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Naringenin is a flavonoid compound with antioxidant effects. It is used to treat oxidative stress-related diseases, but its mechanism is unclear. In this experiment, we explored whether naringenin can increase the expression of superoxide dismutase 1(SOD1), reduce the oxidative stress of PC12 cells induced by homocysteine (Hcy), and decrease the apoptosis of PC12 cells induced by Hcy by inhibiting the expression of mir-224-3p. Different concentrations of Hcy (1, 3, 5, 8, and 10 mmol/L) was used to analyze effect of homocysteine on PC12 cells. A total of 5 mmol/L Hcy was used to induce the excitatory and neurotoxicity model of PC12 cells in vitro. The cells were divided into normal control, Hcy induction, Hcy + Naringenin (25 μM), Hcy + Naringenin (50 μM), Hcy + Naringenin (75 μM), Hcy + Naringenin (100 μM), and Hcy + Naringenin (150 μM) groups. The relative survival rate and activities of the PC12 cells were determined by the MTT method, and the apoptosis rate of the PC12 cells was determined by using flow cytometry. The Western blot method was used to determine the expressions of SOD1, Bax, Caspase-3, Caspase-8, and Bcl-2 in the PC12 cells induced by Hcy. The expressions of SOD1 mRNA and miR-224-3p in the Hcy-induced PC12 cells were determined by RT-PCR. Results found that Hcy increased the expression of miR-224-3p in a dose-dependent manner but decreased that of SOD1 mRNA and protein. Hcy also increased oxidative stress in the PC12 cells and the proapoptotic proteins Bax, Caspase-3, and Caspase-9. Furthermore, it decreased the expression of anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2 and the activity and survival rate of the HT22 cells, but it increased the apoptosis of the PC12 cells. The treatment of Hcy-induced PC12 cells with different concentrations of naringenin for 24 h decreased the expression of miR-224-3p in a dose-dependent manner and increased the expressions of SOD1 mRNA and protein. The treatment also decreased the oxidative stress in the PC12 cells and the expressions of pro-apoptotic proteins Bax, Caspase-3, and Caspase-9; increased the expression of anti-apoptotic protein Bcl- 2; decreased the apoptosis of the PC12 cells; and increased the PC12 cells.The results suggest that Naringenin can decrease the apoptosis and oxidative stress of PC12 cells induced by Hcy and increase the activities and survival rates of PC12 cells. The mechanism may be related to naringenin decreasing the expression of miR-224-3p in PC12 cells induced by Hcy and increasing the expressions of SOD1 mRNA and protein.

In this study, plasma nanocoatings with thickness of less than 50 nm were deposited onto two types of intravascular stents made of nitinol (NiTi alloy) and stainless steel from gas mixtures of trimethylsilane (TMS) and oxygen (O 2 ) in a direct current (DC) plasma reactor system. The surface properties, surface morphology, and surface chemistry of the plasma coated stents were characterized using surface contact angle measurements, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS). In order to investigate their surface endothelialization effects, plasma coated stents were seeded with human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) for cell culture study. The cell culture data showed that plasma nanocoatings deposited from a gas mixture of TMS:O 2 = 1:3 gave rise to a statistically significant increase in adhered cell numbers, which were 79.75 ± 6.18 on nitinol stents vs. 41.25 ± 9.38 cells on uncoated bare controls and 119.50 ± 12.40 on stainless stents vs. 56.85 ± 12.53 cells on uncoated bare controls. These results evidently demonstrated that plasma nanocoatings prepared from appropriate plasma chemistry or gas composition could significantly enhance the surface endothelialization on both nitinol stents and stainless steel intravascular stents.

