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2. GWTC-2: Compact Binary Coalescences Observed by LIGO and Virgo During the First Half of the Third Observing Run

Author

R Abbott, T D Abbott, S Abraham, F Acernese, K Ackley, A Adams, C Adams, R X Adhikari, V B Adya, C Aeldt, M Agathos, K Agatsuma, N Aggarwal, O D Aguiar, L Aiello, A Ain, P Ajith, S Akcay, G Allen, A Allocca, P A Altin, A Amato, S Anand, A Ananyeva, S B Anderson, W G Anderson, S V Angelova, S Ansoldi, J M Antelis, K Arai, M Arene, S Antier, J S Areeda, S Appert, M C Araya, N Arnaud, S M Aronson, K G Arun, Y Asali, S Ascenzi, G Ashton, S M Aston, P Astone, F Aubin, P Aufmuth, K AultONeal, C Austin, V Avendano, S Babak, F Badaracco, M K M Bader, S Bae, A M Baer, S Bagnasco, J Baird, M Ball, G Ballardin, S W Ballmer, A Bals, A Balsamo, G Baltus, S Banagiri, D Bankar, R S Bankar, J C Barayoga, C Barbieri, B C Barish, D Barker, P Barneo, S Barnum, F Barone, B Barr, L Barsotti, M Barsuglia, D Barta, J Bartlett, I Bartos, R Bassiri, A Basti, M Bawaj, J C Bayley, M Bazzan, B R Becher, B Becsy, V M Bedakihale, M Bejger, I Belahcene, D Beniwal, M G Benjamin, T F Bennett, J D Bentley, F Bergamin, B K Berger, G Bergmann, S Bernuzzi, C P L Berry, D Bersanetti, A Bertolini, J Betzwieser, R Bhandare, A V Bhandari, D Bhattacharjee, J Bidler, I A Bilenko, G Billingsley, R Birney, O Birnholtz, S Biscans, M Bischi, S Biscoveanu, A Bisht, M Bitossi, M -A Bizouard, J K Blackburn, J Blackman, C D Blair, D G Blair, R M Blair, O Blanch, F Bobba, N Bode, M Boer, Y Boetzel, G Bogaert, M Boldrini, F Bondu, E Bonilla, R Bonnand, P Booker, B A Boom, R Bork, V Boschi, S Bose, V Bossilkov, V Boudart, Y Bouanais, A Bozzi, C Bradaschia, P R Brady, A Bramley, M Branchesi, J E Brau, M Breschi, T Briant, J H Briggs, F Brighenti, A Brillet, M Brinkmann, P Brockill, A F Brooks, J Brooks, D D Brown, S Brunett, G Bruno, R Bruntz, A Buikema, T Bulik, H J Bulten, A Buonanno, R Buscicchio, D Buskulic, R L Byer, M Cabero, L Cadonati, M Caesar, G Cagnoli, C Cahillane, J Calderon Bustillo, J D Callaghan, T A Callister, E Calloni, J B Camp, M Canepa, K C Cannon, H Cao, J Cao, G Carapella, F Carbognani, M F Carney, M Carpinelli, G Carullo, T L Carver, J Casanueva Diaz, C Casentini, S Caudill, M Cavaglia, F Cavalier, R Cavalieri, G Cella, P Cerda Duran, E Cesarini, W Chaibi, K Chakravarti, C -L Chan, C Chan, K Chandra, P Chanial, S Chao, P Charlton, E A Chase, E Chassande Mottin, D Chatterjee, D Chattopadhyay, M Chaturvedi, K Chatziioannou, A Chen, H Y Chen, X Chen, Y Chen, H -P Cheng, C K Cheong, H Y Chia, F Chiadini, R Chierici, A Chincarini, A Chiummo, G Cho, H S Cho, M Cho, S Choate, N Christensen, Q Chu, S Chua, K W Chung, S Chung, G Ciani, P Ciecielag, M Cieslar, M Cifaldi, A A Ciobanu, R Ciolfi, F Cipriano, A Cirone, F Clara, E N Clark, J A Clark, L Clarke, P Clearwater, S Clesse, F Cleva, E Coccia, P -F Cohadon, D E Cohen, M Colleoni, C G Collette, C Collins, M Colpi, M Constancio Jr, L Conti, S J Cooper, P Corban, T R Corbitt, I Cordero Carrion, S Corezzi, K R Corley, N Cornish, D Corre, A Corsi, S Cortese, C A Costa, R Cotesta, M W Coughlin, S B Coughlin, J -P Coulon, S T Countryman, B Cousins, P Couvares, P B Covas, D M Coward, M J Cowart, D C Coyne, R Coyne, J D E Creighton, T D Creighton, M Croquette, S G Crowder, J R Cudell, T J Cullen, A Cumming, R Cummings, L Cunningham, E Cuoco, M Curylo, T Dal Canton, G Dalya, A Dana, L M DaneshgaranBajastani, B DAngelo, B Danila, S L Danilishin, S DAntonio, K Danzmann, C DarsowFromm, A Dasgupta, L E H Datrier, V Dattilo, I Dave, M Davier, G S Davies, D Davis, E J Daw, R Dean, D DeBra, M Deenadayalan, J Degallaix, M De Laurentis, S Deleglise, V Del Favero, F De Lillo, N De Lillo, W Del Pozzo, L M DeMarchi, F De Matteis, V DEmilio, N Demos, T Denker, T Dent, A Depasse, R De Pietri, R De Rosa, C De Rossi, R DeSalvo, O de Varona, S Dhurandhar, M C Diaz, M Diaz Ortiz Jr, N A Didio, T Dietrich, L Di Fiore, C DiFronzo, C Di Giorgio, F Di Giovanni, M Di Giovanni, T Di Girolamo, A Di Lieto, B Ding, S Di Pace, I Di Palma, F Di Renzo, A K Divakarla, A Dmitriev, Z Doctor, L DOnofrio, F Donovan, K L Dooley, S Doravari, I Dorrington, T P Downes, M Drago, J C Driggers, Z Du, J -G Ducoin, P Dupej, O Durante, D DUrso, P -A Duverne, S E Dwyer, P J Easter, G Eddolls, B Edelman, T B Edo, O Edy, A Effler, J Eichholz, S S Eikenberry, M Eisenmann, R A Eisenstein, A Ejlli, L Errico, R C Essick, H Estelles, D Estevez, Z B Etienne, T Etzel, M Evans, T M Evans, B E Ewing, V Fafone, H Fair, S Fairhurst, X Fan, A M Farah, S Farinon, B Farr, W M Farr, E J Fauchon Jones, M Favata, M Fays, M Fazio, J Feicht, M M Fejer, F Feng, E Fenyvesi, D L Ferguson, A Fernandez Galiana, I Ferrante, T A Ferreira, F Fidecaro, P Figura, I Fiori, D Fiorucci, M Fishbach, R P Fisher, J M Fishner, R Fittipaldi, M Fitz Axen, V Fiumara, R Flaminio, E Floden, E Flynn, H Fong, J A Font, P W F Forsyth, J -D Fournier, S Frasca, F Frasconi, Z Frei, A Freise, R Frey, V Frey, P Fritschel, V V Frolov, G G Fronze, P Fulda, M Fyffe, H A Gabbard, B U Gadre, S M Gaebel, J R Gair, J Gais, S Galaudage, R Gamba, D Ganapathy, A Ganguly, S G Gaonkar, B Garaventa, C Garcia Quiros, F Garufi, B Gateley, S Gaudio, V