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Wearable technology has broad market prospects in the military, fire protection, medical and health, sports and other fields under its ability to effectively solve practical application needs. Self-powered energy systems with miniaturized, light-weight, highly flexible, stretchable, bendable, and wearable properties have received extensive attention in the industry as they can meet the needs of new-generation wearable electronic devices. Firstly, the article summarizes the recent progress and existing problems of flexible solar cells, flexible triboelectric nanogenerators, flexible piezoelectric nanogenerators, flexible thermoelectric generators, and energy harvesting devices for sweat power generation. Secondly, the development and challenges of flexible lithium-ion batteries and flexible super capacitors for energy storage devices are summarized. The research progress of energy management strategies is also discussed. Then, the main applications of self-powered systems in wearable electronic devices are introduced, including Individual Soldier Equipment, Protective Clothing Devices and Smart Wearable Electronic Devices. Finally, the future development direction of self-powered energy systems for wearable electronic devices is discussed.

Excellent temperature characteristics of space Li-ion batteries can effectively improve the on-orbit operation to reduce the temperature fluctuation range and improve reliability. This paper adopts the hardware-in-the-loop approach, which organically combines simulation and experiment. This method not only effectively tests the thermal management system of the space batteries, but also simulates the characteristics of the system in real-time, and saves the high experimental cost. From the experiment, it is found that when the temperature of the inlet working fluid rises, the surface temperature rises significantly, and the maximum temperature difference is 4.9 °C. The steady-state settling time of the surface temperature also increases. When the flow rate of the inlet working fluid rises, the surface temperature decreases significantly, the maximum temperature difference is 3.9 °C, and the steady-state establishment time of the surface temperature extremely shortens. With the thermal load rise, the battery surface temperature increases obviously, the maximum temperature difference becomes 3.9°C, and the steady-state settling time of the surface temperature becomes longer. When the cycle remains the same and the charge/discharge times are dissimilar, the longer the discharge time, the faster the surface temperature rises, with a maximum increase of 34%.

Yesso scallop (Patinopecten yessoensis) is one of the most important cultured mollusc in China. However, the diseases of Yesso scallops, especially abscess disease, occurred frequently and led to massive mortality in recent years. In the present study, 20 bacterial strains were isolated and characterized from the adductor muscle of moribund Yesso scallops in the North Yellow Sea to identify the potential pathogens, and 14 of them were grouped into genus Vibrio. Vibrio neocaledonicus (M-08 strain) was found to be the most dominant strain, and it was able to survive and exhibit haemolytic activity from 8 °C to 36 °C with the highest activity at 32 °C. The pathogenicity of M-08 in Yesso scallops was further investigated by intravalvar injection and immersion challenges, and the cumulative mortality rates were calculated to be 93 % and 53 %, respectively. The activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) increased after M-08 intravalvar injection, and peaked at 3 h and 6 h, respectively. The MDA contents increased and were significantly higher than that in the control group at 3 h after M-08 intravalvar injection. Immediately afterwards, immune response and haemocyte apoptosis were observed in Yesso scallops. Therefore, V. neocaledonicus is the pathogen of abscess disease in the Yesso scallops, which was able to activate the antioxidant system and immune response, and cause haemocyte apoptosis, tissue damage and death sequentially. The information would provide helpful contribution to the prevention and control of abscess disease in Yesso scallop aquaculture.

Previously our research group used the microarray analysis and suppression subtractive hybridization technologies to find a Bombyx mori resistance related gene (NCBI ID: NP_001153678.1) to B. mori nucleopolyhedrovirus (BmNPV) and the gene was named Bm123. But there are no more confirmatory studies about Bm123. In this study, BmNPV resistant strain NB, susceptible strain 306, hybrid group 306♀×NB♂ (resistant strain) and NB♀×306♂ (resistant strain) were analyzed by transcriptomic sequencing and Weighted Gene Co-expression Network Work Analysis (WGCNA) to verify the new gene Bm123 function. Correlation analysis between the WGCNA data and phenotype showed that Bm123 is a gene in ME Turquoise module. This module has a strong correlation with disease resistance phenotype (correlation coefficient is 0.753, P value is 0.0047), indicating that Bm123 is a correlated gene with anti-BmNPV. The full length of Bm123 gene was 691 bp, which is not similar with any sequences of other species in NCBI database. But the Bm123 protein contained the transcriptional activator (multiprotein bridge factor 2, MBF2) domain in the 34 to 122 amino acid sequence, closely to Tribolium castaneum by the evolutionary relationship analysis. The BmNPV resistance function, developmental expression pattern and tissue expression pattern of Bm123 were analyzed by using silkworm resistant strain BC10 (screened by eight backcross and two generation of NB and 306 through hybridization and selfing method, each generation is constructed from the feed by adding BmNPV), NB and sensitive strain 306. It was found that after infection with orally BmNPV, the mRNA and protein levels of Bm123 were up-regulated in the midgut of BC10 and NB, and almost not expressed in 306, indicating that Bm123 was a gene associated with resistance to BmNPV. Bm123 protein expression in various tissues of silkworm (fat body, hemolymph, midgut, epidermis, testis, ovary, malpighian tubule and silk gland) was analyzed. It was found that Bm123 was highly expressed in the midgut and malpighian tubule, while the expression in other tissues was lower. Analysis of Bm123 expression in different development stages of silkworm (eggs, 1st to 5th instar larvae, pupae and moth) found that the expression level of Bm123 increased in the 3rd, 4th and 5th instar. The expression level of Bm123 decreased during the pupae and moth stages. It was speculated that the expression of Bm123 was related to the evolution of resistance genes in silkworm. In situ hybridization showed that the Bm123 gene of BC10 was localized in the nucleus of columnar epithelial cells of the midgut, suggesting that Bm123 protein interacts with BmNPV in the silkworm cell nucleus.

Since 2008, the Yellow Sea has experienced the world's largest-scale marine disaster, the green tide, marked by the rapid proliferation and accumulation of large floating algae. Leveraging advanced artificial intelligence (AI) models, namely AlgaeNet and GANet, this study comprehensively extracted and analyzed green tide occurrences using optical Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) images and microwave Sentinel-1 synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images. However, due to cloud and rain interference and the varying observation frequencies of the two types of satellites, the daily green tide coverage time series throughout the entire life cycle often contain large gaps and missing frames, resulting in discontinuity and limiting their use. Therefore, this study presents a continuous and seamless weekly average green tide coverage dataset with a resolution of 500 m, by integrating highly precise daily optical and SAR data for each week during the green tide breakout. The uncertainty assessment shows that this weekly product conforms to the life pattern of green tide outbreaks and exhibits parabolic-curve-like characteristics, with a low uncertainty (R2=0.89 and RMSE=275 km2). This weekly dataset offers reliable long-term data spanning 15 years, facilitating research in forecasting, climate change analysis, numerical simulation, and disaster prevention planning in the Yellow Sea. The dataset is accessible through the Oceanographic Data Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CASODC), along with comprehensive reuse instructions provided at https://doi.org/10.12157/IOCAS.20240410.002 (Gao et al., 2024).

