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Wearable technology has broad market prospects in the military, fire protection, medical and health, sports and other fields under its ability to effectively solve practical application needs. Self-powered energy systems with miniaturized, light-weight, highly flexible, stretchable, bendable, and wearable properties have received extensive attention in the industry as they can meet the needs of new-generation wearable electronic devices. Firstly, the article summarizes the recent progress and existing problems of flexible solar cells, flexible triboelectric nanogenerators, flexible piezoelectric nanogenerators, flexible thermoelectric generators, and energy harvesting devices for sweat power generation. Secondly, the development and challenges of flexible lithium-ion batteries and flexible super capacitors for energy storage devices are summarized. The research progress of energy management strategies is also discussed. Then, the main applications of self-powered systems in wearable electronic devices are introduced, including Individual Soldier Equipment, Protective Clothing Devices and Smart Wearable Electronic Devices. Finally, the future development direction of self-powered energy systems for wearable electronic devices is discussed.

Excellent temperature characteristics of space Li-ion batteries can effectively improve the on-orbit operation to reduce the temperature fluctuation range and improve reliability. This paper adopts the hardware-in-the-loop approach, which organically combines simulation and experiment. This method not only effectively tests the thermal management system of the space batteries, but also simulates the characteristics of the system in real-time, and saves the high experimental cost. From the experiment, it is found that when the temperature of the inlet working fluid rises, the surface temperature rises significantly, and the maximum temperature difference is 4.9 °C. The steady-state settling time of the surface temperature also increases. When the flow rate of the inlet working fluid rises, the surface temperature decreases significantly, the maximum temperature difference is 3.9 °C, and the steady-state establishment time of the surface temperature extremely shortens. With the thermal load rise, the battery surface temperature increases obviously, the maximum temperature difference becomes 3.9°C, and the steady-state settling time of the surface temperature becomes longer. When the cycle remains the same and the charge/discharge times are dissimilar, the longer the discharge time, the faster the surface temperature rises, with a maximum increase of 34%.

Yesso scallop (Patinopecten yessoensis) is one of the most important cultured mollusc in China. However, the diseases of Yesso scallops, especially abscess disease, occurred frequently and led to massive mortality in recent years. In the present study, 20 bacterial strains were isolated and characterized from the adductor muscle of moribund Yesso scallops in the North Yellow Sea to identify the potential pathogens, and 14 of them were grouped into genus Vibrio. Vibrio neocaledonicus (M-08 strain) was found to be the most dominant strain, and it was able to survive and exhibit haemolytic activity from 8 °C to 36 °C with the highest activity at 32 °C. The pathogenicity of M-08 in Yesso scallops was further investigated by intravalvar injection and immersion challenges, and the cumulative mortality rates were calculated to be 93 % and 53 %, respectively. The activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) increased after M-08 intravalvar injection, and peaked at 3 h and 6 h, respectively. The MDA contents increased and were significantly higher than that in the control group at 3 h after M-08 intravalvar injection. Immediately afterwards, immune response and haemocyte apoptosis were observed in Yesso scallops. Therefore, V. neocaledonicus is the pathogen of abscess disease in the Yesso scallops, which was able to activate the antioxidant system and immune response, and cause haemocyte apoptosis, tissue damage and death sequentially. The information would provide helpful contribution to the prevention and control of abscess disease in Yesso scallop aquaculture.

