1. Human hepatitis D virus-specific T cell epitopes
- Author
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Julian Schulze zur Wiesch, Matin Kohsar, Christoph Neumann-Haefelin, and Johanna Landahl
- Subjects
HBsAg ,PTM, post-translational modification ,viruses ,Review ,AST, aspartate aminotransferase ,L-HDAg, large hepatitis delta antigen ,Epitope ,CD4+ ,NK cells, natural killer cells ,Interferon ,Hepatitis Delta ,HBV ,Immunology and Allergy ,aa, amino acid(s) ,epitope ,Th1, T helper 1 ,viral escape ,Gastroenterology ,virus diseases ,cccDNA ,NTCP, sodium taurocholate co-transporting polypeptide ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,cccDNA, covalently closed circular DNA ,S-HDAg, small hepatitis delta antigen ,medicine.drug ,T cell ,Biology ,Major histocompatibility complex ,ADAR1, adenosine deaminases acting on RNA ,Virus ,PD-1, programmed cell death protein 1 ,TCF, T cell-specific transcription factor ,HDV ,ALT, alanine aminotransferase ,ELISpot, enzyme-linked immune spot assay ,Internal Medicine ,medicine ,TNFα, tumour necrosis factor-α ,IFN-, interferon ,PBMCs, peripheral blood mononuclear cells ,Hepatology ,Peg-IFN-α, pegylated interferon alpha ,biochemical phenomena, metabolism, and nutrition ,CD8+ ,HDAg, hepatitis delta antigen ,Virology ,MAIT, mucosa-associated invariant T cells ,biology.protein ,CD8 ,ICS, intracellular cytokine staining - Abstract
Summary HDV is a small, defective RNA virus that requires the HBsAg of HBV for its assembly, release, and transmission. Chronic HBV/HDV infection often has a severe clinical outcome and is difficult to treat. The important role of a robust virus-specific T cell response for natural viral control has been established for many other chronic viral infections, but the exact role of the T cell response in the control and progression of chronic HDV infection is far less clear. Several recent studies have characterised HDV-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses on a peptide level. This review comprehensively summarises all HDV-specific T cell epitopes described to date and describes our current knowledge of the role of T cells in HDV infection. While we now have better tools to study the adaptive anti-HDV-specific T cell response, further efforts are needed to define the HLA restriction of additional HDV-specific T cell epitopes, establish additional HDV-specific MHC tetramers, understand the degree of cross HDV genotype reactivity of individual epitopes and understand the correlation of the HBV- and HDV-specific T cell response, as well as the breadth and specificity of the intrahepatic HDV-specific T cell response.
- Published
- 2021
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