Bombyx mori nuclear polyhedrosis virus (BmNPV) has caused great economic losses to sericulture and considerable effort has been made to identify disease resistance genes in B. mori. We constructed differential expression gene libraries of the resistant near-isogenic line (NIL) BC10 and susceptible strain 306 using the suppression subtractive hybridization technique. A total of 23 differentially expressed genes were obtained, of which 17 genes were upregulated in BC10, and 6 genes were upregulated in 306. These differentially expressed genes are involved in cell metabolism, transmembrane transport, cytoskeleton, protease, development and immunity. Six BC10 upregulated genes were verified by real-time quantitative PCR, and the results were consistent with those of subtractive hybridization. The resistance trait of NIL BC10 was inherited from the resistant strain NB, and its genetic background was 99.99% similar to that of recurrent parent 306. The upregulated genes in NIL BC10 may be associated with silkworm BmNPV resistance.

Myosin, as a type of molecular motor, is mainly involved in muscle contraction. Recently, myosin research has made considerable progress. However, the function of Bombyx mori myosin remains unclear. In this study, we cloned the BmMyosin II essential light chain (BmMyosin II ELC) gene from a cDNA library of silkworm, which had an open reading frame (ORF) of 444 bp encoding 147 amino acids (about 16 kDa). After analyzing their sequences, BmMyosin II ELC was similar to the ELCs of 27 other Myosin II types, which contained EFh domain that bound Ca2+. In addition, 28 sequences had five motifs, motifs 1 and 3 were relatively conserved. We constructed two vectors with BmMyosin to transfect MGC803 or BmN, monolayer wound healing of cells indicated they can promote cell migration successfully. For three fifth instar silkworms, Bm306, BmNB, BmBC8, we mainly analyzed the change of BmMyosin II ELC from transcription and translation after infecting with nucleopolyhedrovirus (BmNPV). We found that gene expression of resistant strains were higher than susceptible strains at 12 h, while the result of the translation level was opposite that of the transcription level. Through in vitro protein interactions, we found BmMyosin II ELC can interact with BmNPV ubiquitin.

Planarians in the Phylum Platyhelminthes occupy a peculiar phylogenetic position and have a strong regenerative capacity of their adult tissues, which has aroused general attention. Planarians are spontaneously exposed to various pathogens (microbes and harmful chemicals), but typically survive these challenges. Therefore, these animals can provide useful insights into the evolution of the innate immune system. This review mainly focuses on immune tissues (epidermis, pharynx, and intestine), immune cells (phagocytic reticular cells) and immune genes of planarians. In addition, we provide an overview of the critical proteins in the innate immune system - for example, pattern recognition receptors, complement system proteins, anti-microbial peptides and antioxidant enzymes. In particular, the effectors of the signaling pathways activated upon planarian infection are reviewed.

The composition, sources and chemical transformation of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and organic aerosol (OA) particles were investigated during July–August 2021 at a rural forested site in southwest Germany, 10 km north of the city of Karlsruhe. VOCs and semi-volatile OA particles were measured with a proton-transfer-reaction mass spectrometer coupled to the CHemical Analysis of aeRosols ONline particle inlet (CHARON–PTR-MS). The CHARON-measured OA mass accounted for 62 ± 18 % on average of the total OA mass (4.2 ± 2.8 µg m−3) measured concurrently with an aerosol mass spectrometer (AMS). The total concentrations of measured VOCs ranged from 7.6 to 88.9 ppb with an average of 31.2 ± 13.4 ppb. Positive matrix factorization (PMF) was used to identify major source factors of VOCs and OA particles. Three types of oxygenated VOC (OVOC), namely aromatic OVOCs, biogenic OVOCs and aged OVOCs, contributed on average 11 % ± 9 %, 37 % ± 29 % and 29 % ± 21 % of total VOC concentrations, respectively. The results of AMS–PMF indicated substantial contributions of oxygenated organic compounds to OA particle mass. Three secondary OA (SOA) factors determined by CHARON–PMF analysis, namely aromatic SOA (5 % ± 7 %), daytime biogenic SOA (17 % ± 17 %) and nighttime biogenic SOA (28 % ± 21 %), consistently showed high contributions to the total CHARON-measured OA mass. Nighttime particle growth was observed regularly in this area, which was mainly attributed to the semi-volatile organic compounds and organic nitrates formed from the oxidation of monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes. This study presents the major sources, real-time transformations of VOCs and OA particles, and nighttime particle formation characteristics for central European forested areas.

Abstract Background To determine the predictive value of interstitial lung abnormalities (ILA) for epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutation status and assess the prognostic significance of EGFR and ILA in patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Methods We reviewed 797 consecutive patients with a histologically proven diagnosis of primary NSCLC from January 2013 to October 2018. Of these, 109 patients with NSCLC were found to have concomitant ILA. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to identify the significant clinical and computed tomography (CT) findings in predicting EGFR mutations. Cox proportional hazard models were used to identify significant prognostic factors. Results EGFR mutations were identified in 22 of 109 tumors (20.2%). Multivariate analysis showed that the models incorporating clinical, tumor CT and ILA CT features yielded areas under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) values of 0.749, 0.838, and 0.849, respectively. When combining the three models, the independent predictive factors for EGFR mutations were non-fibrotic ILA, female sex, and small tumor size, with an AUC value of 0.920 (95% confidence interval[CI]: 0.861–0.978, p

Satellite-based detection of methane (CH4) point sources is crucial in identifying and mitigating anthropogenic emissions of CH4, a potent greenhouse gas. Previous studies have indicated the presence of CH4 point source emissions from coal mines in Shanxi, China, which is an important source region with large CH4 emissions, but a comprehensive survey has remained elusive. This study aims to conduct a survey of CH4 point sources over Shanxi's coal mines based on observations of the Advanced Hyperspectral Imager (AHSI) on board the Gaofen-5B satellite (GF-5B/AHSI) between 2021 and 2023. The spectral shift in centre wavelength and change in full width at half-maximum (FWHM) from the nominal design values are estimated for all spectral channels, which are used as inputs for retrieving the enhancement of the column-averaged dry-air mole fraction of CH4 (ΔXCH4) using a matched-filter-based algorithm. Our results show that the spectral calibration on GF-5B/AHSI reduced estimation biases of the emission flux rate by up to 5.0 %. We applied the flood-fill algorithm to automatically extract emission plumes from ΔXCH4 maps. We adopted the integrated mass enhancement (IME) model to estimate the emission flux rate values from each CH4 point source. Consequently, we detected CH4 point sources in 32 coal mines with 93 plume events in Shanxi province. The estimated emission flux rate ranges from 761.78 ± 185.00 to 12 729.12 ± 4658.13 kg h−1. Our results show that wind speed is the dominant source of uncertainty contributing about 84.84 % to the total uncertainty in emission flux rate estimation. Interestingly, we found a number of false positive detections due to solar panels that are widely spread in Shanxi. This study also evaluates the accuracy of wind fields in ECMWF ERA5 reanalysis by comparing them with a ground-based meteorological station. We found a large discrepancy, especially in wind direction, suggesting that incorporating local meteorological measurements into the study CH4 point source are important to achieve high accuracy. The study demonstrates that GF-5B/AHSI possesses capabilities for monitoring large CH4 point sources over complex surface characteristics in Shanxi.