Gayathri, G Gemme, A Gennai, D George, J George, R N George, L Gergely, S Ghonge, Abhirup Ghosh, Archisman Ghosh, S Ghosh, B Giacomazzo, L Giacoppo, J A Giaime, K D Giardina, D R Gibson, C Gier, K Gill, P Giri, J Glanzer, A E Gleckl, P Godwin, E Goetz, R Goetz, N Gohlke, B Goncharov, G Gonzalez, A Gopakumar, S E Gossan, M Gosselin, R Gouaty, B Grace, A Grado, M Granata, V Granata, A Grant, S Gras, P Grassia, C Gray, R Gray, G Greco, A C Green, R Green, E M Gretarsson, H L Griggs, G Grignani, A Grimaldi, E Grimes, S J Grimm, H Grote, S Grunewald, P Gruning, J G Guerrero, G M Guidi, A R Guimaraes, G Guixe, H K Gulati, Y Guo, Anchal Gupta, Anuradha Gupta, P Gupta, E K Gustafson, R Gustafson, F Guzman, L Haegel, O Halim, E D Hall, E Z Hamilton, G Hammond, M Haney, M M Hanke, J Hanks, C Hanna, M D Hannam, O A Hannuksela, O Hannuksela, H Hansen, T J Hansen, J Hanson, T Harder, T Hardwick, K Haris, J Harms, G M Harry, I W Harry, D Hartwig, R K Hasskew, C -J Haster, K Haughian, F J Hayes, J Healy, A Heidmann, M C Heintze, J Heinze, J Heinzel, H Heitmann, F Hellman, P Hello, A F Helmling Cornell, G Hemming, M Hendry, I S Heng, E Hennes, J Hennig, M H Hennig, F Hernandez Vivanco, M Heurs, S Hild, P Hill, A S Hines, S Hochheim, E Hofgard, D Hofman, J N Hohmann, A M Holgado, N A Holland, I J Hollows, Z J Holmes, K Holt, D E Holz, P Hopkins, C Horst, J Hough, E J Howell, C G Hoy, D Hoyland, Y Huang, M T Hubner, A D Huddart, E A Huerta, B Hughey, V Hui, S Husa, S H Huttner, B M Hutzler, R Huxford, T Huynh-Dinh, B Idzkowski, A Iess, S Imperato, H Inchauspe, C Ingram, G Intini, M Isi, B R Iyer, V JaberianHamedan, T Jacqmin, S J Jadhav, S P Jadhav, A L James, K Jani, K Janssens, N N Janthalur, P Jaranowski, D Jariwala, R Jaume, A C Jenkins, M Jeunon, J Jiang, G R Johns, N K Johnson McDaniel, A W Jones, D I Jones, J D Jones, P Jones, R Jones, R J G Jonker, L Ju, J Junker, C V Kalaghatgi, V Kalogera, B Kamai, S Kandhasamy, G Kang, J B Kanner, S J Kapadia, D P Kapasi, C Karathanasis, S Karki, R Kashyap, M Kasprzack, W Kastaun, S Katsanevas, E Katsavounidis, W Katzman, K Kawabe, F Kefelian, D Keitel, J S Key, S Khadka, F Y Khalili, I Khan, S Khan, E A Khazanov, N Khetan, M Khursheed, N Kijbunchoo, C Kim, G J Kim, J C Kim, K Kim, W S Kim, Y -M Kim, C Kimball, P J King, M Kinley Hanlon, R Kirchho, J S Kissel, L Kleybolte, S Klimenko, T D Knowles, E Knyazev, P Koch, S M Koehlenbeck, G Koekoek, S Koley, M Kolstein, K Komori, V Kondrashov, A Kontos, N Koper, M Korobko, W Z Korth, M Kovalam, D B Kozak, C Kramer, V Kringel, N V Krishnendu, A Krolak, G Kuehn, A Kumar, P Kumar, Rahul Kumar, Rakesh Kumar, K Kuns, S Kwang, B D Lackey, D Laghi, E Lalande, T L Lam, A Lamberts, M Landry, B B Lane, R N Lang, J Lange, B Lantz, R K Lanza, I La Rosa, A Lartaux Vollard, P D Lasky, M Laxen, A Lazzarini, C Lazzaro, P Leaci, S Leavey, Y K Lecoeuche, H M Lee, H W Lee, J Lee, K Lee, J Lehmann, E Leon, N Leroy, N Letendre, Y Levin, A Li, J Li, K J L Li, T G F Li, X Li, F Linde, S D Linker, J N Linley, T B Littenberg, J Liu, X Liu, M Llorens Monteagudo, R K L Lo, A Lockwood, L T London, A Longo, M Lorenzini, V Loriette, M Lormand, G Losurdo, J D Lough, C O Lousto, G Lovelace, H Luck, D Lumaca, A P Lundgren, Y Ma, R Macas, M MacInnis, D M Macleod, I A O MacMillan, A Macquet, I Magana Hernandez, F Magana Sandoval, C Magazzu, R M Magee, E Majorana, I Maksimovic, S Maliakal, A Malik, N Man, V Mandic, V Mangano, G L Mansell, M Manske, M Mantovani, M Mapelli, F Marchesoni, F Marion, S Marka, Z Marka, C Markakis, A S Markosyan, A Markowitz, E Maros, A Marquina, S Marsat, F Martelli, I W Martin, R M Martin, M Martinez, V Martinez, D V Martynov, H Masalehdan, K Mason, E Massera, A Masserot, T J Massinger, M Masso Reid, S Mastrogiovanni, A Matas, M Mateu Lucena, F Matichard, M Matiushechkina, N Mavalvala, E Maynard, J J McCann, R McCarthy, D E McClelland, S McCormick, L McCuller, S C McGuire, C McIsaac, J McIver, D J McManus, T McRae, S T McWilliams, D Meacher, G D Meadors, M Mehmet, A K Mehta, A Melatos, D A Melchor, G Mendell, A Menendez Vazquez, R A Mercer, L Mereni, K Merfeld, E L Merilh, J D Merritt, M Merzougui, S Meshkov, C Messenger, C Messick, R Metzdor, P M Meyers, F Meylahn, A Mhaske, A Miani, H Miao, I Michaloliakos, C Michel, H Middleton, L Milano, A L Miller, M Millhouse, J C Mills, E Milotti, M C Milovich Go, O Minazzoli, Y Minenkov, Ll M Mir, A Mishkin, C Mishra, T Mistry, S Mitra, V P Mitrofanov, G Mitselmakher, R Mittleman, G Mo, K Mogushi, S R P Mohapatra, S R Mohite, I Molina, M Molina Ruiz, M Mondin, M Montani, C J Moore, D Moraru, F Morawski, G Moreno, S Morisaki, B Mours, C M Mow Lowry, S Mozzon, F Muciaccia, Arunava Mukherjee, D Mukherjee, Soma Mukherjee, Subroto Mukherjee, N Mukund, A Mullavey, J Munch, E A Muniz, P G Murray, S L Nadji, A Nagar, I Nardecchia, L Naticchioni, R K Nayak, B F Neil, J Neilson, G Nelemans, T J N Nelson, M Nery, A Neunzert, A H Nitz, K Y Ng, S Ng, C Nguyen, P Nguyen, T Nguyen, S A Nichols, S Nissanke, F Nocera, M Noh, C North, D Nothard, L K Nuttall, J Oberling, B D O Brien, J O Dell, G Oganesyan, G H Ogin, J J Oh, S H Oh, F Ohme, H Ohta, M A Okada, C Olivetto, P Oppermann, R J Oram, B O Reilly, R G Ormiston, L F Ortega, R O Shaughnessy, S