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A list of newly collected and identified oribatids from Kenya is presented, two of them represent new genera; Sceletoppia gen. nov. (Oppiidae) and Mahnertozetes gen. nov. (Haplozetidae). Twelve species, belonging to the families Steganacaridae, Lohmanniidae, Tetracondylidae, Microzetidae, Zetomotrichidae and Galumnidae are new to science. Taxonomical notes on two other species are given.

OBJECTIVE Although cognitive–behavior therapy (CBT) is an efficacious treatment for generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) in younger adults, little is known about its efficacy in older patients. Investigations to date have tested group-format or otherwise nonstandard versions of CBT. The studies described here are, to our knowledge, the first to test the efficacy of individual-format CBT administered in a mental health clinic for treatment of late-life GAD. METHODS Study 1 tested a standard version, and Study 2 tested an enhanced version (ECBT) that included learning and memory aids designed to make the therapy more effective with elderly patients (e.g., homework reminder and troubleshooting calls, weekly review of all concepts and techniques). RESULTS Study 1 CBT participants showed significant improvement on GAD severity ratings. Study 2 ECBT participants showed significant improvement on two self-report measures, rates of posttreatment GAD, and GAD severity ratings. ECBT resulted in improvement on more measures and yielded larger effect sizes than standard CBT, when each was compared against a wait-list control group. CONCLUSION Results of these pilot studies suggest that standard individual-format CBT may not be optimally effective for treating late-life GAD; thus, ECBT should be tested further in randomized trials.

Disordered breathing may play an important role in the pathophysiology of panic disorder. Several studies have now indicated that panic disorder patients have greater respiratory variability than normal controls. In this study, we examine baseline respiratory measures in four diagnostic groups to determine whether greater respiratory variability is specific to panic disorder and whether effective anti-panic treatment alters respiratory variability. Patients with panic disorder, major depression, or premenstrual dysphoric disorder, and normal control subjects underwent two respiratory exposures (5% and 7% CO(2) inhalation), while in a canopy system. Panic disorder patients returned after 12 weeks of either anti-panic medication or cognitive behavioral therapy, and were retested. Normal control subjects were also retested after a period of 12 weeks. Panic disorder patients had significantly greater respiratory variability at baseline than normal control subjects and patients with major depression. The premenstrual dysphoric patients also had greater variability than the normal control group. Panic disorder patients who panicked to 7% CO(2) inhalation had significantly greater baseline variability than panic disorder patients who did not panic. Anti-panic treatment did not significantly alter baseline respiratory variability. Our data suggest that increased respiratory variability may be an important trait feature for some panic disorder patients and may make them more vulnerable to CO(2)-induced panic.

Unsymmetrical bis-imides 1 were synthesized and evaluated as potential antitumor agents. These novel bis-imides were assessed using three criteria: in vitro cytotoxicity (L1210), in vitro DNA binding, and in vivo studies with human tumor xenografts in mice. These studies identified DMP 315 as a potent, water soluble antitumor agent.

OBJECTIVE The authors determined the effects of antipanic treatment with fluoxetine on human growth hormone (GH) response to the alpha 2 agonist clonidine. METHOD Seventeen patients with panic disorder and 15 healthy volunteers were challenged with clonidine. Thirteen of the patients and 12 of the volunteers were given a second challenge with clonidine 12 weeks later. The patients received open fluoxetine and the healthy subjects received no treatment between challenges. Subjects with high baseline human GH levels (greater than 2 ng/ml) at the first and second challenges were excluded from further analysis. RESULTS The patients with panic disorder (N = 13 for the first challenge and N = 9 for the second) had significantly lower human GH responses to clonidine than the healthy subjects (N = 14 during the first challenge and N = 9 for the second) during both challenges, despite clinical improvement in eight of the nine patients at the time of the second challenge. CONCLUSIONS Blunted secretion of human GH in response to clonidine in patients with panic disorder persists despite clinical recovery.