Abstract Background Oral submucous fibrosis (OSF) is a precancerous lesion characterized by fibrous tissue deposition, the incidence of which correlates positively with the frequency of betel nut chewing. Prolonged betel nut chewing can damage the integrity of the oral mucosal epithelium, leading to chronic inflammation and local immunological derangement. However, currently, the underlying cellular events driving fibrogenesis and dysfunction are incompletely understood, such that OSF has few treatment options with limited therapeutic effectiveness. Dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) have been recognized for their anti-inflammatory and anti-fibrosis capabilities, making them promising candidates to treat a range of immune, inflammatory, and fibrotic diseases. However, the application of DPSCs in OSF is inconclusive. Therefore, this study aimed to explore the pathogenic mechanism of OSF and, based on this, to explore new treatment options. Methods A human cell atlas of oral mucosal tissues was compiled using single-cell RNA sequencing to delve into the underlying mechanisms. Epithelial cells were reclustered to observe the heterogeneity of OSF epithelial cells and their communication with immune cells. The results were validated in vitro, in clinicopathological sections, and in animal models. In vivo, the therapeutic effect and mechanism of DPSCs were characterized by histological staining, immunohistochemical staining, scanning electron microscopy, and atomic force microscopy. Results A unique epithelial cell population, Epi1.2, with proinflammatory and profibrotic functions, was predominantly found in OSF. Epi1.2 cells also induced the fibrotic process in fibroblasts by interacting with T cells through receptor-ligand crosstalk between macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF)-CD74 and C-X-C motif chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4). Furthermore, we developed OSF animal models and simulated the clinical local injection process in the rat buccal mucosa using DPSCs to assess their therapeutic impact and mechanism. In the OSF rat model, DPSCs demonstrated superior therapeutic effects compared with the positive control (glucocorticoids), including reducing collagen deposition and promoting blood vessel regeneration. DPSCs mediated immune homeostasis primarily by regulating the numbers of KRT19 + MIF + epithelial cells and via epithelial-stromal crosstalk. Conclusions Given the current ambiguity surrounding the cause of OSF and the limited treatment options available, our study reveals that epithelial cells and their crosstalk with T cells play an important role in the mechanism of OSF and suggests the therapeutic promise of DPSCs.

The aqueous-phase chemistry of glyoxal (GL) with reduced nitrogen compounds (RNCs) is a significant source for secondary brown carbon (SBrC), which is one of the largest uncertainties in climate predictions. However, a few studies have revealed that SBrC formation is affected by multifunctional RNCs, which have a non-negligible atmospheric abundance. Hence, we assessed theoretical and experimental approaches to investigate the reaction mechanisms and kinetics of the mixtures for ammonium sulfate (AS), multifunctional amine monoethanolamine (MEA), and GL. Our experiments indicate that light absorption and growth rate are enhanced more efficiently in the MEA–GL mixture relative to AS–GL and MEA–AS–GL mixtures and MEA reactions of the chromophores than in the analogous AS reactions. Quantum chemical calculations show that the formation and propagation of oligomers proceed via four-step nucleophilic addition reactions in three reaction systems. The presence of MEA provides the two extra branched chains that affect the natural charges and steric hindrance of intermediates, facilitating the formation of chromophores. Molecule dynamics simulations reveal that the interfacial and interior attraction on the aqueous aerosols with MEA is more pronounced for small α-dicarbonyls to facilitate further engagement in the aqueous-phase reactions. Our results show a possible missing source for SBrC formation on urban, regional, and global scales.

Cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) are mediators of aerosol–cloud interactions (ACIs), contributing to the largest uncertainties in the understandings of global climate change. We present a novel remote-sensing-based algorithm that quantifies the vertically resolved CCN number concentrations (NCCN) using aerosol optical properties measured by a multiwavelength lidar. The algorithm considers five distinct aerosol subtypes with bimodal size distributions. The inversion used the lookup tables developed in this study, based on the observations from the Aerosol Robotic Network, to efficiently retrieve optimal particle size distributions from lidar measurements. The method derives dry aerosol optical properties by implementing hygroscopic enhancement factors in lidar measurements. The retrieved optically equivalent particle size distributions and aerosol-type-dependent particle composition are utilized to calculate critical diameters using κ-Köhler theory and NCCN at six supersaturations ranging from 0.07 % to 1.0 %. Sensitivity analyses indicate that uncertainties in extinction coefficients and relative humidity greatly influence the retrieval error in NCCN. The potential of this algorithm is further evaluated by retrieving NCCN using airborne lidar from the NASA ObseRvations of Aerosols above CLouds and their intEractionS (ORACLES) campaign and is validated against simultaneous measurements from the CCN counter. The independent validation with robust correlation demonstrates promising results. Furthermore, the NCCN has been retrieved for the first time using a proposed algorithm from spaceborne lidar – Cloud-Aerosol Lidar with Orthogonal Polarization (CALIOP) – measurements. The application of this new capability demonstrates the potential for constructing a 3D CCN climatology at a global scale, which helps to better quantify ACI effects and thus reduce the uncertainty in aerosol climate forcing.

The apparent volatility of atmospheric organic aerosol (OA) particles is determined by their chemical composition and environmental conditions (e.g., ambient temperature). A quantitative, experimental assessment of volatility and the respective importance of these two factors remains challenging, especially in ambient measurements. We present molecular composition and volatility of oxygenated OA (OOA) particles in different rural, urban, and mountain environments (including Chacaltaya, Bolivia; Alabama, US; Hyytiälä, Finland; Stuttgart and Karlsruhe, Germany; and Delhi, India) based on deployments of a filter inlet for gases and aerosols coupled to a high-resolution time-of-flight chemical ionization mass spectrometer (FIGAERO-CIMS). We find on average larger carbon numbers (nC​​​​​​​) and lower oxygen-to-carbon (O : C) ratios at the urban sites (nC: 9.8 ± 0.7; O : C: 0.76 ± 0.03; average ±1 standard deviation) compared to the rural (nC: 8.8 ± 0.6; O : C: 0.80 ± 0.05) and mountain stations (nC: 8.1 ± 0.8; O : C: 0.91 ± 0.07), indicative of different emission sources and chemistry. Compounds containing only carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms (CHO) contribute the most to the total OOA mass at the rural sites (79.9 ± 5.2 %), in accordance with their proximity to forested areas (66.2 ± 5.5 % at the mountain sites and 72.6 ± 4.3 % at the urban sites). The largest contribution of nitrogen-containing compounds (CHON) is found at the urban stations (27.1 ± 4.3 %), consistent with their higher NOx levels. Moreover, we parametrize OOA volatility (saturation mass concentrations, Csat) using molecular composition information and compare it with the bulk apparent volatility derived from thermal desorption of the OOA particles within the FIGAERO. We find differences in Csat values of up to ∼ 3 orders of magnitude and variation in thermal desorption profiles (thermograms) across different locations and systems. From our study, we draw the general conclusion that environmental conditions (e.g., ambient temperature) do not directly affect OOA apparent volatility but rather indirectly by influencing the sources and chemistry of the environment and thus the chemical composition. The comprehensive dataset provides results that show the complex thermodynamics and chemistry of OOA and their changes during its lifetime in the atmosphere. We conclude that generally the chemical description of OOA suffices to predict its apparent volatility, at least qualitatively. Our study thus provides new insights that will help guide choices of, e.g., descriptions of OOA volatility in different model frameworks such as air quality models and cloud parcel models.