Ossokine, C Osthelder, D J Ottaway, H Overmier, B J Owen, A E Pace, G Pagano, M A Page, G Pagliaroli, A Pai, S A Pai, J R Palamos, O Palashov, C Palomba, H Pan, P K Panda, T H Pang, C Pankow, F Pannarale, B C Pant, F Paoletti, A Paoli, A Paolone, W Parker, D Pascucci, A Pasqualetti, R Passaquieti, D Passuello, M Patel, B Patricelli, E Payne, T C Pechsiri, M Pedraza, M Pegoraro, A Pele, S Penn, A Perego, C J Perez, C Perigois, A Perreca, S Perries, J Petermann, D Petterson, H P Pfeiffer, K A Pham, K S Phukon, O J Piccinni, M Pichot, M Piendibene, F Piergiovanni, L Pierini, V Pierro, G Pillant, F Pilo, L Pinard, I M Pinto, K Piotrzkowski, M Pirello, M Pitkin, E Placidi, W Plastino, C Pluchar, R Poggiani, E Polini, D Y T Pong, S Ponrathnam, P Popolizio, E K Porter, A Poverman, J Powell, M Pracchia, K Prasai, R Prasanna, G Pratten, T Prestegard, M Principe, G A Prodi, L Prokhorov, P Prosposito, L Prudenzi, A Puecher, M Punturo, F Puosi, P Puppo, M Purrer, H Qi, V Quetschke, P J Quinonez, R Quitzow James, F J Raab, G Raaijmakers, H Radkins, N Radulesco, P Raffai, H Rafferty, S X Rail, S Raja, C Rajan, B Rajbhandari, M Rakhmanov, K E Ramirez, T D Ramirez, A Ramos Buades, J Rana, K Rao, P Rapagnani, U D Rapol, B Ratto, V Raymond, M Razzano, J Read, T Regimbau, L Rei, S Reid, D H Reitze, P Rettegno, F Ricci, C J Richardson, J W Richardson, L Richardson, P M Ricker, G Riemenschneider, K Riles, M Rizzo, N A Robertson, A Rocchi, J A Rocha, S Rodriguez, R D Rodriguez Soto, L Rolland, J G Rollins, V J Roma, M Romanelli, F Robinet, R Romano, C L Romel, A Romero, I M Romero Shaw, J H Romie, S Ronchini, C A Rose, D Rose, K Rose, M J B Rosell, D Rosinska, S G Rosofsky, M P Ross, S Rowan, S J Rowlinson, Santosh Roy, Soumen Roy, P Ruggi, K Ryan, S Sachdev, T Sadecki, J Sadiq, M Sakellariadou, O S Salafia, L Salconi, M Saleem, A Samajdar, E J Sanchez, J H Sanchez, L E Sanchez, N Sanchis Gual, J R Sanders, L Sandles, K A Santiago, E Santos, T R Saravanan, N Sarin, B Sassolas, B S Sathyaprakash, O Sauter, R L Savage, V Savant, D Sawant, S Sayah, D Schaetzl, P Schale, M Scheel, J Scheuer, A Schindler Tyka, P Schmidt, R Schnabel, R M S Schofield, A Schonbeck, E Schreiber, B W Schulte, B F Schutz, O Schwarm, E Schwartz, J Scott, S M Scott, M Seglar Arroyo, E Seidel, D Sellers, A S Sengupta, N Sennett, D Sentenac, V Sequino, A Sergeev, Y Setyawati, T Shaffer, M S Shahriar, S Shariffi, A Sharma, P Sharma, P Shawhan, H Shen, M Shikauchi, R Shink, D H Shoemaker, D M Shoemaker, K Shukla, S ShyamSundar, M Sieniawska, D Sigg, L P Singer, D Singh, N Singh, A Singha, A Singhal, A M Sintes, V Sipala, V Skliris, B J J Slagmolen, T J Slaven Blair, J Smetana, J R Smith, R J E Smith, S N Somala, E J Son, K Soni, S Soni, B Sorazu, V Sordini, F Sorrentino, N Sorrentino, R Soulard, T Souradeep, E Sowell, A P Spencer, M Spera, A K Srivastava, V Srivastava, K Staats, C Stachie, D A Steer, J Steinho, M Steinke, J Steinlechner, S Steinlechner, D Steinmeyer, S P Stevenson, G Stolle McAllister, D J Stops, M Stover, K A Strain, G Stratta, A Strunk, R Sturani, A L Stuver, J Sudbeck, S Sudhagar, V Sudhir, H G Suh, T Z Summerscales, H Sun, L Sun, S Sunil, A Sur, J Suresh, P J Sutton, B L Swinkels, M J Szczepanczyk, M Tacca, S C Tait, C Talbot, A J Tanasijczuk, D B Tanner, D Tao, A Tapia, E N Tapia San Martin, J D Tasson, R Taylor, R Tenorio, L Terkowski, M P Thirugnanasambandam, L M Thomas, M Thomas, P Thomas, J E Thompson, S R Thondapu, K A Thorne, E Thrane, Shubhanshu Tiwari, Srishti Tiwari, V Tiwari, K Toland, A E Tolley, M Tonelli, Z Tornasi, A Torres Forne, C I Torrie, I Tosta e Melo, D Toyra, A T Tran, A Trapananti, F Travasso, G Traylor, M C Tringali, A Tripathee, A Trovato, R J Trudeau, D S Tsai, K W Tsang, M Tse, R Tso, L Tsukada, D Tsuna, T Tsutsui, M Turconi, A S Ubhi, R P Udall, K Ueno, D Ugolini, C S Unnikrishnan, A L Urban, S A Usman, A C Utina, H Vahlbruch, G Vajente, A Vajpeyi, G Valdes, M Valentini, V Valsan, N van Bakel, M van Beuzekom, J F J van den Brand, C Van Den Broeck, D C Vander Hyde, L van der Schaaf, J V van Heijningen, M Vardaro, A F Vargas, V Varma, S Vass, M Vasuth, A Vecchio, G Vedovato, J Veitch, P J Veitch, K Venkateswara, J Venneberg, G Venugopalan, D Verkindt, Y Verma, D Veske, F Vetrano, A Vicere, A D Viets, A Vijaykumar, V Villa Ortega, J -Y Vinet, S Vitale, T Vo, H Vocca, C Vorvick, S P Vyatchanin, A R Wade, L E Wade, M Wade, R C Walet, M Walker, G S Wallace, L Wallace, S Walsh, J Z Wang, S Wang, W H Wang, Y F Wang, R L Ward, J Warner, M Was, N Y Washington, J Watchi, B Weaver, L Wei, M Weinert, A J Weinstein, R Weiss, F Wellmann, L Wen, P Wessels, J W Westhouse, K Wette, J T Whelan, D D White, L V White, B F Whiting, C Whittle, D M Wilken, D Williams, M J Williams, A R Williamson, J L Willis, B Willke, D J Wilson, M H Wimmer, W Winkler, C C Wipf, G Woan, J Woehler, J K Wofford, I C F Wong, J Wrangel, J L Wright, D S Wu, D M Wysocki, L Xiao, H Yamamoto, L Yang, Y Yang, Z Yang, M J Yap, D W Yeeles, A Yoon, Hang Yu, Haocun Yu, S H R Yuen, A Zadrozny, M Zanolin, T Zelenova, J -P Zendri, M Zevin, J Zhang, L Zhang, R Zhang, T Zhang, C Zhao, G Zhao, Y Zheng, M Zhou, Z Zhou, X J Zhu, A B Zimmerman, Y Zlochower, M E Zucker, and J Zweizig