Previously our research group used the microarray analysis and suppression subtractive hybridization technologies to find a Bombyx mori resistance related gene (NCBI ID: NP_001153678.1) to B. mori nucleopolyhedrovirus (BmNPV) and the gene was named Bm123. But there are no more confirmatory studies about Bm123. In this study, BmNPV resistant strain NB, susceptible strain 306, hybrid group 306♀×NB♂ (resistant strain) and NB♀×306♂ (resistant strain) were analyzed by transcriptomic sequencing and Weighted Gene Co-expression Network Work Analysis (WGCNA) to verify the new gene Bm123 function. Correlation analysis between the WGCNA data and phenotype showed that Bm123 is a gene in ME Turquoise module. This module has a strong correlation with disease resistance phenotype (correlation coefficient is 0.753, P value is 0.0047), indicating that Bm123 is a correlated gene with anti-BmNPV. The full length of Bm123 gene was 691 bp, which is not similar with any sequences of other species in NCBI database. But the Bm123 protein contained the transcriptional activator (multiprotein bridge factor 2, MBF2) domain in the 34 to 122 amino acid sequence, closely to Tribolium castaneum by the evolutionary relationship analysis. The BmNPV resistance function, developmental expression pattern and tissue expression pattern of Bm123 were analyzed by using silkworm resistant strain BC10 (screened by eight backcross and two generation of NB and 306 through hybridization and selfing method, each generation is constructed from the feed by adding BmNPV), NB and sensitive strain 306. It was found that after infection with orally BmNPV, the mRNA and protein levels of Bm123 were up-regulated in the midgut of BC10 and NB, and almost not expressed in 306, indicating that Bm123 was a gene associated with resistance to BmNPV. Bm123 protein expression in various tissues of silkworm (fat body, hemolymph, midgut, epidermis, testis, ovary, malpighian tubule and silk gland) was analyzed. It was found that Bm123 was highly expressed in the midgut and malpighian tubule, while the expression in other tissues was lower. Analysis of Bm123 expression in different development stages of silkworm (eggs, 1st to 5th instar larvae, pupae and moth) found that the expression level of Bm123 increased in the 3rd, 4th and 5th instar. The expression level of Bm123 decreased during the pupae and moth stages. It was speculated that the expression of Bm123 was related to the evolution of resistance genes in silkworm. In situ hybridization showed that the Bm123 gene of BC10 was localized in the nucleus of columnar epithelial cells of the midgut, suggesting that Bm123 protein interacts with BmNPV in the silkworm cell nucleus.

Bombyx mori nuclear polyhedrosis virus (BmNPV) has caused great economic losses to sericulture and considerable effort has been made to identify disease resistance genes in B. mori. We constructed differential expression gene libraries of the resistant near-isogenic line (NIL) BC10 and susceptible strain 306 using the suppression subtractive hybridization technique. A total of 23 differentially expressed genes were obtained, of which 17 genes were upregulated in BC10, and 6 genes were upregulated in 306. These differentially expressed genes are involved in cell metabolism, transmembrane transport, cytoskeleton, protease, development and immunity. Six BC10 upregulated genes were verified by real-time quantitative PCR, and the results were consistent with those of subtractive hybridization. The resistance trait of NIL BC10 was inherited from the resistant strain NB, and its genetic background was 99.99% similar to that of recurrent parent 306. The upregulated genes in NIL BC10 may be associated with silkworm BmNPV resistance.

Myosin, as a type of molecular motor, is mainly involved in muscle contraction. Recently, myosin research has made considerable progress. However, the function of Bombyx mori myosin remains unclear. In this study, we cloned the BmMyosin II essential light chain (BmMyosin II ELC) gene from a cDNA library of silkworm, which had an open reading frame (ORF) of 444 bp encoding 147 amino acids (about 16 kDa). After analyzing their sequences, BmMyosin II ELC was similar to the ELCs of 27 other Myosin II types, which contained EFh domain that bound Ca2+. In addition, 28 sequences had five motifs, motifs 1 and 3 were relatively conserved. We constructed two vectors with BmMyosin to transfect MGC803 or BmN, monolayer wound healing of cells indicated they can promote cell migration successfully. For three fifth instar silkworms, Bm306, BmNB, BmBC8, we mainly analyzed the change of BmMyosin II ELC from transcription and translation after infecting with nucleopolyhedrovirus (BmNPV). We found that gene expression of resistant strains were higher than susceptible strains at 12 h, while the result of the translation level was opposite that of the transcription level. Through in vitro protein interactions, we found BmMyosin II ELC can interact with BmNPV ubiquitin.

Planarians in the Phylum Platyhelminthes occupy a peculiar phylogenetic position and have a strong regenerative capacity of their adult tissues, which has aroused general attention. Planarians are spontaneously exposed to various pathogens (microbes and harmful chemicals), but typically survive these challenges. Therefore, these animals can provide useful insights into the evolution of the innate immune system. This review mainly focuses on immune tissues (epidermis, pharynx, and intestine), immune cells (phagocytic reticular cells) and immune genes of planarians. In addition, we provide an overview of the critical proteins in the innate immune system - for example, pattern recognition receptors, complement system proteins, anti-microbial peptides and antioxidant enzymes. In particular, the effectors of the signaling pathways activated upon planarian infection are reviewed.

