain the variability of the vascular anatomy of the pancreatic head on embryologic grounds.

Background: The metabolic syndrome (MS) defined according to the National Cholesterol Education Program–Adult Treatment Panel III (MetS-NCEP-ATPIII) criteria is associated with subclinical atherosclerosis and increased cardiovascular risk; "hypertriglyceridemic waist" (HTGW) phenotype may be as discriminant as MetS-NCEP-ATPIII criteria to identify subjects characterized by altered cardiometabolic risk markers and may represent a simplified first-line of screening to identification of high risk patients with an altered cardiometabolic profile. Methods: We included consecutive subjects which more than a cardiometabolic risk factor. We calculated the Framingham risk score (FRS) and the Systematic COronary Risk Evaluation (SCORE) and evaluated adiposity indices and glycometabolic profile. Subclinical atherosclerosis was assessed through flow-mediated-dilatation (FMD) of the brachial artery, Carotid intima-media-thickness (cIMT) and presence of carotid plaque (CP). Results: Of 355 subjects (58,8% female, mean [SD] age 54,6 [9,4] years), 203 (57,1%) had MetS-NCEP-ATPIII and 177 (49,9%) had HTGW phenotype. Subjects with HTGW phenotype and MetS-NCEP-ATPIII criteria were characterized by higher adiposity indices as well as by a more disturbed fasting metabolic risk profile compared with subjects without this phenotype. Differences in the FRS and SCORE were essentially similar when subjects were considered at low or high risk by either metabolic phenotypes (P 75°: HTGW phenotype: OR, 6.2; 95% CI, 3.2-11.9; P 75° in HTGW phenotype: OR, 6.0; 95% CI, 2.9-12.0; P< 0.001; MetS-NCEP-ATPIII: OR, 3.7; 95% CI, 1.8-7.5; P< 0.001; presence of CP in HTGW phenotype: OR, 13.3; 95% CIl, 5.6-31.5; P< 0.001; MetS-NCEP-ATPIII: OR, 7.2; 95% CI, 2.6-19.7; P< 0.001). Conclusions: These results suggest that HTGW phenotype is a simple screening tool to identify subjects with clustering metabolic abnormalities at high cardiovascular risk and with increased subclinical atherosclerosis.

The present paper is the second part of a comprehensive review of the arterial blood supply of the pancreas and deals with the posterior superior pancreaticoduodenal artery. The aim of this review is to summarise the anatomical studies, starting from Haller's reports, and to supply as far as possible, with original material, angiographic evidences for the classic anatomical notions. For this purpose, the overall research was carried out by picking out and studying 1015 selective angiographies (celiac trunk and its branches, superior mesenteric a.) taken from the angiographic archives of the Institutes of Radiology of Siena, Rome (University of Sacro Cuore, Catholic University), and Perugia. Angiographically, many possible different sources of the posterior superior pancreaticoduodenal a. (superior pancreaticoduodenal a., proper hepatic a., right hepatic a., left hepatic a., superior mesenteric a., accessory and replaced right hepatic a. coming from the superior mesenteric a.) have been demonstrated, as have rare variations of the course and a small number of collateral branches (retroduodenal a. and ventral commissural a.). Moreover, the authors underline the discordant opinions still existing regarding the incidence of the different ways the posterior superior pancreaticoduodenal a. arises.

The gross anatomy of the pancreatic blood supply has been subjected to numerous studies. The results of such studies, however, have never been summarized in detail, even in the most important textbooks. For this reason, a certain confusion was generated, especially regarding the interpretation of the nomenclature used to identify pancreatic arteries. This review summarizes more than two centuries of studies of the gross anatomy of the pancreatic blood supply, clarifies the arterial nomenclature, and underlines the aspects about which anatomists are not in agreement. Moreover, it supplies, as far as possible, documentary evidence for numerous observations previously reported only verbally. For this purpose, more than 200 references were directly consulted to provide the anatomical background of the topic, and more than 1000 angiograms were studied to support the review with original figures. The present paper, on the superior pancreaticoduodenal and anterior superior pancreaticoduodenal arteries, is the first of a series of articles dealing with the pancreatic blood supply.