Subjects
Astronomy
Abstract

We report on gravitational wave discoveries from compact binary coalescences detected by Advanced LIGO and Advanced Virgo in the first half of the third observing run (O3a) between 1 April 2019 15:00 UTC and 1 October 2019 15:00 UTC. By imposing a false-alarm-rate threshold of two per year in each of the four search pipelines that constitute our search, we present 39 candidate gravitational wave events. At this threshold, we expect a contamination fraction of less than 10%. Of these, 26 candidate events were reported previously in near real-time through GCN Notices and Circulars; 13 are reported here for the first time. The catalog contains events whose sources are black hole binary mergers up to a redshift of ~ 0.8, as well as events whose components could not be unambiguously identified as black holes or neutron stars. For the latter group, we are unable to determine the nature based on estimates of the component masses and spins from gravitational wave data alone. The range of candidate event masses which are unambiguously identified as binary black holes (both objects ≥ 3 M⨀) is increased compared to GWTC-1, with total masses from ∼ 14M⨀ for GW190924 021846 to ∼ 150M⨀ for GW190521. For the first time, this catalog includes binary systems with significantly asymmetric mass ratios, which had not been observed in data taken before April 2019. We also find that 11 of the 39 events detected since April 2019 have positive effective inspiral spins under our default prior (at 90% credibility), while none exhibit negative effective inspiral spin. Given the increased sensitivity of Advanced LIGO and Advanced Virgo, the detection of 39 candidate events in ∼26 weeks of data (∼1.5 per week) is consistent with GWTC-1.