To improve the aerodynamic characteristics of compressor blades, a novel asymmetric leading edge (ASYLE) has been introduced and shown to offer superior performance. However, the aerodynamic robustness of such specially designed leading edge (LE) remains unclear due to the considerable uncertainty problems it presents. This paper investigates the robustness of ASYLE blade under both geometric and operational uncertainties. Profile deviations within ±0.05mm were introduced to investigate the influence of manufacturing errors. In addition, the perturbated inflow angles between ±0.375° were considered for uncertain inflow conditions. The statistic aerodynamic performance as well as operating dispersibilities at Ma=0.7 were obtained by the non-intrusive polynomial chaos (NIPC) method. The results show that considering uncertain profile errors, the operating range of ASYLE blade is 2.3° wider than original leading edge (ORILE) blade and the dispersion of total pressure loss can be reduced by 53.1% at β1=45.8°. Regarding uncertain inflow angle variations, the total pressure loss dispersion of ASYLE blade can be reduced by 93.8% at β1=50.8°. The ASYLE shows better overall aerodynamic robustness than ORILE upon considering uncertainty limits. The influence propagations in the flow fields of both uncertainties were further analysed, which revealed that the variations of separation bubble structure near LE are the direct cause to the aerodynamic uncertainties. The ASYLE design effectively controls the size and variation of LE separation bubble and thus demonstrates better aerodynamic robustness.

Abstract Current metagenome assembled human gut phage catalogs contained mostly fragmented genomes. Here, comprehensive gut virome detection procedure is developed involving virus‐like particle (VLP) enrichment from ≈500 g feces and combined sequencing of short‐ and long‐read. Applied to 135 samples, a Chinese Gut Virome Catalog (CHGV) is assembled consisting of 21,499 non‐redundant viral operational taxonomic units (vOTUs) that are significantly longer than those obtained by short‐read sequencing and contained ≈35% (7675) complete genomes, which is ≈nine times more than those in the Gut Virome Database (GVD, ≈4%, 1,443). Interestingly, the majority (≈60%, 13,356) of the CHGV vOTUs are obtained by either long‐read or hybrid assemblies, with little overlap with those assembled from only the short‐read data. With this dataset, vast diversity of the gut virome is elucidated, including the identification of 32% (6,962) novel vOTUs compare to public gut virome databases, dozens of phages that are more prevalent than the crAssphages and/or Gubaphages, and several viral clades that are more diverse than the two. Finally, the functional capacities are also characterized of the CHGV encoded proteins and constructed a viral‐host interaction network to facilitate future research and applications.

Abstract Large laser facilities have recently enabled material characterization at the pressures of Earth and Super-Earth cores. However, the temperature of the compressed materials has been largely unknown, or solely relied on models and simulations, due to lack of diagnostics under these challenging conditions. Here, we report on temperature, density, pressure, and local structure of copper determined from extended x-ray absorption fine structure and velocimetry up to 1 Terapascal. These results nearly double the highest pressure at which extended x-ray absorption fine structure has been reported in any material. In this work, the copper temperature is unexpectedly found to be much higher than predicted when adjacent to diamond layer(s), demonstrating the important influence of the sample environment on the thermal state of materials; this effect may introduce additional temperature uncertainties in some previous experiments using diamond and provides new guidance for future experimental design.

Nitrogen puffing is routinely applied in nuclear fusion plasma experiments with tungsten walls to control the amount of power emitted from the plasma by radiation. However, as nitrogen is retained in significant amounts in tungsten it adds some complexity to the plasma-wall interaction. Basic questions concerning the interaction of nitrogen with tungsten, namely the energy and temperature dependent retention of nitrogen implanted into tungsten and the erosion of the formed tungsten nitride by deuterium, are still open. To address these questions, laboratory experiments with a mass-filtered ion source and sample analysis with in situ x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and nuclear reaction analysis were performed. The results of the implantation and erosion measurements were interpreted by means of simulations with a Monte-Carlo code describing the interaction of energetic particles with matter in the binary collision approximation. This required the development of a forward calculation, converting the simulated depth profiles into XPS intensity ratios. With appropriate settings, the experimental implantation and erosion results at ambient temperature are well described by the simulations. However, for increased temperatures it has been observed that there is an unexpected difference between implanting nitrogen into tungsten before heating the sample and implantation into a heated sample. The application of the developed forward calculation is not limited to the problems presented in this work but can be applied especially to all kind of XPS sputter-depth profiling measurements. Finally, simulations with the previously validated Monte-Carlo code are used to extrapolate the presented results on nitrogen retention to energies and particle compositions relevant for fusion experiments. These simulations make quantitative predictions on nitrogen retention in tungsten and on relevant time scales. The simulations also show that recoil implantation of nitrogen by deuterium significantly increases the effective implantation depth of nitrogen.

Abstract This study focuses on unraveling the microphysical origins of the nonlinear elastic effects, which are pervasive in the Earth's crust. Here, we examine the influence of grain shape on the elastic nonlinearity of granular assemblies. We find that the elastic nonlinearity of angular sand particles is of the same order of magnitude as that previously measured in spherical glass beads. However, while the elastic nonlinearity of glass beads increases by an order of magnitude with RH that of sand particles is rather RH independent. We attribute this difference to the angularity of sand particles: absorbed water on the spherical grains weakens the junctions making them more nonlinear, while no such effect occurs in sand due to grain interlocking. Additionally, for one of the nonlinear parameters that likely arises from shearing/partial slip of the grain junctions, we observe a sharp amplitude threshold in sand which is not observed in glass beads.

β-caryophyllene (BCP) is one of the most important sesquiterpenes (SQTs) in the atmosphere, with a large potential contribution to secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation mainly from reactions with ozone (O3) and nitrate radicals (NO3). In this work, we study the temperature dependence of the kinetics of BCP ozonolysis, SOA yields, and SOA chemical composition in the dark and in the absence and presence of nitrogen oxides including nitrate radicals (NO3). We cover a temperature range of 213–313 K, representative of tropospheric conditions. The oxidized components in both gas and particle phases were characterized on a molecular level by a chemical ionization mass spectrometer equipped with a filter inlet for gases and aerosols using iodide as the reagent ion (FIGAERO-iodide-CIMS). The batch mode experiments were conducted in the 84.5 m3 aluminium simulation chamber AIDA at the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT). In the absence of nitrogen oxides, the temperature-dependent rate coefficient of the endocyclic double bond in BCP reacting with ozone between 243–313 K is negatively correlated with temperature, corresponding to the following Arrhenius equation: k= (1.6 ± 0.4) × 10−15 × exp((559 ± 97)/T). The SOA yields increase from 16 ± 5 % to 37 ± 11 %, with temperatures decreasing from 313 to 243 K at a total organic particle mass of 10 µg m−3. The variation in the ozonolysis temperature leads to a substantial impact on the abundance of individual organic molecules. In the absence of nitrogen oxides, monomers C14−15H22−24O3−7 (37.4 %), dimers C28−30H44−48O5−9 (53.7 %), and trimers C41−44H62−66O9−11 (8.6 %) are abundant in the particle phase at 213 K. At 313 K, we observed more oxidized monomers (mainly C14−15H22−24O6−9, 67.5 %) and dimers (mainly C27−29H42−44O9−11, 27.6 %), including highly oxidized molecules (HOMs; C14H22O7,9, C15H22O7,9C15H24O7,9), which can be formed via hydrogen shift mechanisms, but no significant trimers. In the presence of nitrogen oxides, the organonitrate fraction increased from 3 % at 213 K to 12 % and 49 % at 243 and 313 K, respectively. Most of the organonitrates were monomers with C15 skeletons and only one nitrate group. More highly oxygenated organonitrates were observed at higher temperatures, with their signal-weighted O:C atomic ratio increasing from 0.41 to 0.51 from 213 to 313 K. New dimeric and trimeric organic species without nitrogen atoms (C20, C35) were formed in the presence of nitrogen oxides at 298–313 K, indicating potential new reaction pathways. Overall, our results show that increasing temperatures lead to a relatively small decrease in the rate coefficient of the endocyclic double bond in BCP reacting with ozone but to a strong decrease in SOA yields. In contrast, the formation of HOMs and organonitrates increases significantly with temperature.