Microbial contamination of integument was evaluated in test-subjects volunteered for 7-day immersion with the purpose to evaluate a technology of automated analysis of human microbiocinosis. Integument microflora was investigated in the baseline data collection period and on day-7 of immersion with the help of the standard bacteriological method and using a prototyped automated analyzer. The investigation showed the possibilities of the automated analyzer to provide operating data about human microflora.

Objective Patients with panic disorder are behaviorally hypersensitive to CO2 inhalation and may also be biologically hypersensitive. A report by Mathew et al. showed, however, that administration of the carbonic anhydrase inhibitor acetazolamide, which is believed to increase brain CO2 level, did not cause panic in panic disorder patients. The authors of the present study noted that respiratory frequency did not increase in the earlier experiment and wondered whether respiratory stimulation occurred during acetazolamide administration, as would be expected if CO2 level increases significantly. Method Ten patients with panic disorder and six normal control subjects received injections of acetazolamide, 1 g i.v., as per the Mathew et al. protocol, during breath by breath measurement of both tidal volume and frequency of respiration. Results Three patients had panic attacks, one before receiving acetazolamide, one during the injection, and one 2 minutes after injection. Only the last of these attacks appeared possibly attributable to acetazolamide. None of the control subjects panicked. Neither patients nor control subjects exhibited meaningful change in tidal volume, respiratory frequency, or minute ventilation, and both groups experienced a trend toward significant decrease in overall levels of anxiety and dyspnea after acetazolamide injection. Conclusions The authors replicated the earlier finding that acetazolamide is not panicogenic in patients with panic disorder but also showed that at the dose given, there is no meaningful effect on ventilation. If acetazolamide does affect CO2 levels it does so in a way that does not stimulate ventilation. Therefore, the acetazolamide injection results of Mathew et al. and of the present study do not challenge hypotheses linking panic attacks to hypersensitive respiratory control mechanisms.

Unsymmetrical bis-imides 1 were synthesized and evaluated as potential antitumor agents. These novel bis-imides were assessed using three criteria: in vitro cytotoxicity (L1210), in vitro DNA binding, and in vivo studies with human tumor xenografts in mice. These studies identified DMP 315 as a potent, water soluble antitumor agent.

The novel anticancer drug candidate brequinar sodium [DuP 785, NSC 368390, 6-fluoro-2-(2'-fluoro-1,1'-biphenyl-4-yl)-3-methyl-4-quinoline carboxylic acid sodium salt] inhibits dihydroorotate dehydrogenase, the fourth enzyme in the de novo pyrimidine biosynthetic pathway leading to the formation of UMP. Sixty-nine quinoline 4-carboxylic acid analogs were analyzed as inhibitors of L1210 dihydroorotate dehydrogenase. This structure-activity relationship study identified three critical regions of brequinar sodium and its analogs, where specific substitutions are required for the inhibition of the activity of dihydroorotate dehydrogenase. The three principal regions are: (i) the C(2) position where bulky hydrophobic substituents are necessary, (ii) the C(4) position which has a strict requirement for the carboxylic acid and its corresponding salts, and (iii) the benzo portion of the quinoline ring with appropriate substitutions. These results will be useful in the elucidation of the precise nature of the interaction between brequinar sodium and dihydroorotate dehydrogenase.

Background Controlled trials suggest that clomipramine may be a highly effective antipanic drug. Lowering the starting dose may alleviate troublesome initial side effects and increase acceptability and compliance. Method Fifty-eight patients with DSM-III-R panic disorder with or without agoraphobia underwent 13 weeks of clomipramine treatment. Starting at 10 mg/day, the dose was gradually increased to a mean dose of 97 mg/day. Results While completers showed highly significant improvement, the benefits were severely limited by a high dropout rate due to adverse reactions occurring mostly during the first 2 weeks of treatment. Conclusion Given the alternatives, clomipramine should not be used as a first-line antipanic medication.