Published
2021
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3. Bayesian hierarchical modelling of the M*–SFR relation from 1 ≲ z ≲ 6 in ASTRODEEP

Author

L Sandles, E Curtis-Lake, S Charlot, J Chevallard, and R Maiolino

Subjects
Space and Planetary Science, Astronomy and Astrophysics
Abstract

The Hubble Frontier Fields represent the opportunity to probe the high-redshift evolution of the main sequence of star-forming galaxies to lower masses than possible in blank fields thanks to foreground lensing of massive galaxy clusters. We use the beagle SED-fitting code to derive stellar masses, $\rm{{M_{\star }}}=\log ({\it M}/{\rm{M_{\odot }}})$, SFRs, $\rm{{\Psi }}=\log (\rm{{\psi }}/{\rm{M_{\odot }}}\, {\rm{yr}}^{-1})$, and redshifts from galaxies within the astrodeep catalogue. We fit a fully Bayesian hierarchical model of the main sequence over 1.25 < z < 6 of the form $\rm{{\Psi }}= \rm{\alpha _\mathrm{9.7}}(z) + \rm{\beta }({\rm{M_{\star }}}-9.7) + \mathcal {N}(0,\rm{\sigma }^2)$ while explicitly modelling the outlier distribution. The redshift-dependent intercept at $\rm{{M_{\star }}}=9.7$ is parametrized as $\rm{\alpha _\mathrm{9.7}}(z) = \log [{\it N}(1+{\it z})^{\rm{\gamma }}] + 0.7$. Our results agree with an increase in normalization of the main sequence to high redshifts that follows the redshift-dependent rate of accretion of gas on to dark matter haloes with $\rm{\gamma }=2.40^{+0.18}_{-0.18}$. We measure a slope and intrinsic scatter of $\rm{\beta }=0.79^{+0.03}_{-0.04}$ and $\rm{\sigma }=0.26^{+0.02}_{-0.02}$. We find that the sampling of the SED provided by the combination of filters (Hubble + ground-based Ks-band + Spitzer 3.6 and 4.5 μm) is insufficient to constrain M⋆ and Ψ over the full dynamic range of the observed main sequence, even at the lowest redshifts studied. While this filter set represents the best current sampling of high-redshift galaxy SEDs out to z > 3, measurements of the main sequence to low masses and high redshifts still strongly depend on priors employed in SED fitting (as well as other fitting assumptions). Future data sets with JWST should improve this.

Published
2022
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4. Identification and properties of intense star-forming galaxies at redshifts z>10

Author

B. E. Robertson, S. Tacchella, B. D. Johnson, K. Hainline, L. Whitler, D. J. Eisenstein, R. Endsley, M. Rieke, D. P. Stark, S. Alberts, A. Dressler, E. Egami, R. Hausen, G. Rieke, I. Shivaei, C. C. Williams, C. N. A. Willmer, S. Arribas, N. Bonaventura, A. Bunker, A. J. Cameron, S. Carniani, S. Charlot, J. Chevallard, M. Curti, E. Curtis-Lake, F. D’Eugenio, P. Jakobsen, T. J. Looser, N. Lützgendorf, R. Maiolino, M. V. Maseda, T. Rawle, H.-W. Rix, R. Smit, H. Übler, C. Willott, J. Witstok, S. Baum, R. Bhatawdekar, K. Boyett, Z. Chen, A. de Graaff, M. Florian, J. M. Helton, R. E. Hviding, Z. Ji, N. Kumari, J. Lyu, E. Nelson, L. Sandles, A. Saxena, K. A. Suess, F. Sun, M. Topping, I. E. B. Wallace, Robertson, B. E., Tacchella, S., Johnson, B. D., Hainline, K., Whitler, L., Eisenstein, D. J., Endsley, R., Rieke, M., Stark, D. P., Alberts, S., Dressler, A., Egami, E., Hausen, R., Rieke, G., Shivaei, I., Williams, C. C., Willmer, C. N. A., Arribas, S., Bonaventura, N., Bunker, A., Cameron, A. J., Carniani, S., Charlot, S., Chevallard, J., Curti, M., Curtis-Lake, E., D'Eugenio, F., Jakobsen, P., Looser, T. J., Lutzgendorf, N., Maiolino, R., Maseda, M. V., Rawle, T., Rix, H. -W., Smit, R., Ubler, H., Willott, C., Witstok, J., Baum, S., Bhatawdekar, R., Boyett, K., Chen, Z., de Graaff, A., Florian, M., Helton, J. M., Hviding, R. E., Ji, Z., Kumari, N., Lyu, J., Nelson, E., Sandles, L., Saxena, A., Suess, K. A., Sun, F., Topping, M., and Wallace, I. E. B.