A light source has been built at the AIDA (Aerosol Interactions and Dynamics in the Atmosphere) simulation chamber at the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, simulating solar radiation at ground level. Instead of full spectra light sources, it uses a combination of LEDs with a narrow emission spectrum, resulting in a combined spectrum similar to the solar spectrum between 300 and 530 nm. The use of LEDs leads to an energy-efficient, robust and versatile illumination concept. The light source can be used over a wide temperature range down to −90 ∘C and is adjustable in intensity and spectral width as well as easily adjustable to new technological developments or scientific needs. Characterization of the illumination conditions shows a vertical intensity gradient in the chamber. The integral intensity corresponds to a NO2 photolysis frequency j(NO2) of (1.58±0.21(1σ))×10-3 s−1 for temperatures between 213 and 295 K. At constant temperature, the light intensity is stable within ±1 %. While the emissions of the different LEDs change with temperature, they can be adjusted, and thus it is possible to adapt the spectrum for different temperatures. Although the illumination of the simulation chamber leads to an increase of 0.7 K h−1 of the mean gas temperature, it is possible to perform experiments with aqueous droplets at relative humidities up to ≤95 % and also above water or ice saturation with corresponding clouds. Additionally, temperature- and wavelength-dependent photolysis experiments with 2,3-pentanedione have been conducted. The photolysis of 2,3-pentanedione occurs mainly between 400 and 460 nm, resulting in a mean photolysis frequency of (1.03±0.15)×10-4 s−1 independent of temperature in the range 213–298 K with a quantum yield of 0.36±0.04. In contrast, the yield of the two main photolysis products, acetaldehyde and formaldehyde, decreases with temperature. Furthermore, the light source was applied to study the photochemistry of aerosol particles. For the atmospheric brown carbon proxy compound 3,5-diacetyl-2,4,6-trimethyl-1,4-dihydropyridine, photochemical reaction products were identified. In aerosol particles containing iron oxalate as a photosensitizer, the photosensitized degradation of organic acids (pinic and pinonic acid) was studied. Although the light source only generates about one-third of the maximum solar irradiation at ground level at Karlsruhe (49.007∘ N, 8.404∘ E; 12:00 UTC+2) on a clear summer day with a substantial intensity gradient throughout the simulation chamber, it could be shown that this type of light source allows reproducible experiments over a wide range of simulated atmospheric conditions and with a large flexibility and control of the irradiation spectrum.

Buffalo is an important livestock in Asia. Here, the authors present a comprehensive metagenomic analysis of the microbial communities present in different sites and compartments along the buffalo digestive tract.

Biomass burning smoke is advected over the southeastern Atlantic Ocean between July and October of each year. This smoke plume overlies and mixes into a region of persistent low marine clouds. Model calculations of climate forcing by this plume vary significantly in both magnitude and sign. NASA EVS-2 (Earth Venture Suborbital-2) ORACLES (ObseRvations of Aerosols above CLouds and their intEractionS) had deployments for field campaigns off the west coast of Africa in 3 consecutive years (September 2016, August 2017, and October 2018) with the goal of better characterizing this plume as a function of the monthly evolution by measuring the parameters necessary to calculate the direct aerosol radiative effect. Here, this dataset and satellite retrievals of cloud properties are used to test the representation of the smoke plume and the underlying cloud layer in two regional models (WRF-CAM5 and CNRM-ALADIN) and two global models (GEOS and UM-UKCA). The focus is on the comparisons of those aerosol and cloud properties that are the primary determinants of the direct aerosol radiative effect and on the vertical distribution of the plume and its properties. The representativeness of the observations to monthly averages are tested for each field campaign, with the sampled mean aerosol light extinction generally found to be within 20 % of the monthly mean at plume altitudes. When compared to the observations, in all models, the simulated plume is too vertically diffuse and has smaller vertical gradients, and in two of the models (GEOS and UM-UKCA), the plume core is displaced lower than in the observations. Plume carbon monoxide, black carbon, and organic aerosol masses indicate underestimates in modeled plume concentrations, leading, in general, to underestimates in mid-visible aerosol extinction and optical depth. Biases in mid-visible single scatter albedo are both positive and negative across the models. Observed vertical gradients in single scatter albedo are not captured by the models, but the models do capture the coarse temporal evolution, correctly simulating higher values in October (2018) than in August (2017) and September (2016). Uncertainties in the measured absorption Ångstrom exponent were large but propagate into a negligible (<4 %) uncertainty in integrated solar absorption by the aerosol and, therefore, in the aerosol direct radiative effect. Model biases in cloud fraction, and, therefore, the scene albedo below the plume, vary significantly across the four models. The optical thickness of clouds is, on average, well simulated in the WRF-CAM5 and ALADIN models in the stratocumulus region and is underestimated in the GEOS model; UM-UKCA simulates cloud optical thickness that is significantly too high. Overall, the study demonstrates the utility of repeated, semi-random sampling across multiple years that can give insights into model biases and how these biases affect modeled climate forcing. The combined impact of these aerosol and cloud biases on the direct aerosol radiative effect (DARE) is estimated using a first-order approximation for a subset of five comparison grid boxes. A significant finding is that the observed grid box average aerosol and cloud properties yield a positive (warming) aerosol direct radiative effect for all five grid boxes, whereas DARE using the grid-box-averaged modeled properties ranges from much larger positive values to small, negative values. It is shown quantitatively how model biases can offset each other, so that model improvements that reduce biases in only one property (e.g., single scatter albedo but not cloud fraction) would lead to even greater biases in DARE. Across the models, biases in aerosol extinction and in cloud fraction and optical depth contribute the largest biases in DARE, with aerosol single scatter albedo also making a significant contribution.

