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Analysis of the remote results of surgical, orthopedic, and orthodontic treatment of children with cheiloschisis has demonstrated that early surgery of the palate results in development of grave maxillodental deformations involving prolonged many-stage orthodontic treatment, not always effective. The authors claim that surgery on the palate is advisable at the age of 5-7 in children with subtotal palatal clefts and at the age of 10-11 in those with total unilateral and bilateral clefts. Before surgery the child is to be provided for with an occlusive palatal plate starting from the first month of his life and should be administered orthodontic treatment, if necessary.

Progenia (mesial bite) refers to severe forms of dental anomalies. With this form of sagittal malocclusion, along with a change in the ratio of the jaws and dentition, functional and aesthetic disorders occur. However, there are few works devoted to the study of long-term results of treatment of progenia [1, 2, 4, 5]. This is probably due to the fact that studies require the repeated call of previously cured patients who are already reluctant to come for examination. Long-term experience has shown that long-term results of orthodontic treatment can be studied on average only in 30% of cured patients.

Many years of experience in prosthetics for defects in dentition and teeth showed a number of shortcomings of stamped metal crowns, brazed bridges, fenestrated crowns and bridges with plastic veneers, removable plastic plate prostheses with defective retaining clasps. At the department, modern prostheses have been developed and are successfully applied, which make it possible to eliminate deficiencies and replace defects in teeth and dentition with a high functional and aesthetic effect.

Studies, including masticiography, chewing test, electromyography and pneumotachography, have shown that the treatment of malocclusion with Frenkel function regulators is highly effective during the period of active growth of the jaw bones. A prerequisite for the successful treatment of malocclusion in children with impaired nasal breathing is preliminary sanitation of the nasopharynx followed by breathing exercises and myogymnastics to restore nasal breathing.

In order to identify the frequency of dental anomalies, morbidity, the need for personnel and funds in each of the 5 districts of Kazan, in 1959 our department examined the children of one school, two kindergartens, one or two nurseries, orphanages and boarding schools. A total of 28 children's institutions were examined. The examination was carried out according to the same methodology and by the same doctors. The cards filled out for each examined contained 29 questions of the dental status. In this work, only those related to the prevention and control of dental caries are dealt with.

Deformations of the maxillary system occur in 46.466.9% of all examined [2, 7]. At the same time, prognathia accounts for 30-60% of the total number of anomalies [5, 7], progenia up to 30% [6, 8], and 27-40% of all children need orthodontic treatment.

The results from distocclusion and mesiocclusion treatments were radiologically evaluated in 89 patients. In two experiments, mesiocclusion and distocclusion were produced in monkeys by means of cemented inclined planes. The transformations thus achieved were evaluated by radiography, histology and craniometry. The treatment of distocclusion results in an increase in size of the mandible, of the angle of the mandible, and of the lower third of the face. The head of the condyle erects itself. Reactive tissue changes (activation of the osteoblasts and osteoclasts, accelerated ossification of the cartilage) were seen in the dorsal part of the head of the condyle. Thus, the theory of Breitner is not confirmed. There were no resorption phenomena at the articular eminence and in the anterior part of the head of the condyle, and no so-called pressure and traction zones.

In the literature, we have not found data on the manifestation of the enamel-muscular reflex in the initial stages of the development of the carious process. The issue of determining the chewing function with the help of mastication after dental filling in children's practice in the conditions of planned preventive sanitation with the imposition of several fillings to one child in one session is also not covered.

Bruxism, manifested by nocturnal teeth grinding, teeth clenching, and other non-physiological mandibular movements, is a pathology in which habitual chewing movements are transformed from physiological to uncontrollable traumatic stresses that damage the jaw system. For a long time, bruxism was viewed as a bad habit or parafunction. This perception led to insufficient attention to this pathology and contributed to complications from the organs and tissues of the maxillary system: pathological tooth erasure, periodontal disease, and temporomandibular joints. In most cases, bruxism has a latent course and is not diagnosed.