Subjects
Formation history, Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics (astro-ph.CO), Settore FIS/05 - Astronomia e Astrofisica, Astrophysics of Galaxies (astro-ph.GA), ultraviolet, distribution, FOS: Physical sciences, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Astrophysics - Astrophysics of Galaxies, stellar, Astrophysics - Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics
Abstract

Surveys with James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) have discovered candidate galaxies in the first 400 Myr of cosmic time. Preliminary indications have suggested these candidate galaxies may be more massive and abundant than previously thought. However, without confirmed distances, their inferred properties remain uncertain. Here we identify four galaxies located in the JWST Advanced Deep Extragalactic Survey (JADES) Near-Infrared Camera (NIRCam) imaging with photometric redshifts z~10-13. These galaxies include the first redshift z>12 systems discovered with distances spectroscopically confirmed by JWST in a companion paper. Using stellar population modelling, we find the galaxies typically contain a hundred million solar masses in stars, in stellar populations that are less than one hundred million years old. The moderate star formation rates and compact sizes suggest elevated star formation rate surface densities, a key indicator of their formation pathways. Taken together, these measurements show that the first galaxies contributing to cosmic reionisation formed rapidly and with intense internal radiation fields., Author version of manuscript, please visit Nature Astronomy for the version published 04 April 2023

Published
2022
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5. Modelling the M*–SFR relation at high redshift: untangling factors driving biases in the intrinsic scatter measurement

Author

L Sandles, E Curtis-Lake, Jacopo Chevallard, Stéphane Charlot, Institut d'Astrophysique de Paris (IAP), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and University of Cambridge [UK] (CAM)

Subjects
statistical -galaxies, FOS: Physical sciences, Astrophysics, Astrophysics::Cosmology and Extragalactic Astrophysics, 01 natural sciences, star formation, Luminosity, methods, [PHYS.ASTR.CO]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Cosmology and Extra-Galactic Astrophysics [astro-ph.CO], 0103 physical sciences, Prior probability, formation -galaxies, Astrophysics::Solar and Stellar Astrophysics, Emission spectrum, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, Astrophysics::Galaxy Astrophysics, Physics, [PHYS]Physics [physics], 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Star formation, high-redshiftgalaxies, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Astrophysics - Astrophysics of Galaxies, Galaxy, Redshift, Exponential function, evolution -galaxies, Wavelength, 13. Climate action, Space and Planetary Science, [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics], Astrophysics of Galaxies (astro-ph.GA), data analysis -methods, Astrophysics::Earth and Planetary Astrophysics, [PHYS.ASTR]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]
Abstract

We present a method to self-consistently propagate M$_{*}$ and SFR ($\Psi$) uncertainties onto intercept, slope and intrinsic scatter estimates for a simple model of the main sequence of star forming galaxies where $\Psi = \alpha + \beta$M$_{*} + \mathcal{N}(0,\sigma)$. From simple idealised models set up with broad-band photometry from NIRCam filters at $z\sim5$, we test the method and compare to methods in the literature. Simplifying the $\Psi$ estimate by basing it on dust-corrected MUV can help to reduce the impact of template set degeneracies on slope and intercept estimates, but act to bias the intrinsic scatter estimate. We find that broad-band fluxes alone cannot constrain the contribution from emission lines, implying that strong priors on the emission-line contribution are required if no medium-band constraints are available. Therefore at high redshifts, where emission lines contribute a higher fraction of the broad-band flux, photometric fitting is sensitive to $\Psi$ variations on short ($\sim$ 10 Myr) timescales. Priors on age imposed with a constant (or rising) star formation history (SFH) do not allow one to investigate a possible dependence of $\sigma$ on M$_{*}$ at high redshifts. Delayed exponential SFHs have less constrained priors, but do not account for $\Psi$ variations on short timescales, a problem if $\sigma$ increases due to stochasticity of star formation. A simple SFH with current star formation decoupled from the previous history is appropriate. We show that, for simple exposure-time calculations assuming point sources, with low levels of dust, we should be able to obtain unbiased estimates of the main sequence down to log(M/M$_{\odot}$) $\sim$ 8 at $z\sim5$ with the James Webb Space Telescope while allowing for stochasticity of star formation., Comment: MNRAS published

Published
2021
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8. Radical hysterectomy without pelvic peritoneal closure

Author

G. Photopulos, L. Smiley, L. Sandles, R. Vanderzwagg, and D. Tait

Subjects
medicine.medical_specialty, Oncology, business.industry, medicine, Closure (topology), Obstetrics and Gynecology, Radical Hysterectomy, business, Surgery, Pelvic peritoneal
Published
1992
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9. Paget's disease of the vulva

Author

C. Beverly, W. Poston, L. Smiley, G. Photopulos, and L. Sandles

Subjects
Paget s disease, medicine.medical_specialty, medicine.anatomical_structure, Oncology, business.industry, medicine, Obstetrics and Gynecology, business, Dermatology, Vulva
Published
1992
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10. OUTCOME FROM MULTIPLE JOINT REPLACEMENT SURGERY TO THE LOWER LIMBS

Author

David Walker, L. Sandles, K. Usher, I. D. Griffiths, I. M. Pinder, and M. O'morchoe

Subjects
musculoskeletal diseases, medicine.medical_specialty, Joint replacement, Movement, medicine.medical_treatment, Pain, Arthritis, Osteoarthritis, Prosthesis, Arthritis, Rheumatoid, Disability Evaluation, Psoriatic arthritis, Rheumatology, Arthropathy, medicine, Humans, Psoriasis, Pharmacology (medical), Aged, business.industry, Social Support, Middle Aged, medicine.disease, Surgery, Evaluation Studies as Topic, Rheumatoid arthritis, Physical therapy, Hip Prosthesis, Knee Prosthesis, Range of motion, business
Abstract

All patients who had three or more major joints (hips or knees) replaced were identified from operation records at one hospital and reviewed to assess outcome. Forty-three were found to suffer from rheumatoid arthritis, four from osteoarthritis and three from psoriatic arthritis. Eight patients had died an average of 2.6 years (range 1-7 years) after their last operation and this was higher than expected, even for RA. Average follow-up in the 36 surviving RA sufferers was 1.8 years, with a minimum of 6 months since last operation. Range of joint movement, pain relief, satisfaction, mobility, disability and social outcomes were assessed and are reported. Patients were satisfied with outcome because of pain relief and functional improvement. No patient required permanent in-patient care, although they still represented a very disabled group with mean HAQ score of 2.75.