The phenomenon in which the warming rate of air temperature is amplified with elevation is termed elevation-dependent warming (EDW). It has been clarified that EDW can accelerate the retreat of glaciers and melting of snow, which can have significant impacts on the regional ecological environment. Owing to the lack of high-density ground observations in high mountains, there is widespread controversy regarding the existence of EDW. Current evidence is mainly derived from typical high-mountain regions such as the Swiss Alps, the Colorado Rocky Mountains, the tropical Andes and the Tibetan Plateau–Himalayas. Rare evidence in other mountain ranges has been reported, especially in arid regions. In this study, EDW features (regional warming amplification and altitude warming amplification) in the Chinese Tian Shan (CTM) were detected using a unique high-resolution (1 km, 6-hourly) air temperature dataset (CTMD) from 1979 to 2016. The results showed that there were significant EDW signals at different altitudes on different timescales. The CTM showed significant regional warming amplification in spring, especially in March, and the warming trends were greater than those of continental China with respect to three temperatures (minimum temperature, mean temperature and maximum temperature). The significance values of EDW above different altitude thresholds are distinct for three temperatures in 12 months. The warming rate of the minimum temperature in winter showed a significant elevation dependence (p), especially above 3000 m. The greatest altitudinal gradient in the warming rate of the maximum temperature was found above 4000 m in April. For the mean temperature, the warming rates in June and August showed prominent altitude warming amplification but with different significance above 4500 m. Within the CTM, the Tolm Mountains, the eastern part of the Borokoonu Mountains, the Bogda Mountains and the Balikun Mountains are representative regions that showed significant altitude warming amplification on different timescales. This new evidence could partly explain the accelerated melting of snow in the CTM, although the mechanisms remain to be explored.

Ferredoxin-thioredoxin reductase (FTR) is an iron-sulfur protein that supplies electrons from photochemically reduced ferredoxin (Fd) to thioredoxin (Trx) in the ferredoxin/thioredoxin system in chloroplasts. The FTR is a heterodimer with a variable subunit (FTRv) and a catalytic subunit (FTRc). The function of FTRv is not well known. In petunia (Petunia hybrida), FTRv is a single-copy gene, which is named PhFTRv. In this study, the spatio-temporal expression of PhFTRv in petunia was analyzed, and PhFTRv transcription was found to be high in leaves and stems. A tobacco rattle virus gene silencing was used in this study. Virus induced gene silencing-mediated PhFTRv silencing resulted in large yellow-green leaves, delayed flowering, and reduced cold tolerance in petunia plants.

Central Asia experienced a number of significant elevational and climatic changes during the Cenozoic, but much remains to be understood regarding the timing and driving mechanisms of these changes as well as their influence on ancient ecosystems. Here, we describe the palaeoecology and palaeoclimate of a new section from the Nangqian Basin in Tibet, north-western China, dated as Bartonian (41.2–37.8 Ma; late Eocene) based on our palynological analyses. Located on the east-central part of what is today the Tibetan Plateau, this section is excellently placed for better understanding the palaeoecological history of Tibet following the Indo-Asian collision. Our new palynological record reveals that a strongly seasonal steppe–desert ecosystem characterized by drought-tolerant shrubs, diverse ferns, and an underlying component of broad-leaved forests existed in east-central Tibet during the Eocene, influenced by a southern monsoon. A transient warming event, possibly the middle Eocene climatic optimum (MECO; 40 Ma), is reflected in our record by a temporary increase in regional tropical taxa and a concurrent decrease in steppe–desert vegetation. In the late Eocene, a drying signature in the palynological record is linked to proto-Paratethys Sea retreat, which caused widespread long-term aridification across the region. To better distinguish between local climatic variation and farther-reaching drivers of Central Asian palaeoclimate and elevation, we correlated key palynological sections across the Tibetan Plateau by means of established radioisotopic ages and biostratigraphy. This new palynozonation illustrates both intra- and inter-basinal floral response to Qinghai–Tibetan uplift and global climate change during the Paleogene, and it provides a framework for the age assignment of future palynological studies in Central Asia. Our work highlights the ongoing challenge of integrating various deep time records for the purpose of reconstructing palaeoelevation, indicating that a multi-proxy approach is vital for unravelling the complex uplift history of Tibet and its resulting influence on Asian climate.

Abstract We report the first measurement of the absolute branching fraction of the inclusive decay $$\Lambda _c^+ \rightarrow K_S^0X$$ Λ c + → K S 0 X . The analysis is performed using an $$e^+e^-$$ e + e - collision data sample corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 567 $$\hbox {pb}^{-1}$$ pb - 1 taken at $$\sqrt{s}$$ s = 4.6 GeV with the BESIII detector. Using eleven Cabibbo-favored $${\bar{\Lambda }}_c^-$$ Λ ¯ c - decay modes and the double-tag technique, this absolute branching fraction is measured to be $${\mathcal {B}}(\Lambda _c^+ \rightarrow K_S^0X)=(9.9\pm 0.6\pm 0.4)\%$$ B ( Λ c + → K S 0 X ) = ( 9.9 ± 0.6 ± 0.4 ) % , where the first uncertainty is statistical and the second systematic. The relative deviation between the branching fractions for the inclusive decay and the observed exclusive decays is $$(18.7\pm 8.3)\%$$ ( 18.7 ± 8.3 ) % , which indicates that there may be some unobserved decay modes with a neutron or excited baryons in the final state.

Abstract Using a sample of $$1.31\times 10^{9} ~J/\psi $$ 1.31×109J/ψ events collected with the BESIII detector, we perform a study of $$J/\psi \rightarrow \gamma K{\bar{K}}\eta '$$ J/ψ→γKK¯η′ . X(2370) is observed in the $$K{\bar{K}}\eta '$$ KK¯η′ invariant-mass distribution with a statistical significance of $$8.3\sigma $$ 8.3σ . Its resonance parameters are measured to be $$M=2341.6\pm 6.5 \, \text {(stat.)} \pm 5.7 \, \text {(syst.)}~ \hbox {MeV}/c^{2}$$ M=2341.6±6.5(stat.)±5.7(syst.)MeV/c2 and $$\Gamma = 117\pm 10 \, \text {(stat.)}\pm 8 \, \text {(syst.)}~\hbox {MeV}$$ Γ=117±10(stat.)±8(syst.)MeV . The product branching fractions for $$J/\psi \rightarrow \gamma X(2370),X(2370)\rightarrow K^{+}K^{-}\eta '$$ J/ψ→γX(2370),X(2370)→K+K-η′ and $$J/\psi \rightarrow \gamma X(2370),X(2370)\rightarrow K_{S}^{0}K_{S}^{0}\eta '$$ J/ψ→γX(2370),X(2370)→KS0KS0η′ are determined to be $$(1.79\pm 0.23\, \text {(stat.)}\pm 0.65\,\text {(syst.)})\times 10^{-5}$$ (1.79±0.23(stat.)±0.65(syst.))×10-5 and $$(1.18\pm 0.32\, \text {(stat.)}\pm 0.39\, \text {(syst.)})\times 10^{-5}$$ (1.18±0.32(stat.)±0.39(syst.))×10-5 , respectively. No evident signal for X(2120) is observed in the $$K{\bar{K}}\eta '$$ KK¯η′ invariant-mass distribution. The upper limits for the product branching fractions of $${\mathcal {B}}(J/\psi \rightarrow \gamma X(2120)\rightarrow \gamma K^{+} K^{-} \eta ')$$ B(J/ψ→γX(2120)→γK+K-η′) and $${\mathcal {B}}(J/\psi \rightarrow \gamma X(2120)\rightarrow \gamma K_{S}^{0} K_{S}^{0} \eta ')$$ B(J/ψ→γX(2120)→γKS0KS0η′) are determined to be $$1.49\times 10^{-5}$$ 1.49×10-5 and $$6.38\times 10^{-6}$$ 6.38×10-6 at the 90% confidence level, respectively.