Patients with depression almost always suffer from comorbid anxiety or anxiety disorder. It is commonly stated that comorbid depression and anxiety has a worse prognosis, even with adequate therapy, than depression alone. An accumulation of data now make clear that the antidepressants venlafaxine and venlafaxine XR are effective in reducing anxiety in patients with depression. Several of the studies supporting this are reviewed here. Venlafaxine and venlafaxine XR have also been shown to be effective in treating anxiety disorders and venlafaxine XR is presently the only antidepressant approved by the FDA for the specific treatment of generalized anxiety disorder. The effectiveness of venlafaxine in treating anxiety associated with depression and anxiety disorders supports theories implicating abnormal noradrenergic activity as a component of pathological anxiety.

The psychoneuroimmunology of panic disorder is relatively unexplored. Alterations within brain stress systems that secondarily influence the immune system have been documented. A recent report indicated elevations of serotonin (5-HT) and ganglioside antibodies in patients with primary fibromyalgia, a condition with documented associations with panic disorder. In line with our interest in dysregulated 5-HT systems in panic disorder (PD), we wished to assess if antibodies directed at the 5-HT system were elevated in patients with PD in comparison to healthy volunteers. Sixty-three patients with panic disorder and 26 healthy volunteers were diagnosed by the SCID. Employing ELISA, we measured anti-5-HT and 5-HT anti-idiotypic antibodies (which are directed at 5-HT receptors). To include all subjects in one experiment, three different batches were run during the ELISA. Plasma serotonin anti-idiotypic antibodies: there was a significant group effect [patients > controls (p = .007)] and batch effect but no interaction. The mean effect size for the three batches was .76. Following Z-score transformation of each separate batch and then combining all scores, patients demonstrated significantly elevated levels of plasma serotonin anti-idiotypic antibodies. Neither sex nor age as covariates affected the significance of the results. There was a strong correlation between anti-serotonin antibody and serotonin anti-idiotypic antibody measures. Plasma anti-serotonin antibodies: there was a significant diagnosis effect [patients > controls (p = .037)]. Mean effect size for the three batches was .52. Upon Z-score transformation, there was a diagnosis effect with antibody elevations in patients. Covaried for sex and age, the result falls below significance to trend levels. The data raise the possibility that psychoimmune dysfunction, specifically related to the 5-HT system, may be present in PD. Potential interruption of 5-HT neurotransmission through autoimmune mechanisms may be of pathophysiologic significance in certain patients with panic disorder. It remains to be demonstrated if the peripheral autoimmunity is representative of CNS 5-HT neuronal alterations. Replication appears warranted.

Venlafaxine, a structurally novel antidepressant that combines mechanisms of action of both the cyclic antidepressants and SSRIs, may be effective in the treatment of panic disorder. Thirteen patients with DSM-IV panic disorder with or without agoraphobia participated in an open-label, fixed-flexible dose treatment study with venlafaxine. All patients who completed the 10-week trial exhibited statistically significant decreases in scores on anxiety symptoms as well as complete cessation of panic attacks at an effective mean daily dose of 47 mg per day. Venlafaxine was well tolerated in all completers. Venlafaxine may be an effective antipanic agent, even at lower than typical antidepressant dosages.

Respiratory abnormalities may play a central role in the pathophysiology of panic disorder. The current study was undertaken to examine the respiratory response in the largest series of subjects to date during three respiratory challenges that used improved methodology.Fifty-nine patients with DSM-III-R panic disorder and 39 normal volunteers were challenged with 5% and 7% CO2 inhalation and room air hyperventilation separated by room air breathing with continuous spirometry.Patients with panic disorder were more sensitive to the anxiogenic effects of CO2 than were normal subjects, and CO2 was a more potent stimulus to panic than hyperventilation. Patients increased their respiratory rate more quickly during CO2 inhalation than did comparison subjects, and this increase preceded the panic attacks. Patients who panicked in response to 5% CO2 demonstrated continued rise in end-tidal CO2, while the end-tidal CO2 of the comparison groups stabilized. Low end-tidal CO2 and high variance in minute ventilation at baseline predicted panic attacks during CO2 inhalation. Following CO2 or hyperventilation challenges, respiratory rate dropped sharply, while tidal volume remained elevated longer in patients than in comparison subjects.The findings confirm the greater behavioral and physiological sensitivity of patients with panic disorder to CO2 inhalation and identify a series of respiratory abnormalities. Panic attacks in panic disorder may be explained by inefficient compensatory mechanisms, primarily of respiratory rate.