Published
1989
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11. APUD system neoplasms in renal transplant patients

Author

E K, Spees, R S, Katz, L, Sandles, J A, Light, J B, Zachary, and G M, Williams

Subjects
Adenoma, Adult, Male, Lung Neoplasms, Time Factors, Bronchial Neoplasms, Carcinoid Tumor, Middle Aged, Adenoma, Islet Cell, Kidney Transplantation, Ileal Neoplasms, Meckel Diverticulum, Pancreatic Neoplasms, Stomach Neoplasms, Humans, Apudoma, Female, Carcinoma, Small Cell
Abstract

Apudomas are uncommon neoplasms composed of neuroendocrine cells. They include carcinoid tumors, islet cell tumors, and small cell lung carcinoma. We found six cases of apudomas in a series of 1028 renal transplants from three medical centers (0.58%). One of these had been reported in 1976. The cases included a carcinoid tumor of a Meckel's diverticulum discovered and removed prior to transplantation, with no evidence of recurrence 9 years later. A small cell lung carcinoma was discovered 40 months after renal transplantation, with a fatal outcome 6 months later. Four clinically occult apudomas were found at autopsy, including one gastric and one bronchial carcinoid tumor, one multicentric pancreatic islet cell neoplasm, and one case of multiple ileal carcinoids. With the exception of the small cell lung cancer, none of the apudomas was clinically significant, and none was associated with carcinoid or other paraneoplastic syndrome. These cases illustrate the difficulty of diagnosis of apudomas in patients with renal failure and the usually benign nature of these tumors despite the administration of potent immunosuppressive agents.

Published
1983

12. Author Correction: A small and vigorous black hole in the early Universe.

Author

Maiolino R, Scholtz J, Witstok J, Carniani S, D'Eugenio F, de Graaff A, Übler H, Tacchella S, Curtis-Lake E, Arribas S, Bunker A, Charlot S, Chevallard J, Curti M, Looser TJ, Maseda MV, Rawle TD, Rodríguez Del Pino B, Willott CJ, Egami E, Eisenstein DJ, Hainline KN, Robertson B, Williams CC, Willmer CNA, Baker WM, Boyett K, DeCoursey C, Fabian AC, Helton JM, Ji Z, Jones GC, Kumari N, Laporte N, Nelson EJ, Perna M, Sandles L, Shivaei I, and Sun F

Published
2024
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13. A recently quenched galaxy 700 million years after the Big Bang.

Author

Looser TJ, D'Eugenio F, Maiolino R, Witstok J, Sandles L, Curtis-Lake E, Chevallard J, Tacchella S, Johnson BD, Baker WM, Suess KA, Carniani S, Ferruit P, Arribas S, Bonaventura N, Bunker AJ, Cameron AJ, Charlot S, Curti M, de Graaff A, Maseda MV, Rawle T, Rix HW, Del Pino BR, Smit R, Übler H, Willott C, Alberts S, Egami E, Eisenstein DJ, Endsley R, Hausen R, Rieke M, Robertson B, Shivaei I, Williams CC, Boyett K, Chen Z, Ji Z, Jones GC, Kumari N, Nelson E, Perna M, Saxena A, and Scholtz J

Subjects
Time Factors, Stars, Celestial, Extraterrestrial Environment chemistry, Galaxies
Abstract

Local and low-redshift (z < 3) galaxies are known to broadly follow a bimodal distribution: actively star-forming galaxies with relatively stable star-formation rates and passive systems. These two populations are connected by galaxies in relatively slow transition. By contrast, theory predicts that star formation was stochastic at early cosmic times and in low-mass systems 1-4 . These galaxies transitioned rapidly between starburst episodes and phases of suppressed star formation, potentially even causing temporary quiescence-so-called mini-quenching events 5,6 . However, the regime of star-formation burstiness is observationally highly unconstrained. Directly observing mini-quenched galaxies in the primordial Universe is therefore of utmost importance to constrain models of galaxy formation and transformation 7,8 . Early quenched galaxies have been identified out to redshift z < 5 (refs.  9-12 ) and these are all found to be massive (M ⋆  > 10 10  M ⊙ ) and relatively old. Here we report a (mini-)quenched galaxy at z = 7.3, when the Universe was only 700 Myr old. The JWST/NIRSpec spectrum is very blue (U-V = 0.16 ± 0.03 mag) but exhibits a Balmer break and no nebular emission lines. The galaxy experienced a short starburst followed by rapid quenching; its stellar mass (4-6 × 10 8  M ⊙ ) falls in a range that is sensitive to various feedback mechanisms, which can result in perhaps only temporary quenching., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Published
2024
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14. A small and vigorous black hole in the early Universe.

Author

Maiolino R, Scholtz J, Witstok J, Carniani S, D'Eugenio F, de Graaff A, Übler H, Tacchella S, Curtis-Lake E, Arribas S, Bunker A, Charlot S, Chevallard J, Curti M, Looser TJ, Maseda MV, Rawle TD, Rodríguez Del Pino B, Willott CJ, Egami E, Eisenstein DJ, Hainline KN, Robertson B, Williams CC, Willmer CNA, Baker WM, Boyett K, DeCoursey C, Fabian AC, Helton JM, Ji Z, Jones GC, Kumari N, Laporte N, Nelson EJ, Perna M, Sandles L, Shivaei I, and Sun F