The ideal radiometric calibration site is the basis for achieving on-orbit radiometric calibration. At present, China mainly uses the Dunhuang national test site for on-orbit radiometric calibration. However, the Dunhuang national test site has a shortage of ground objects and surface damage, and it is urgent to select and evaluate the new calibration sites. By analyzing the calibration site selection requirements, three new radiometric calibration sites were selected in Dunhuang and Golmud. Obtaining high-resolution satellite image data of each calibration site and evaluating the spatial uniformity of the site on different spatial scales. The radiometric stability of the sites is evaluated using the long-term sequence of Landsat8 image data from 2013 to 2019. Atmospheric and surface tests were carried out at various sites in August 2019, and atmospheric information and ground spectral data were obtained to evaluate the spectral characteristics of the sites. The surface directional characteristics of the sites are evaluated by using MODIS images at different angles in sunny weather on adjacent dates. Obtaining MOD05 water vapor products from 2013 to 2019 of each calibration site and conducting monthly statistics. The number of sunny days at each calibration site is counted and the drought conditions of the site are evaluated. The results show that the three new radiometric calibration sites have uniform and stable surface characteristics and atmospheric characteristics, and are suitable for on-orbit radiometric calibration of satellite sensors, which provides a reference for the location and evaluation of future calibration sites.

ABSTRACTThe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has resulted in millions of patients infected worldwide and indirectly affecting even more individuals through disruption of daily living. Long-term adverse outcomes have been reported with similar diseases from other coronaviruses, namely Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) and Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS). Emerging evidence suggests that COVID-19 adversely affects different systems in the human body. This review summarizes the current evidence on the short-term adverse health outcomes and assesses the risk of potential long-term adverse outcomes of COVID-19. Major adverse outcomes were found to affect different body systems: immune system (including but not limited to Guillain-Barré syndrome and paediatric inflammatory multisystem syndrome), respiratory system (lung fibrosis and pulmonary thromboembolism), cardiovascular system (cardiomyopathy and coagulopathy), neurological system (sensory dysfunction and stroke), as well as cutaneous and gastrointestinal manifestations, impaired hepatic and renal function. Mental health in patients with COVID-19 was also found to be adversely affected. The burden of caring for COVID-19 survivors is likely to be huge. Therefore, it is important for policy makers to develop comprehensive strategies in providing resources and capacity in the healthcare system. Future epidemiological studies are needed to further investigate the long-term impact on COVID-19 survivors.

Disruption prediction has made rapid progress in recent years, especially in machine learning (ML)-based methods. If a disruption prediction model can be interpreted, it can tell why certain samples are classified as disruption precursors. This allows us to tell the types of incoming disruption for disruption avoidance and gives us insight into the mechanism of disruption. This paper presents a disruption predictor called interpretable disruption predictor based on physics-guided feature extraction (IDP-PGFE) and its results on J-TEXT experiment data. The prediction performance of IDP-PGFE with physics-guided features is effectively improved (true positive rate = 97.27%, false positive rate = 5.45%, area under the ROC curve = 0.98) compared to the models with raw signal input. The validity of the interpretation results is ensured by the high performance of the model. The interpretability study using an attribution technique provides an understanding of J-TEXT disruption and conforms to our prior comprehension of disruption. Furthermore, IDP-PGFE gives a possible mean on inferring the underlying cause of the disruption and how interventions affect the disruption process in J-TEXT. The interpretation results and the experimental phenomenon have a high degree of conformity. The interpretation results also gives a possible experimental analysis direction that the resonant magnetic perturbations delays the density limit disruption by affecting both the MHD instabilities and the radiation profile. PGFE could also reduce the data requirement of IDP-PGFE to 10% of the training data required to train a model on raw signals. This made it possible to be transferred to the next-generation tokamaks, which cannot provide large amounts of data. Therefore, IDP-PGFE is an effective approach to exploring disruption mechanisms and transferring disruption prediction models to future tokamaks.

ABSTRACT Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is the leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Although dysbiosis of the lung and gut microbiota have been associated with NSCLC, their relative contributions are unclear; in addition, their roles in distant metastasis (DM) are still illusive. We recruited in total 121 participants, including 87 newly diagnosed treatment-naive NSCLC patients of various stages and 34 healthy volunteers, and surveyed their fecal and sputum microbiota. We compared the microbial profiles between groups, identified microbial biomarkers, and generated machine learning models for distinguishing healthy individuals from patients with NSCLC and patients of various stages. We found significant perturbations of gut and sputum microbiota in patients with NSCLC and DM. A machine learning model combining both microbiota (combined model) performed better than an individual data set in patient stratification, with the highest area under the curve (AUC) value of 0.896. Sputum and gut microbiota both contributed to the combined model; in most cases, sputum-only models performed similar to the combined models. Several microbial biomarkers were shared by both microbiotas, indicating their similar roles at distinct body sites. Microbial biomarkers of distinct disease stages were mostly shared, suggesting biomarkers for DM could be acquired early. Furthermore, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, a species previously associated with wound infections, was significantly more abundant in brain metastasis, indicating that distinct types of DMs could have different microbes. Our results indicate that alterations of the sputum microbiota have stronger relationships with NSCLC and DM than the gut and strongly support the feasibility of metagenome-based noninvasive disease diagnosis and risk evaluation. (This study has been registered at ClinicalTrials.gov under registration no. NCT03454685). IMPORTANCE Our survey on gut and sputum microbiota revealed that both were significantly disturbed in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and associated with distant metastasis (DM) while only the sputum microbiota was associated with non-DM NSCLC. The lung microbiota could therefore have a stronger association with (and thus may contribute more to) disease development than the gut microbiota. Mathematic models using both microbiotas performed better in patient stratification than using individual microbiota. Sputum models, however, performed similar to the combined models, suggesting a convenient, noninvasive diagnostic for NSCLC. Microbial biomarkers of distinct disease stages were mostly shared, suggesting that the same set of microbes were underlying disease progression, and the signals for distant metastasis could be acquired at early stages of the disease. Our results strongly support the feasibility of noninvasive diagnosis of NSCLC, including distant metastasis, are of clinical importance, and should warrant further research on the underlying molecular mechanisms.

A pot study was conducted to elucidate morphological and physiological responses of Spatholobus suberectus Dunn accessions to four nitrogen application rates (0, 10, 20, and 30 mmol L-1) and two watering regimes (daily irrigation and irrigation every 10 d for a month). The results showed that water deficit led to marked decreases in leaf water relations and photosynthetic parameters regardless of the N treatments. Under drought conditions, the reductions in net photosynthesis occurred mainly due to stomatal factors. Although the leaf N content and stem mass ratio were positively correlated with N application, other morphological and physiological characteristics were negatively correlated or nonsignificantly correlated with N application under limited water supply. As the root nodules of S. suberectus can provide sufficient N supply, and high N applications made S. suberectus plants more vulnerable to drought stress, we suggest that no N supplement is required for S. suberectus seedlings.

