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Some studies have suggested that women with metastatic malignant melanoma have a better survival rate than men. However, little is known about the effect of gender on survival in combination with other clinical variables and treatment variables. Thus, an analysis of 813 eligible patients from 15 consecutive Southwest Oncology Group (SWOG) Phase II or III trials evaluating chemotherapy or chemoimmunotherapy for metastatic melanoma was performed.A multivariate Cox regression model was used.Poor performance status (P0.001), more organ sites with metastases (OSM) (P0.001), liver involvement (P0.001), and nonliver visceral involvement (P = 0.01) were highly significant predictors of worse survival, whereas the disease free interval (P = 0.08) had borderline significance. After adjustment for all factors, there was no difference in overall survival between men and women (P = 0.19). Women had a longer disease free interval (P = 0.003) and fewer OSM (P = 0.004) at study registration than men.The current study found that performance status, OSM, and type of visceral involvement were independent predictors of survival in patients with metastic malignant melanoma and should be used as stratification factors in future Phase III trials. However, the current study also found that gender did not appear to be a significant independent predictor of survival for this stage of disease. A longer disease free interval from initial diagnosis and fewer OSMs may partly explain the improved outcome reported for women in selected trials. The study concluded that further investigation of the biologic differences at early stage diagnosis should be undertaken to determine whether women truly have a different pace of disease progression and a different metastatic pattern.

Preclinically, paclitaxel given according to an intense bolus schedule has significant antitumor activity against human prostate carcinoma cell lines in SCID mice. The authors evaluated the feasibility and efficacy of weekly 1-hour infusion of paclitaxel in patients with metastatic hormone-refractory prostate carcinoma (HRPC).A total of 18 patients with progressive metastatic HRPC were enrolled. Patients had to have no prior chemotherapy. Paclitaxel was infused weekly at a dose of 150 mg/m(2) over 1 hour for 6 weeks every 8 weeks.Eighteen patients with a median age of 68.5 years and a median prostate specific antigen (PSA) level of 82 ng/mL (range, 2.17-3196 ng/mL) were enrolled. The median number of prior hormone treatments was 2, and 12 patients on antiandrogens completed antiandrogen withdrawal. Ten of eighteen patients had bone-only metastasis and eight had metastasis to bone with lymph node and/or visceral metastasis. Seventeen patients received a total of 31 cycles (157 courses) and 1 patient refused chemotherapy. All patients were included in response evaluation. Of the 8 [corrected] patients with measurable disease, 4 achieved a major response, with 1 complete response (in the lung) and 3 partial responses (1 in the liver and 2 in the lymph nodes). Seven of eighteen patients (39%) had a PSA decline of/=50%. The major high grade toxicity was peripheral neuropathy, with 6 patients (35%) developing Grade 3 toxicity.Weekly 1-hour paclitaxel has activity in patients with HRPC. The major toxicity is peripheral neuropathy. The minimal myelosuppressive effects make a modified schedule (lower doses on the same schedule or a shorter schedule of the same dose) attractive for future combination chemotherapy trials.

The modest activity of chemotherapy and biologic agents in the treatment of advanced metastatic melanoma has prompted investigators to consider combinations of chemotherapy and biologic agents (i.e., biochemotherapy) as a way of improving response rates and survival. Although biochemotherapy has generated a great deal of interest over the last several years, and these regimens have produced high response rates in single-institution phase II trials, they have yet to demonstrate a significant survival benefit in randomized trials compared with either chemotherapy or biotherapy alone.The available literature regarding the clinical experience with single- and multiagent chemotherapy, immunotherapy, and biochemotherapy was reviewed.Treatment of metastatic melanoma with either single-agent or combination chemotherapy regimens is clearly suboptimal; the majority of responses are partial and of short duration. In contrast, interleukin (IL)-2 produces long-term durable complete remission in a subset of patients. Over 1,000 patients have been treated with IL-2-based biochemotherapy regimens in single-institution phase II trials, and response rates have ranged from 40% to 60%. Most encouraging have been the durable responses observed in 10% to 20% of patients in most of these trials. Large databases, including two meta-analyses, have confirmed the substantial improvement in response rate associated with biochemotherapy regimens that include both IL-2 and interferon alfa (IFN-alpha) compared with chemotherapy or biotherapy alone. Biochemotherapy is currently being evaluated in randomized controlled trials to determine if this treatment strategy can provide a survival benefit compared with current standard treatments. A pilot study at Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center has demonstrated the feasibility of administering a modification of a concurrent biochemotherapy regimen, initially described by Legha et al, consisting of cisplatin, vinblastine, and dacarbazine (CVD) plus IL-2 and IFN-alpha in the cooperative group setting.These studies provided the rationale for intergroup trial E-3695, which is currently randomizing patients to concurrent biochemotherapy with CVD plus IL-2 and IFN-alpha versus CVD alone.