Mice lacking monoacylglycerol acyltransferase 2 (mMGAT21) are resistant to diet-induced fatty liver, suggesting hMOGAT2 inhibition is a viable option for treating metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD)/metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH). We generated humanized hMOGAT2 mice (HuMgat2) for use in pre-clinical studies testing the efficacy of hMOGAT2 inhibitors for treating MASLD/MASH. HuMgat2 mice developed MASH when fed a steatotic diet. Computer-aided histology revealed the presence of hepatocyte cell ballooning, immune cell infiltration, and fibrosis. Hepatocytes accumulated Mallory-Denk bodies containing phosphorylated p62/sequestosome-1-ubiquitinated protein aggregates likely caused by defects in autophagy. Metainflammation and apoptotic cell death were seen in the livers of HuMgat2 mice. Treating HuMgat2 mice with elafibranor reduced several MASH phenotypes. RNASeq analysis predicted changes in bile acid transporter expression that correlated with altered bile acid metabolism indicative of cholestasis. Our results suggest that HuMgat2 mice will serve as a pre-clinical model for testing hMOGAT2 inhibitor efficacy and toxicity and allow for the study of hMOGAT2 in the context of MASH.

Nitrogen puffing is routinely applied in nuclear fusion plasma experiments with tungsten walls to control the amount of power emitted from the plasma by radiation. However, as nitrogen is retained in significant amounts in tungsten it adds some complexity to the plasma-wall interaction. Basic questions concerning the interaction of nitrogen with tungsten, namely the energy and temperature dependent retention of nitrogen implanted into tungsten and the erosion of the formed tungsten nitride by deuterium, are still open. To address these questions, laboratory experiments with a mass-filtered ion source and sample analysis with in situ x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and nuclear reaction analysis were performed. The results of the implantation and erosion measurements were interpreted by means of simulations with a Monte-Carlo code describing the interaction of energetic particles with matter in the binary collision approximation. This required the development of a forward calculation, converting the simulated depth profiles into XPS intensity ratios. With appropriate settings, the experimental implantation and erosion results at ambient temperature are well described by the simulations. However, for increased temperatures it has been observed that there is an unexpected difference between implanting nitrogen into tungsten before heating the sample and implantation into a heated sample. The application of the developed forward calculation is not limited to the problems presented in this work but can be applied especially to all kind of XPS sputter-depth profiling measurements. Finally, simulations with the previously validated Monte-Carlo code are used to extrapolate the presented results on nitrogen retention to energies and particle compositions relevant for fusion experiments. These simulations make quantitative predictions on nitrogen retention in tungsten and on relevant time scales. The simulations also show that recoil implantation of nitrogen by deuterium significantly increases the effective implantation depth of nitrogen.

High automation, high speed and high efficiency are the advantages of laser welding metallurgical products. It is a great significance to study the quality of laser welding. In the paper, the input current and pulse width of laser are used as variables to improve the tensile strength of welding samples. Firstly, the effect of current and pulse width on tensile strength is obtained through experiments. Then the fitting formula and cureve of experimental data are obtained by orthogonal regression method. Finally, the prediction and optimization of tensile strength are carried out, and the error of the results is less than 12,5 %, indicating that they have a certain guiding role.

Small α-dicarbonyls represent the major precursors of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) and brown carbon (BrC) in the atmosphere, but the chemical mechanisms leading to their formation remain unclear. Here we elucidate the fundamental kinetics and mechanisms for aqueous-phase oligomerization of glyoxal (GL) using quantum chemical and kinetic rate calculations. Our results identify several essential isomeric processes for GL, including protonation to yield diol / tetrol and carbenium ions, nucleophilic addition of carbenium ions to diol / tetrol as well as to free methylamine / ammonia (MA / AM), and deprotonation to propagate oligomers and N-heterocycles. Both protonation and nucleophilic addition occur without activation barriers and are dominantly driven by electrostatic attraction. Deprotonation proceeds readily via water molecules in the absence of MA / AM but corresponds to the rate-limiting step for N-containing cationic intermediates to yield N-heterocycles. On the other hand, the latter occurs readily via a catalytic process by acidic anions (e.g., SO42-). A carbenium ion-mediated reaction rate of GL is 4.62 × 10−3 s−1 under atmospheric conditions, in good agreement with the experimental data. Our results provide essential mechanistic and kinetic data for accurate assessment of the role of small α-dicarbonyls in SOA and BrC formation.

