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In order to reduce the use of fossil fuel without interfering the availability of food crop, Cerbera manghas biodiesel has been studied as potential renewable fuel. This study investigated Cerbera manghas biodiesel as a replacement for pure petro-diesel and palm oil biodiesel produced in Indonesia. The investigation result indicates that Cerbera manghas biodiesel fuel has a lower density, kinematic viscosity, sulfur content, color (lighter), water content, distillation point compared to pure petro-diesel and palm oil biodiesel. Higher flash point and cetane index value in Cerbera manghas biodiesel were also discovered. The study investigated further the effect of biodiesel derived from Cerbera manghas biodiesel compared with pure petro-diesel and palm oil biodiesel in a single cylinder diesel engine. The study suggested that Cerbera manghas biodiesel has better engine performance (fuel consumption, brake mean effective pressure, thermal efficiency, torque, and power) compared to pure petro-diesel and palm oil biodiesel. The utilization of Cerbera manghas biodiesel gave better engine performance output compared to pure petro-diesel and palm oil biodiesel. This study supported the viability of Cerbera manghas biodiesel to be implemented as an alternative diesel fuel without interfering food resources or requiring additional modification to the existing diesel engine.

Detailed, country‐specific epidemiological data are needed to characterize the burden of chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection around the world. With new treatment options available, policy makers and public health officials must reconsider national strategies for infection control. In this study of 15 countries, published and unpublished data on HCV prevalence, viraemia, genotype, age and gender distribution, liver transplants and diagnosis and treatment rates were gathered from the literature and validated by expert consensus in each country. Viraemic prevalence in this study ranged from 0.2% in Iran and Lebanon to 4.2% in Pakistan. The largest viraemic populations were in Pakistan (7001000 cases) and Indonesia (3187000 cases). Injection drug use (IDU) and a historically unsafe blood supply were major risk factors in most countries. Diagnosis, treatment and liver transplant rates varied widely between countries. However, comparison across countries was difficult as the number of cases changes over time. Access to reliable data on measures such as these is critical for the development of future strategies to manage the disease burden.

The total number, morbidity and mortality attributed to viraemic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections change over time making it difficult to compare reported estimates from different years. Models were developed for 15 countries to quantify and characterize the viraemic population and forecast the changes in the infected population and the corresponding disease burden from 2014 to 2030. With the exception of Iceland, Iran, Latvia and Pakistan, the total number of viraemic HCV infections is expected to decline from 2014 to 2030, but the associated morbidity and mortality are expected to increase in all countries except for Japan and South Korea. In the latter two countries, mortality due to an ageing population will drive down prevalence, morbidity and mortality. On the other hand, both countries have already experienced a rapid increase in HCV‐related mortality and morbidity. HCV‐related morbidity and mortality are projected to increase between 2014 and 2030 in all other countries as result of an ageing HCV‐infected population. Thus, although the total number of HCV countries is expected to decline in most countries studied, the associated disease burden is expected to increase. The current treatment paradigm is inadequate if large reductions in HCV‐related morbidity and mortality are to be achieved.

To evaluate the incidence of grade 3-4 LEE in HIV/HCV co-infected patients after the introduction of HAART, the clinical significance to the patients and to determine any factors that could predict its development.A retrospective cohort study of HIV/HCV co-infected adults in Pokdisus AIDS Clinic Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital was conducted. All patients were antiretroviral naive and had never had interferon therapy before. Patients who started taking fist line combination therapy in Indonesia (NNRTI based regimen) from January 2004 to August 2006 and who were followed up for at least 6 months later were included in this study.A total of 59 grade 3-4 LEE (any ALT increase by5 times ULN or any increase of 100 U/L from baseline) developed in 284 patients during the follow up (20.8%). The median onset of grade 3-4 LEE was 20 weeks (min-max 2-80). Only 27.1% accompanied with symptoms. Two patients developed decompensated liver diseases, one of them ended with death. In 5 patients, grade 3-4 LEE coincided with nevirapine or efavirenz-related rashes. Fifty-two patients (88.1%) continued their antiretroviral regimen throughout the entire episode of grade 3-4 LEE. The median peak level of ALT was 2311 IU/L (IQR, 174-327).Lower baseline ALT was the only factor significantly correlated with grade 3-4 LEE in this study.