An ambulatory monitor, body suit, and calibration procedure were developed to compare the respiration of seven patients with panic disorder and twelve normal volunteers. Subjects wore a body suit with Respitrace bands, connected to a portable respiratory monitor for a period of 24 hours. Breath by breath values for respiratory rate and tidal volume were computed every two minutes. There was a significant difference between patients and controls in their patterns of minute ventilation during sleep. Tidal volume, rather that respiratory rate increases characterized the periods of anxiety and limited symptom attacks.

We report the results from a multicenter, double-blind, randomized, fixed-dose study designed to evaluate the relationship between daily dose and efficacy of adinazolam-SR in patients with panic disorder with agoraphobia.Patients (N = 315) were randomized to one of four treatment groups (placebo, N = 83; 30-mg group, N = 79; 60-mg group, N = 81; and 90-mg group, N = 72) and then treated twice daily for 4 weeks. All treatment groups were comparable demographically. Primary efficacy measures included total number of panic attacks, global improvement score using the Clinical Global Impressions (CGI) scale, phobic anxiety dimension of the Symptom Checklist-90 phobic cluster, overall phobia state using the Phobia Scale, and severity of illness on the CGI.The 60- and 90-mg/day adinazolam-SR treatment groups showed superior results when compared with the placebo group at Week 4 while the 30-mg group did not. Treatment with adinazolam-SR was well tolerated, with sedation the only treatment-emergent symptom that occurred more frequently in patients treated with adinazolam-SR than placebo.These results suggest that adinazolam-SR at doses of 60-mg/day or greater administered twice daily is a safe and effective treatment in selected patients with panic disorder with agoraphobia.

(R,R)-2,2'-[1,2-ethanediylbis[imino(1-methyl-2,1-ethanediyl)]]- bis[5-nitro-1H-benz[de]isoquinoline-1,3-(2H)-dione] dimethanesulfonate (DMP 840), is a bis-naphthalimide anticancer tumoricidal agent currently in phase I clinical trials. DMP 840 exhibits curative activity in human tumor xenografts, where it shows selectivity for human solid tumors over murine leukemias. In contrast to the selectivity found for DMP 840 in vivo, DMP 840 exhibits potent antiproliferative activity in vitro against a variety of human and murine leukemia and solid tumor cell lines in culture, with inhibitory doses that reduce the number of treated cells to one half (IC50) values ranging from 2.3 to 53 nM. DMP 840 was growth inhibitory to three doxorubicin-resistant cell lines with IC50 values also in the nanomolar range. Clonogenic survival experiments showed that DMP 840 was equally cytotoxic to both exponentially growing and quiescent human clone A colon carcinoma cells. A 1-h incubation of DMP 840 (1.22-12 microM) caused 5-log cell kill in KB-3-1 human epidermoid carcinoma, clone A human colon carcinoma, and L1210 murine leukemia cell lines. The rapid cell killing by DMP 840 in clonogenic survival experiments and initial mechanism of action studies was consistent with a DNA-interactive mechanism for DMP 840 cytotoxicity. Mechanism of action studies in L1210 leukemia cells demonstrated that DMP 840 inhibited the incorporation of thymidine and uridine into DNA and RNA with IC50 values of 0.55 and 0.08 microM, respectively. DMP 840 produced DNA single-strand breaks in a dose-dependent manner. Double-strand breaks were not observed with DMP 840 treatment, even at higher concentrations of compound. Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) and P388 cells resistant to camptothecin and containing a mutant form of topoisomerase I were also used to evaluate whether DMP 840 was cross-resistant with agents active against topoisomerase I. While the CHOR line was 163-fold resistant to camptothecin, the CHOR line was only 1.7-fold resistant to DMP 840. In summary, DMP 840 is a DNA-interactive agent that demonstrates excellent antiproliferative activity in vitro against cultured tumor cells from both human and murine sources. Its mechanism of tumoricidal activity may be novel.