Background: Patients scheduled for coronary angiography may feel insufficiently informed about the planned procedure. We aimed to evaluate the patient-rated quality of the Informed Consent (IC) process and to investigate the efficacy of medical graphics to assist and improve the IC procedure. Methods: A graphic-based information broschure illustrating central steps of the procedure was created in collaboration with scientific illustrators. In a randomized, controlled, prospective trial, 121 patients undergoing coronary angiography/PCI were randomized to a group obtaining the usual IC (Control group) or to a group that additionally obtained a graphic-based IC (Comic group). The perceived quality of the IC was compared between groups using single items of the Client Satisfaction Questionnaire-8 and self-designed single items. Results: Only 67.8% of patients stated to have completely read the standard written IC sheet. The quality of the IC was perceived to be very good in 45.0% of patients in the Comic group compared to 24.6% in the Control group (p =.023). 57.4% of the Control group compared to 76.7% of the Comic group stated that all of their questions were satisfactorily adressed (p =.015). 43.3% of the Comic group, in contrast to only 18.0% of the Control group, declared to feel „very satisfied“ with the obtained IC procedure (p =.002). The acceptance of this new IC approach was very high: no patient expressed feelings of not being taken seriously when reading medical graphics. Conclusions: Our data confirm pronounced limitations of the usual IC practice. The use of medical graphics positively impacts on patient-evaluated endpoints and may significantly improve the IC procedure.

In this study, a PVDF/PVDF-g-(PSSS-co-PAA) graft copolymerization-blending cation exchange material was synthesized with polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), sodium p-styrene sulfonate (SSS) and acrylic acid (AA) by the methods of solution polymerization and suspension polymerization, based on the preparation of cation exchange materials. Experimental results indicated that the exchange capacity was well designed, and that water absorption and water swelling could be effectively controlled. The morphology of the modified material was analyzed by SEM, which showed that the material had a uniform particle size. Thermal analysis of the material demonstrated that the material synthesized in N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) had excellent thermostability and good compatibility with PVDF.

Summary Background Neuroimaging studies have identified obesity‐related differences in the brain's resting state activity. An imbalance between homeostatic and reward aspects of ingestive behaviour may contribute to obesity and food addiction. The interactions between early life adversity (ELA), the reward network and food addiction were investigated to identify obesity and sex‐related differences, which may drive obesity and food addiction. Methods Functional resting state magnetic resonance imaging was acquired in 186 participants (high body mass index [BMI]: ≥25: 53 women and 54 men; normal BMI: 18.50–24.99: 49 women and 30 men). Participants completed questionnaires to assess ELA (Early Traumatic Inventory) and food addiction (Yale Food Addiction Scale). A tripartite network analysis based on graph theory was used to investigate the interaction between ELA, brain connectivity and food addiction. Interactions were determined by computing Spearman rank correlations, thresholded at q

Paleovalleys are buried ancient river valleys that often form productive aquifers, especially in the semiarid and arid areas of Australia. Delineating their extent and hydrostratigraphy is however a challenging task in groundwater system characterization. This study developed a methodology based on the deep learning super-resolution convolutional neural network (SRCNN) approach, to convert electrical conductivity (EC) estimates from an airborne electromagnetic (AEM) survey in South Australia to a high-resolution binary paleovalley map. The SRCNN was trained and tested with a synthetic training dataset, where valleys were generated from readily available digital elevation model (DEM) data from the AEM survey area. Electrical conductivities typical of valley sediments were generated by Archie's law, and subsequently blurred by down-sampling and bicubic interpolation to represent noise from the AEM survey, inversion and interpolation. After a model training step, the SRCNN successfully removed such noise, and reclassified the low-resolution, converted unimodal but skewed EC values into a high-resolution paleovalley index following a bimodal distribution. The latter allows us to distinguish valley from non-valley pixels. Furthermore, a realistic spatial connectivity structure of the paleovalley was predicted when compared with borehole lithology logs and a valley bottom flatness indicator. Overall the methodology permitted us to better constrain the three-dimensional paleovalley geometry from AEM images that are becoming more widely available for groundwater prospecting.