AGIP has successfully transferred in the 2D acquisition the Dual source Vibroseis technique to achieve high resolution, low cost, vibroseis 2D data, following the fruitful experiences carried out in 3D acquisition (L. Bertelli, R. Servodio, 1991 and L. De Luchi, R. Marshall, H. Werner, 1987). As well known the aim of the dual source technique is to improve field efficiency by increasing the production and reducing the survey duration and costs. As a matter of fact the application of the dual source methodology in our 2D survey allowed a cost saving of about 40% of the final acquisition costs without smearing final data quality.

Looking at the literature simultaneous recordmg with two vibrators groups has been undergoing refinements for approximately fifteenth years starting from the Combisweep technique (Werner and Krey, 1977) and Encoded sweep (Bernhardt and Peacock, 1978; Edelmann et al. 1978). Silverman (1977) and Anstey (1979) requested patents in the U.S.A. Garotta (1983 and 1985) stated the basis for the efficient both signal and polarity combination encoding for simultaneous multi source recording. The reason for this high interest on the topic are mainly economical. As a general rule, simultaneous data recording improves field efficiency allowing a reduction of the survey duration and a correspondent colt reduction. With the actual oil price any kind of money saving also in exploration geophysics have to be carefully considered by any Company Management.

The Luna - Hera Lacinia - 3D survey (Offhore Calabria, Southern Italy) covers an area of about 180 square Kms and represents an excellent example of the integration of deep, shallow marine and land 3D acquisition techniques . The survey has been acquired as a "full 3D" on an area characterised by a complex marine and land morfology with serious land operating constraints and complex subsurface structures at a commercially acceptable cost. The target of the survey was to define the structural setting of the miocene reservoirs of Luna and Hera Lacinia gas-fields in order to optimize their development stage. Considering the difficulties, the survey initially required an adequate planning of the various stages of operation and following this a numerical simulation to evaluate its effectiveness .

The authors report the results of their observations on the lowest sigmoid artery, carried out on 92 anatomical specimens coming from surgical operations on the sigmoid and rectum. The specimens were injected and radiographed immediately after their removal . The observations were often preceded by pre-operative angiographies performed for diagnostic reasons. The AA. document all the variational patterns of this artery. They confirm the poor functional value of this artery more known by the old surgeons than by the anatomists.

Calculation of committed effective dose equivalent for inhalation of seven radionuclides was performed and compared with the calculation of various committed risk weighted dose equivalent quantities proposed the revision of ICRP Publication 26, including the effective dose. Data on conversion coefficients for effective dose in the case of external irradiation are also presented

In recent years, 3D Seismic Techniques have acquired an increasing importance in field appraisal and development. The results obtained, in terms of greater knowledge of the geological setting, more accuracy in field development and finally in the rate of success, have spurred oil companies to move quickly towards 3D Exploration Surveys, in spite of the considerable investments involved. Once again, the outcome of 3D surveys has confirmed that the rate of success in properly locating wells on the basis of 3D seismie data has increased dramatically, especially in areas characterized by a complex geological setting.

19103 Background: This study evaluated the effects of pemetrexed(P)single agent or combined with cisplatin(CI)or carboplatin(CA)in patients with malignant pleural mesothelioma.The results of Italia...

The author report the observations carried out on the distal part of the hemorrhoidal artery, obtained with a research on the vascularization of the large intestine, studied by the angiographic method and injection of the c.m. in the anatomical specimen immediately after surgical extirpation. The study was based on 92 anatomical specimens and reveals a variability of the terminal arterial distribution which can be summarized in few more frequent models, but cannot be given an absolute rule.

Cet article decrit l'installation d'un compteur corps-entier pour completer les mesures de radionucleides in vivo. Il permet de detecter de faibles quantites d'emetteurs γ et X dans une gamme d'energie entre 10 KeV et 3 MeV. Il est calibre pour determiner la contamination interne du corps et d'organes tels que poumons, foie, squelette