Interferon alfa has modest but definite activity in the treatment of metastatic melanoma and is the only agent currently available for adjuvant therapy of high-risk resected disease. A variety of retinoic acid derivatives have been shown to be synergistic with interferon alfa in vitro and in vivo, with nonoverlapping toxicities. If promising combinations of interferon alfa and retinoids could be developed for melanoma patients, they would have clinical relevance for the treatment of advanced as well as localized disease.To determine the efficacy and toxicity of a combination of interferon alfa-2a and all-trans-retinoic acid in patients with measurable metastatic melanoma, the South-west Oncology Group conducted a phase II clinical trial.Fifty-seven patients with measurable metastatic melanoma (American Joint Committee on Cancer stage IV) were entered; five patients were unevaluable. Treatment consisted of oral all-trans-retinoic acid (37.5 to 75 mg/m2 orally twice daily for 21 days followed by 7 days' rest) plus subcutaneously administered interferon alfa-2a (6 MU/m2 three times a week).Two complete and three partial responses were observed among 52 evaluable patients, for an objective response rate of 10% (95% confidence interval 3% to 21%). Responses were seen only in patients with pulmonary, nodal, or subcutaneous metastases, and lasted from 4 to 23+ months. Median survival for the 52 patients was 8 months. Side effects were tolerable but significant, with one case of grade IV anemia and 92% of patients experiencing at least grade II toxicity. Flu-like symptoms were the most commonly reported side effects. There was one case of grade III hyperlipidemia.The combination of recombinant human interferon alfa-2a with all-trans-retinoic acid did not result in a greater percentage of objective responses or a longer overall survival than that associated with interferon alfa alone. This combination cannot be recommended for further evaluation in melanoma in either the advanced disease or the adjuvant settings.

In a Phase II trial, surgical adjuvant active specific immunotherapy using a live vaccinia virus-augmented allogeneic polyvalent melanoma cell lysate, vaccinia melanoma oncolysate (VMO), produced a significant disease free interval (DFI) in patients with International Union Against Cancer Stage II melanoma with positive lymph nodes. Therefore, a Phase III randomized prospective, double-blind, multiinstitutional, surgical adjuvant VMO trial was performed to determine the efficacy of VMO to increase the DFI and the overall survival in this group of patients with Stage II disease.Two hundred and fifty patients with Stage II melanoma were divided into two postsurgical groups. One group received VMO (total protein equals 2 mg/ml) and the other received the placebo of live vaccinia vaccine virus (V) (10(5.4) TCID50/ml), an adjuvant component of the VMO. Patients initially received these biologics once a week for 13 weeks and then once every 2 weeks for an additional 39 weeks or until recurrence. All surviving patients have been followed for at least 30 months.Statistical analysis of survival data (n = 217) for this first interim analysis shows that there is no statistically significant (P = 0.99) increase in DFI of patients treated with VMO (n = 104) when compared with V (n = 113). The median DFI is 38.0 months for patients treated with VMO and 37.0 months for patients treated with V. At 2- and 4-year intervals, 70 and 38%, respectively, of patients treated with VMO vs. 66 and 36%, respectively, of patients treated with V were free of melanoma. The median overall survival is not available because the patients treated with VMO have not yet reached the 50% mark and the median overall survival is 45.0 months for patients treated with V. At 2- and 4-year intervals, 70 and 38%, respectively, of VMO-treated patients survived when compared with 66 and 36%, respectively, of patients treated with V. Although the overall survival of patients treated with VMO is not statistically significant (P = 0.88) at this point, there is an increasing trend in the overall survival of patients treated with VMO; a 10% increase at the 4-year time point. Moreover, in the subset analysis, VMO-treated male patients (n = 63) showed a 17% improvement in survival at 4-year time point when compared with male patients treated with V (n = 67) (P = 0.19) at the same time point and male patients (n = 20) between the ages of 44 and 57 having 1-5 positive lymph nodes showed a 37% difference in overall survival at the 4-year time point when compared with those patients treated with V (n = 18) (P = 0.13) at the same time point.In this first interim analysis, active specific immunotherapy with VMO vs. V showed no difference in the disease free interval or overall survival. Subset analyses likewise showed no significant differences in outcome but the data suggest a potential difference in immunoreactivity between male and female patients with melanoma that awaits further follow up and may merit further investigation.