OBJECTIVE Previous studies have indicated that patients with panic disorder are more likely than normal subjects to have acute panic attacks during inhalation of CO2, but methodological objections have been raised. In this study the authors attempted to address three of these methodological problems by ensuring that raters who assessed whether panic attacks occurred were blind to subjects' diagnoses, by randomizing the order of administration of 5% CO2 and hyperventilation, and by challenging a greater number of subjects with 7% CO2. METHOD Patients with panic disorder and normal subjects underwent 20-minute inhalations of 5% CO2 and 7% CO2 and 15 minutes of room-air hyperventilation. Ratings of panic/no panic during each condition were made separately by an assessor blind to diagnosis and by the subject. Scores on four panic rating scales were also recorded before and after each intervention. RESULTS Room-air hyperventilation caused panic attacks in a small number of patients; the difference in panic rate between patients and comparison subjects was statistically significant by the subjects' but not by the raters' assessment. Panic rates during 5% CO2 and 7% CO2 were significantly greater among the patients by both assessments; the panic rate was greatest during 7% CO2. Order of administration did not significantly affect panic rates for hyperventilation and 5% CO2. CONCLUSIONS Panic patients were clearly more sensitive to the anxiogenic effects of CO2 than comparison subjects, and CO2 was a more potent anxiogenic stimulus than room-air hyperventilation. Seven percent CO2 discriminated best between patients and comparison subjects and should be the focus of further research.

Although panic disorder is generally responsive to single antidepressant pharmacotherapy, a substantial percentage of patients fail either to respond adequately or to maintain a therapeutic response.The authors report on seven consecutive openly treated patients with panic disorder who showed inadequate antipanic responses to treatment regimens including either a tricyclic (TCA) or fluoxetine. Those patients taking a TCA had fluoxetine added and those patients taking fluoxetine had a TCA added.All seven patients showed an improvement in antipanic response to the combination treatment.The current case series is the first, to our knowledge, to suggest that the combination of a TCA and fluoxetine may provide a viable pharmacotherapeutic option for panic disorder patients who have failed to respond to an adequate trial of either a TCA or fluoxetine. Appropriate controlled studies are recommended.

We have synthesized a promising class of bis-naphthalimide anti-tumor agents. A representative compound in this series, XB596, exhibits potent in vitro growth inhibitory activity against several human and murine leukemic and solid tumor lines in culture, with IC50 values ranging from 7.2 to 147.5 nM. XB596 was almost as equally growth inhibitory against three doxorubicin-resistant cell lines compared with their parental lines. Using a human tumor colony-forming assay, XB596 demonstrated cytocidal activity against fresh human tumors taken directly from patients, with 23 of 25 evaluable tumors responding to a continuous exposure of 1 microgram/ml of XB596. When L1210 cells were incubated with XB596 for 1 h, the incorporation of uridine and thymidine into RNA and DNA, respectively, was inhibited with IC50 values of 0.14 microM. DNA single-strand breaks, but not double-strand breaks, were detected in XB596-treated L1210 cells. XB596 bound to DNA with guanine-cytosine sequence selectivity as shown by an indirect ethidium bromide displacement assay. XB596 was shown to interact with DNA by a spectrophotometric titration assay, with an estimated binding constant of 4.7 +/- 2.2 +/- 10(6) M-1. XB596 unwound supercoiled DNA as measured by agarose gel electrophoresis. These data are consistent with XB596 being a DNA intercalator. In vivo, XB596 demonstrated good anti-tumor activity against two human solid tumors (DLD-2 colon adenocarcinoma and MX-1 mammary carcinoma) xenografted in nude mice, but has not demonstrated anti-leukemic activity. In summary, XB596 is a pre-clinical anti-cancer agent which interacts with DNA and demonstrates good in vivo anti-tumor activity against human solid tumor xenografts.