Abstract

Several theories have been proposed to describe the formation of black hole seeds in the early Universe and to explain the emergence of very massive black holes observed in the first thousand million years after the Big Bang 1-3 . Models consider different seeding and accretion scenarios 4-7 , which require the detection and characterization of black holes in the first few hundred million years after the Big Bang to be validated. Here we present an extensive analysis of the JWST-NIRSpec spectrum of GN-z11, an exceptionally luminous galaxy at z = 10.6, revealing the detection of the [NeIV]λ2423 and CII*λ1335 transitions (typical of active galactic nuclei), as well as semi-forbidden nebular lines tracing gas densities higher than 10 9  cm -3 , typical of the broad line region of active galactic nuclei. These spectral features indicate that GN-z11 hosts an accreting black hole. The spectrum also reveals a deep and blueshifted CIVλ1549 absorption trough, tracing an outflow with velocity 800-1,000 km s -1 , probably driven by the active galactic nucleus. Assuming local virial relations, we derive a black hole mass of log ( M BH / M ⊙ ) = 6.2 ± 0.3 , accreting at about five times the Eddington rate. These properties are consistent with both heavy seeds scenarios and scenarios considering intermediate and light seeds experiencing episodic super-Eddington phases. Our finding explains the high luminosity of GN-z11 and can also provide an explanation for its exceptionally high nitrogen abundance., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Published
2024
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15. Carbonaceous dust grains seen in the first billion years of cosmic time.

Author

Witstok J, Shivaei I, Smit R, Maiolino R, Carniani S, Curtis-Lake E, Ferruit P, Arribas S, Bunker AJ, Cameron AJ, Charlot S, Chevallard J, Curti M, de Graaff A, D'Eugenio F, Giardino G, Looser TJ, Rawle T, Rodríguez Del Pino B, Willott C, Alberts S, Baker WM, Boyett K, Egami E, Eisenstein DJ, Endsley R, Hainline KN, Ji Z, Johnson BD, Kumari N, Lyu J, Nelson E, Perna M, Rieke M, Robertson BE, Sandles L, Saxena A, Scholtz J, Sun F, Tacchella S, Williams CC, and Willmer CNA

Abstract

Large dust reservoirs (up to approximately 10 8  M ⊙ ) have been detected 1-3 in galaxies out to redshift z ≃ 8, when the age of the Universe was only about 600 Myr. Generating substantial amounts of dust within such a short timescale has proven challenging for theories of dust formation 4,5 and has prompted the revision of the modelling of potential sites of dust production 6-8 , such as the atmospheres of asymptotic giant branch stars in low-metallicity environments, supernova ejecta and the accelerated growth of grains in the interstellar medium. However, degeneracies between different evolutionary pathways remain when the total dust mass of galaxies is the only available observable. Here we report observations of the 2,175 Å dust attenuation feature, which is well known in the Milky Way and galaxies at z ≲ 3 (refs. 9-11 ), in the near-infrared spectra of galaxies up to z ≃ 7, corresponding to the first billion years of cosmic time. The relatively short timescale implied for the formation of carbonaceous grains giving rise to this feature 12 suggests a rapid production process, possibly in Wolf-Rayet stars or supernova ejecta., (© 2023. The Author(s).)

Published
2023
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16. Patterns of astroglial hypertrophy and neuronal degeneration in the hippocampus of ages, memory-deficient rats.

Author

Landfield PW, Rose G, Sandles L, Wohlstadter TC, and Lynch G

Subjects
Animals, Hypertrophy, Male, Rats, Astrocytes cytology, Hippocampus cytology, Neuroglia cytology
Abstract

The brains of aged and young Fischer rats were examined using a modified version of Cajal's gold chloride stain for astrocytes. A sizable loss of pyramidal cells and remarkably hypertrophic astrocytes were found in the hippocampus of the aged animals, while the astrocytic changes were not seen in other forebrain regions. Four major characteristics of the pattern of hippocampal astrogliosis were noted: (1) the astrocytes were often found to be grouped in clusters; (2) grouped astrocytes were commonly seen to have similarly oriented processes; (3) small blood vessels were more often stained in regions of pyramidal cell degeneration and astroglial hypertrophy; and (4) reactive astrocytes were in several instances found to be gathered on the "border" between deteriorated regions and healthier appearing areas. This pattern was interpreted to suggest that the astrocyte clusters may be analogous to senile plaques. Since the aged Fischer animals have previously been found to exhibit retention deficits, the possibility that the hippocampal pathology is related to impaired memory in these animals was raised.

Published
1977
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17. APUD system neoplasms in renal transplant patients.

Author

Spees EK, Katz RS, Sandles L, Light JA, Zachary JB, and Williams GM

Subjects
Adenoma pathology, Adenoma, Islet Cell pathology, Adult, Bronchial Neoplasms pathology, Carcinoid Tumor pathology, Carcinoma, Small Cell pathology, Female, Humans, Ileal Neoplasms pathology, Lung Neoplasms pathology, Male, Meckel Diverticulum, Middle Aged, Pancreatic Neoplasms pathology, Stomach Neoplasms pathology, Time Factors, Apudoma pathology, Kidney Transplantation
Abstract

Apudomas are uncommon neoplasms composed of neuroendocrine cells. They include carcinoid tumors, islet cell tumors, and small cell lung carcinoma. We found six cases of apudomas in a series of 1028 renal transplants from three medical centers (0.58%). One of these had been reported in 1976. The cases included a carcinoid tumor of a Meckel's diverticulum discovered and removed prior to transplantation, with no evidence of recurrence 9 years later. A small cell lung carcinoma was discovered 40 months after renal transplantation, with a fatal outcome 6 months later. Four clinically occult apudomas were found at autopsy, including one gastric and one bronchial carcinoid tumor, one multicentric pancreatic islet cell neoplasm, and one case of multiple ileal carcinoids. With the exception of the small cell lung cancer, none of the apudomas was clinically significant, and none was associated with carcinoid or other paraneoplastic syndrome. These cases illustrate the difficulty of diagnosis of apudomas in patients with renal failure and the usually benign nature of these tumors despite the administration of potent immunosuppressive agents.

Published
1983

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