Millions of tons of bottom sediments are dredged annually all over the world. Ports and bays need to extract the sediments to guarantee the navigation levels or remediate the aquatic ecosystem. The removed material is commonly disposed of in open oceans or landfills. These disposal methods are not in line with circular-economy goals and additionally are unsuitable due to their legal and environmental compatibility. Recovery of valuables represents a way to eliminate dumping and contributes towards the sustainable extraction of secondary raw materials. Nevertheless, the recovery varies on a case-by-case basis and depends on the sediment components. Therefore, the first step is to analyse and identify the sediment composition and properties. Malmfjärden is a shallow semi-enclosed bay located in Kalmar, Sweden. Dredging of sediments is required to recuperate the water level. This study focuses on characterizing the sediments, pore water and surface water from the bay to uncover possible sediment recovery paths and define the baseline of contamination in the water body. The results showed that the bay had high amounts of nitrogen (170–450 µg L−1), leading to eutrophication problems. The sediments mainly comprised small size particle material (silt, clay and sand proportions of 62 %–79 %, 14 %–20 %, 7 %–17 %, respectively) and had a medium–high level of nitrogen (7400–11 000 mg kg−1). Additionally, the sediments had little presence of organic pollutants and low–medium concentration of metals or metalloids. The characterization of the sediments displays a potential use in less sensitive lands such as in industrial and commercial areas where the sediments can be employed as construction material or as plant-growing substrate (for ornamental gardens or vegetation beside roads).

In non-heading Chinese cabbage, the yield relies mostly on the health of leaves, which can be heavily impacted by turnip mosaic virus (TuMV). The virions or viral ribonucleoprotein complexes are transported through the phloem and xylem. Plasmodesmata are indispensable because they traverse cell walls and connect companion cells, allowing virus particles long distance movement. However, which complexes and genes participate in this process is still unknown. Plants can activate defense mechanisms and apply disease resistance genes to respond to pathogen attacks. In this study, we collected the stems and petioles infected by TuMV for 7 d (TuMV-7), 14 d (TuMV-14), and 21 d (TuMV-21). Using isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantification-based proteomic technology, 6 043 distinct proteins were identified and 323, 240, 285, 203, 253, and 363 differentially expressed proteins were found in the comparable pairs of TuMV-7/control, TuMV-14/TuMV-7, TuMV-14/control, TuMV-21/TuMV-7, TuMV-21/TuMV-14, and TuMV-21/control, respectively. We performed a functional annotation analysis of all identified proteins and a functional enrichment analysis of all differentially expressed proteins. The results indicated that the long distance movement of TuMV involved many complex regulatory pathways. The respective proteins were related to those occurring in plasmodesmata and to Ca2+ transporters. Further, we also found proteins related to heat shock proteins, pathogenesis-related proteins, and proteins scavenging reactive oxygen species.

The Electrical Vehicle industry has developed rapidly in recent years, and the demand for new energy-driven motor systems has also increased. Permanent Magnet Synchronous Machine (PMSM) are high performance drive motors. In this paper, a new type of GO silicon steel material assembled stator core is proposed, compared with conventional Non Grain-Oriented (NGO) silicon steel stator, and the magnetic properties of the motor are analyzed. The method of assembling the stator core is given, in which the GO silicon steel sheets are stacked as the teeth of the stator core. GO silicon steel has low iron loss and large saturation magnetic density, which is more conducive to improving motor efficiency. The teeth of the stator core tend to have higher magnetic density and are more prone to sustain a higher iron loss. This research ensures the reliability of the test results through simulation analysis and physical test verification.

The Chinese Tian Shan (also known as the Chinese Tianshan Mountains, CTM) have a complex ecological environmental system. They not only have a large number of desert oases but also support many glaciers. The arid climate and the shortage of water resources are the important factors restricting the area's socioeconomic development. This study presents a unique high-resolution (1 km, 6-hourly) air temperature data set for the Chinese Tian Shan (41.1814–45.9945° N, 77.3484–96.9989° E) from 1979 to 2016 based on a robust elevation correction framework. The data set was validated by 24 meteorological stations at a daily scale. Compared to original ERA-Interim temperature, the Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency coefficient increased from 0.90 to 0.94 for all test sites. Approximately 24 % of the root-mean-square error was reduced from 3.75 to 2.85 °C. A skill score based on the probability density function, which was used to validate the reliability of the new data set for capturing the distributions, improved from 0.86 to 0.91 for all test sites. The data set was able to capture the warming trends compared to observations at annual and seasonal scales, except for winter. We concluded that the new high-resolution data set is generally reliable for climate change investigation over the Chinese Tian Shan. However, the new data set is expected to be further validated based on more observations. This data set will be helpful for potential users to improve local climate monitoring, modeling, and environmental studies in the Chinese Tian Shan. The data set presented in this article is published in the Network Common Data Form (NetCDF) at https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.887700. The data set includes 288 nc files and one user guidance txt file.

Land use changes alter the hydrological characteristics of the land surface, and have significant impacts on hydrological cycle and water balance, the analysis of complex effects on natural systems has become one of the main concerns. In this study, we generated the land use conversion matrixes using ArcGIS and selected several landscape indexes (contagion index, CONTAG, Shannon's diversity index, SHDI, etc.) to evaluate the impact of land use/cover changes on hydrological process in the upper reaches of Minjiang River. We also used a statistical regression model which was established based on hydrology and precipitation data during the period of 1959–2008 to simulate the impacts of different land use conditions on rainfall and runoff in different periods. Our results showed that the simulated annual mean flow from 1985 to 1995 and 1995 to 2008 are 9.19 and 1.04 m3 s−1 lower than the measured values, respectively, which implied that the ecological protection measures should be strengthened in the study area. Our study could provide a scientific basis for water resource management and proper land use planning of upper reaches of Minjiang River.

The exploration of the compilation of natural resources balance sheet has been proposed since 2013. Several elements of water resources balance sheet have been discussed positively in China, including basic concept, framework and accounting methods, which focused on calculating the amount of water resources with statistical methods but lacked the analysis of the interrelationship between physical volume and magnitude of value. Based on the study of physical accounting of water resources balance sheet, the connotation of water resources value is analyzed in combination with research on the value of water resources in the world. What's more, the theoretical framework, form of measurement and research methods of water resources value accounting are further explored. Taking Chengdu, China as an example, the index system of water resources balance sheet in Chengdu which includes both physical and valuable volume is established to account the depletion of water resources, environmental damage and ecological water occupation caused by economic and social water use. Moreover, the water resources balance sheet in this region which reflects the negative impact of the economy on the environment is established. It provides a reference for advancing water resources management, improving government and social investment, realizing scientific and rational allocation of water resources.

Water resources are not only basic natural resources, but also strategic economic resources and ecological control factors. Water resources carrying capacity constrains the sustainable development of regional economy and society. Studies of water resources carrying capacity can provide helpful information about how the socioeconomic system is both supported and restrained by the water resources system. Based on the research of different scholars, major problems in the study of water resources carrying capacity were summarized as follows: the definition of water resources carrying capacity is not yet unified; the methods of carrying capacity quantification based on the definition of inconsistency are poor in operability; the current quantitative research methods of water resources carrying capacity did not fully reflect the principles of sustainable development; it is difficult to quantify the relationship among the water resources, economic society and ecological environment. Therefore, it is necessary to develop a better quantitative evaluation method to determine the regional water resources carrying capacity. This paper proposes a new approach to quantifying water resources carrying capacity (that is, through the compilation of the water resources balance sheet) to get a grasp of the regional water resources depletion and water environmental degradation (as well as regional water resources stock assets and liabilities), figure out the squeeze of socioeconomic activities on the environment, and discuss the quantitative calculation methods and technical route of water resources carrying capacity which are able to embody the substance of sustainable development.