The novel anticancer drug candidate brequinar sodium (DuP 785, NSC 368390, 6-fluoro-2-(2'-fluoro-1,1'-biphenyl-4-yl)-3-methyl-4-quinoline- carboxylic acid sodium salt) was shown previously to be an inhibitor of dihydroorotate dehydrogenase, the fourth enzyme of the de novo pyrimidine biosynthetic pathway. Brequinar sodium inhibits the activity of this enzyme isolated from mammalian sources only but not those forms isolated from yeast or bacteria, which also use ubiquinone as the cofactor. Brequinar sodium also does not inhibit the activity of a soluble Zymobacterium oroticum dihydroorotate dehydrogenase which uses NAD+ as a cofactor. Brequinar sodium inhibits L1210 dihydroorotate dehydrogenase with mixed inhibition kinetics with respect to either the substrate (dihydroorotate) or the cofactor (ubiquinone Q6) with Ki' values in the 5-8 nM range. Our results suggest that brequinar sodium inhibits dihydroorotate dehydrogenase by binding to the enzyme at a unique site that is distinct from the dihydroorotate or the ubiquinone-binding site. This binding site appears to be unique to the mammalian enzyme, because brequinar sodium does not inhibit the yeast, Escherichia coli, or Z. oroticum forms of the enzyme.

Moral or religious scrupulosity is a disabling condition which is sometimes seen in patients with obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD). The authors described 10 patients with moral or religious scrupulosity who were treated with fluoxetine or clomipramine. Seven of the 10 patients completed open treatment of at least 8 weeks without requiring adjunctive medication; 5 of those 7 patients were rated as much improved. Among the 3 patients who required adjunctive medication, 1 was rated as much improved. Of the 4 nonresponders at 3 months, 2 responded after longer treatment trials. These results suggest that extreme moral or religious concerns and behaviors might be a form of OCD and that the scrupulosity can be effectively treated with serotonin reuptake blockers.

The novel anticancer drug candidate brequinar sodium [DuP 785, NSC 368390, 6-fluoro-2-(2'-fluoro-1,1'-biphenyl-4-yl)-3-methyl-4-quinoline carboxylic acid sodium salt] inhibits dihydroorotate dehydrogenase, the fourth enzyme in the de novo pyrimidine biosynthetic pathway leading to the formation of UMP. Sixty-nine quinoline 4-carboxylic acid analogs were analyzed as inhibitors of L1210 dihydroorotate dehydrogenase. This structure-activity relationship study identified three critical regions of brequinar sodium and its analogs, where specific substitutions are required for the inhibition of the activity of dihydroorotate dehydrogenase. The three principal regions are: (i) the C(2) position where bulky hydrophobic substituents are necessary, (ii) the C(4) position which has a strict requirement for the carboxylic acid and its corresponding salts, and (iii) the benzo portion of the quinoline ring with appropriate substitutions. These results will be useful in the elucidation of the precise nature of the interaction between brequinar sodium and dihydroorotate dehydrogenase.

Anxiety disorders are chronic illnesses requiring long-term treatment. Relapse is typical and should not be considered treatment failure. Although the general guiding principle of pharmacotherapy for anxiety disorders--the lowest effective dose for the shortest possible time--remains, this rule should not interfere with the judicious use of medications as long as the benefits justify it. Although most antianxiety drugs are safe and have no long-term side effects, periodic drug discontinuation should be attempted. Establishing a secure and specific diagnosis and ruling out concomitant psychiatric and medical illnesses will augment the success of pharmacotherapy. The efficacy of nonpharmacologic treatments alone is, with very few exceptions, unsubstantiated at present; however, nonpharmacologic techniques may well supplement medication trials. Based on these principles and on the available data, specific recommendations are given for treating patients with generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, social phobia, and obsessive compulsive disorder.

It is widely believed that personality disorders and/or traits (PDT) have significant impact on the phenomenology, severity and consequently the treatment of anxiety disorders (AD). Specific PDT's are thought to be characteristic of certain types of AD's. However, little experimental data support these assumptions. The interpretation of the few comorbidity and outcome studies investigating the role of PDT's in anxiety is problematic from both theoretical and methodological points of view. The authors review what is known about the co-occurrence of PDT's and some of the AD's. Particular attention is paid to studies that demonstrate the alteration of PDT's as a result of successful treatment of an AD and to those assessing the difficulties encountered in the treatment of AD's in the presence of certain PDT's. Specific recommendations for much needed research are given.