Hormone-refractory prostate cancer generally remains a chemotherapy-resistant tumor and therefore warrants the continued evaluation of promising agents.Twenty-two eligible patients with hormone-refractory prostate cancer were treated with oral etoposide at a dosage of 50 mg/m2/day for 21 days in a 28-day cycle. Response was evaluated using standard solid tumor response criteria.There were two partial responses of 6 and 14 months' duration, respectively. Two patients had disease stabilization, one for 6 months and one for 12 months. Median survival was 31 weeks, with an overall 1-year survival of 30%. Reversible alopecia and myelosuppression were the primary toxicities noted.Single-agent oral etoposide has minimal activity in patients with hormone-refractory prostate cancer.

Based on prior experience with dacarbazine (DTIC) and an outpatient interleukin-2 (IL-2) regimen, the current study was conducted to improve the antitumor efficacy and assess the immunologic interactions between chemotherapy and IL-2.Thirty-two patients were registered onto a treatment program, which included DTIC 750 mg/m2 with cisplatin 100 mg/m2, each by intravenous bolus on day 1. Recombinant IL-2 was administered on an outpatient basis intravenously by 15-30-minute infusion (24.0 x 10(6) IU/m2) daily on days 12-16 and 19-23 of a 28-day cycle for three cycles and then every 42 days for responding patients.There were responses in 13 of the 32 registered patients (41% response rate), including five complete and eight partial remissions. Responses in the liver, lung, spleen, lymph nodes, and soft tissue sites were noted. The median duration of response was 8.0 months (range, 3.0-20.0+ months), and the overall median survival duration was 10.2 months. Three patients (9%) are alive, free of disease, without any treatment at 32.0+, 36.0+, and 42.0+ months after initiation of treatment. Only minor nephrotoxicity was observed, and treatment delays were rare.Additional chemotherapeutic, hormonal, or biologic agents may be added to enhance efficacy further if they have toxicities that do not overlap.

Because of encouraging response rates published with recombinant interleukin-2 (rIL-2) alone in metastatic malignant melanoma (MMM), dacarbazine (DTIC) and rIL-2 were sequentially combined to evaluate efficacy, toxicity, pharmacokinetics, and immunologic interaction. Thirty-two patients aged 18 to 67 years have received 127 courses of treatment. The dose of DTIC was 1.0 g/m2 as a 24-hour infusion every 28 days on day 1. Recombinant interleukin-2 (2.0, 3.0, 4.0, or 5.0 x 10(6) Cetus units/m2) was administered as a 30-minute infusion on days 15 through 19 and 22 through 26 of each 28-day cycle. Seven of 32 patients (22%) who received therapy had a remission, one complete and six partial. The complete response was in a lung mass. Partial responses were seen in lymph nodes, liver, and lung. The median duration of response was 4.7 months. One patient is in persistent partial remission of the liver for greater than 2 years. One patient had residual mediastinal disease resected after partial response and remains without evidence of disease for 18+ months. This regimen was generally well tolerated, did not create overlapping toxicity, and produced encouraging responses in visceral sites. This provides a framework for future combinations of chemotherapy with rIL-2 alone or in combination with other biologic response modifiers in an outpatient setting.

Interleukin-2 is receiving widespread interest as an immunotherapeutic agent in the treatment of certain cancers. Severe arthralgias recently have been reported as a significant side effect, and the cause of pain is unknown. Because interleukin-2 is an immune modulator, we reviewed the 99mTc-methylene diphosphonate scintigrams in nine patients who had developed shoulder arthralgias while receiving interleukin-2 for metastatic melanoma. In eight of the patients, the scintigrams showed diffuse increased uptake of radionuclide in the shoulders. Four patients had radiographs of their shoulders, all of which were normal. Bone scintigraphy in patients receiving interleukin-2 as immunotherapy for metastatic melanoma shows increased radionuclide activity in the shoulders. This process may relate to the role of interleukin-2 as a mediator in the inflammatory response.