The effects of goal-directed fluid therapy, with lactated Ringer's (LR) and 6% hydroxyethyl starch (HES) solution, on hemorrhagic shock dogs are unknown. We aimed to determine the optimal LR: HES ratio for the resuscitation of hemorrhagic shock dogs. Hemorrhagic shock was induced in 40 ventilated dogs by drawing an estimated 60% blood volume. The animals were randomly divided into five groups (N = 8) according to the LR: HES ratio of the resuscitation fluid (3:1, 2:1, 1:1, 1:2, and 1:3), and were then resuscitated for 24 h to reach the stroke volume variation (SVV) and hemoglobin (Hb) goals by fluid infusion and autologous blood perfusion. The extravascular lung water index (EVLWI), pH, partial pressure of oxygen (PaO2), base excess (BE), sodium, chloride, Hb and creatinine clearance (Clearcrea) were checked after 24 h (R24). The EVLWI of the 3:1 group at R24 were higher than that of the 1:3 group and the baseline value (P0.05), whereas the PaO2 was lower (P0.05). In contrast to the 3:1 group at R24 and baseline, plasma chloride and sodium in the 1:3 and 1:2 groups increased; however, pH, BE, and Clearcrea decreased (P0.05). No significant differences were found in the 1:1 and 2:1 groups at R24 compared with baseline (P0.05). Resuscitation with LR and HES at 2:1 and 1:1 ratios are superior in maintaining the acid-base, electrolyte, and lung water balances as well as renal function in hemorrhagic shock dogs than at ratios of 3:l, 1:2, and1:3.

Urban low-carbon transportation is a new transportation development pattern characterized by high-energy efficiency, low-energy consumption, low pollution and low emission, aiming for a dynamic equilibrium of common development of transportation and economy during the period of socioeconomic development. Through an analysis of the connotation and significance of low-carbon transportation, the characteristics of low-carbon transportation are summarized as six aspects in this paper, i.e., low carbonization, heavy emission reduction; systematicness, systematization; accountability; innovation; perceptibility; replicability. The construction of urban low-carbon transportation is of great significance to the improvement of urban transportation structure, energy consumption reduction, and control of carbon emission of urban transportation and orients the urban transportation and social economy to the direction of low carbonization and sustainable development.

The potential-induced adsorption and self-assembly of 1,3,5-benzene-tricarboxylic acid (TMA) was investigated at the electrified Au(111)/0.05 M H2SO4 interface by in-situ scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) and surface enhanced infrared reflection absorption spectroscopy (SEIRAS) in combination with electrochemical techniques. Depending on the applied electric field, TMA forms five distinctly different, highly ordered supramolecular adlayers on Au(111) surfaces. We have elucidated their real-space structures at the molecular scale. In the potential range -0.25 V < E < 0.20 V, planar-oriented TMA molecules form a hexagonal open-ring honeycomb structure, Ia, a hydrogen-bonded ribbon-type phase, Ib, and a herringbone-type phase, Ic, stabilized by directional hydrogen bonding and weak substrate-adsorbate interactions. Interfacial water molecules are being replaced. In 0.20 V < or = E < 0.40 V, e.g., around the potential of zero charge, and at slightly higher coverages, a close-packed physisorbed adlayer of hydrogen-bonded TMA dimers, II, was observed. Further increase of the electrode potential to positive charge densities causes an orientation change from planar to upright. An initially disordered phase, IIIa, transforms into an ordered, stripelike chemisorbed adlayer, IIIb, of perpendicularly oriented TMA molecules. One carboxylate group per molecule is bound to the electrode surface, while the two other protonated carboxyl groups are directed toward the electrolyte and act as structure-determining components of a hydrogen-bonded two-dimensional ladder-type network. Structural transitions between the various types of ordered molecular adlayers are attributed to (hole) nucleation and growth processes.

Publisher Summary This chapter summarizes the recent works about the fabricating of fullerene, and its derivative nanostructures including surface two-dimensional assemblies, nanowires and nanotubes by electrochemical and self-assembly methods, and the electronic properties of several corresponding nanostructures. The structures of the various nanoarchitectures are characterized by scanning tunneling microscopy (STM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Most of the results are from the laboratory, apparently, many other research groups have made great contributions in this field. Fullerenes and their derivatives have attracted considerable interest from both the scientific and technological points of view owing to their unique structural, chemical, and electronic properties.

With cross‐section samples, the microstructures of magnetron sputter ion‐plated (MSIP) Al films on Ni substrates have been studied by transmission electron microscopy. The films consist of the three layers of microstructures: globular, columnar, and massive. An unknown phase in the Al–Ni system is also found at the interface between Al film and Ni substrate. By electron diffraction and energy dispersion x‐ray analyses, it is identified as body‐centered tetragonal with lattice constants a=b=0.588 nm, c=0.480 nm, and is rich in aluminum. Based on the observations and the character of the MSIP technique, the forming mechanism of Al films made by MSIP is discussed.