A variedade de algodoeiro IAC 13-1 foi desenvolvida a partir da linhagem norte-americana Acala 5675, conhecida como uma "Acala Oriental", a qual foi selecionada de material primitivo colhido no México. Dadas as boas qualidades da sua fibra, essa linhagem foi objeto de estudos, na Seção de Algodão do Instituto Agronômico, desde a sua introdução. Após nove anos de aclimatação e seleção individual, foi isolada a linhagem IAG 61/60 como material promissor. Desenvolveu-se a IAC 13-1 a partir dessa linhagem por seleção genealógica, no período de 1961 a 1970. A sua semente foi entregue em 1968, pela primeira vez, para multiplicação em campo básico. A IAC 13-1 substitui a IAC 12-2, na lavoura, a partir de 1970, tendo maior produtividade, melhor capulho, maior semente, melhor fibra e maior produção em terrenos infestados porFusarium oxysporumf.vasiniectum(Atk) Snyder e Hansen.The origin and breending of the São Paulo cotton variety IAC 13-1, as well as the involved proceedings and numerical results are reported. The "eastern Acala" Acala 5675, selected at Knoxville, Tenn., from a Mexican cotton was introduced to São Paulo in 1950. It showed very good fiber qualities in the new environment. After nine years of acclimation and individual selection it yielded a promising line named IAG 61/60. IAC 13-1 was developped from this line by the general pedegree selection process adopted in breeding for final genetic balance by the Cotton Section of the Instituto Agronômico. The first stock of genetic seed was released for further increase in 1968. IAC 13-1 substituted the commercial variety IAC 12-2. This substitution signified an improvement in yield, type and size of bolls, size of seeds, fiber qualities and behaviour in areas contaminated by Fusarium oxysporum f. vasinfectum (Atk.) Snyder et Hansen.

São relatados estudos de correlação entre o índice de sobrevivência que mede c grau de tolerância à murcha do algodoeiro, causada pelo fungoFusarium oxysporumf. vasinfectum, e as seguintes características: comprimento de fibra, uniformidade de comprimento, índice Micronaire, resistência Pressley, porcentagem de fibra, peso de um capulho, peso de 100 sementes e produção. O índice de sobrevivência foi avaliado em 21 ensaios de campo para as variedades paulistas de algodoeiro: IAC RM3, IAC 12-2 e IAC 13-1. As características da IAC RM3, variedade que apresentou maior índice de sobrevivência, foram menos influenciadas pela doença, com exceção do peso de 100 sementes. O índice de sobrevivência correlacionou-se positivamente com a produção e com a uniformidade de comprimento, para as três variedades estudadas.The results of a study on correlations between the survival index of cotton to Fusarium wilt and the economical characters: fiber lenght, uniformity index, Micronaire, Pressley, yield, lint percent, seed grade and boll weight, are presented and discussed. The study was carried out in twenty-one experiments envolving the varieties: IAC RM3 (wilt resistant), IAC 12-2 (susceptible) and IAC 13-1 (intermediary in behaviour) and different degrees of intensity of wilt. The resistant variety was the less affected by Fusarium in the above characters, when compared with the other varieties except in the case of seed grade (mean weight of hundred seeds). The survival index showed positive correlation with yield and uniformity index for the three varieties. For a given variety, higher correlations were observed in the case of the characters in which it excelled.

São relatados e discutidos resultados de produção do algodoeiro em vinte e nove ensaios de campo, conduzidos no período de 1970 a 1973, onde se estudou o efeito da aplicação de nitrogênio e de potássio, respectivamente nas doses de 0, 50 e 100 kg/ha de N e 0, 50, 100 e 150 kg/ha K2O, em esquema fatorial com quatro repetições. Em cinco ensaios conduzidos com a variedade IAC RM3, em solos podzolizados de Lins e Marília e latossolo vermelho-escuro-fase arenosa, a resposta do do algodoeiro foi mais freqüente para a aplicação de nitrogênio, sendo influenciada pelos teores de fósforo e potássio do solo e pelas condições de cultivo das plantas. A resposta à adubação potássica se relacionou muito bem como os teores de potássio, cálcio e magnésio da análise do solo. Em cinco ensaios conduzidos com a variedade IAC RM3, em solos podzolizados de Lins e Marília e latossolo vermelho-escuro-fase arenosa, a resposta do algodoeiro foi mais freqüente para o nitrogênio. A ação do potássio não se relacionou claramente com índices de análise química dos solos.Effects of N and K application on cotton yield, obtained in twenty nine field experiments conducted during the period of 1970-73, at São Paulo State, are related and discussed. Nitrogen was applied in the dosis of 0, 50, and 100 kg/ha of N, and potassium in the dosis of 0, 50, 100, and 150 kg/ha of K(2)0. Yield responses to N application was more frequent in the twenty four experiments conducted with IAC 13-1 cotton variety, on Latosolic B "Terra Roxa", Ortho Dark Red Latosol and Textural B "Terra Roxa". Soil disponibility of P and K, and other factores influenced the effect of N. Yield responses to K+manuring was correlated with the amounts of exchangeable Ca2+ + Mg2+ and K+ in the soil. Also in the five experiments conducted with IAC RM3 variety on podzolized soils, on calcareous sandstone - Marilia and Lins variations, and on Dark Red Latosol phase, the yield responses were more frequent to N application. The effect cf K was not clearly associated with the indices of chemical analyses of the soils.

Ensaios de campo foram conduzidos por dois anos, com a finalidade de verificar se a amostragem comumente feita (usual) em canteiros experimentais de algodão, retirando-se a amostra do terço médio, é representativa de toda a planta. No presente estudo esta avaliação foi feita analisando as características de comprimento da fibra, índice de finura (Micronaire), uniformidade de comprimento, índice de resistência (Pressley), porcentagem de fibras e peso de um capulho, sendo os dados obtidos para a amostra usual correlacionados com os dados de amostras marcadas, constituídas por capulhos de mesma idade, provenientes de flores abertas no mesmo dia e, portanto, sujeitas às mesmas condições climáticas. Tais capulhos foram colhidos de diferentes partes da planta, isto é, do baixeiro, da parte mediana e do ponteiro. Os resultados revelaram que a média das amostras marcadas apresentou boa correlação com a amostra da parte mediana da planta, indicando ser o terço médio representativo da planta. A amostra usual apresentou melhor correlação com a média das amostras marcadas. Observou-se também que a amostra usual pode, em determinadas condições, fornecer melhores conclusões que a média das amostras marcadas, sendo prática e possuindo boa precisão.The technological properties of cotton fibers, such as upper half mean length, length uniformity, strength, and Micronaire fineness, and other characteristics such as percent lint and weight of one boll were studied in relation to four sampling methods, to evaluate whether the usual sampling procedure from the medium third part of the peant is representative of all the plant. The data obtained for usual sampling procedure were correlated with results from marked samples. This samples were composed by bolls of same age, obtained from flowers opened in the same day and subjected to the same weather conditions. Those bolls were harvested from the following parts of the plant: (i) lower, (ii) medium, and (iii) upper section. The results showed that the average of marked samples gave good correlation with the sample from medium section (ii), indicating to be the medium third representative of all the plant. The samples obtained by usual procedures gave better correlation with the average of marked samples. Also it was shown that the usual procedure may give better results than the average of marked samples, being more practical and with good precision.

Existing data suggests dramatic efficacy for all tested tricyclics in disorders involving spontaneous panic attacks; moderate efficacy for clomipramine but not other tricyclics in obsessive-compulsive patients; possible, but as yet not well established, tricyclic efficacy in generalized anxiety; and lack of efficacy in simple phobias. Further studies in all DSM-III Anxiety Disorders are both warranted and required to answer the nonological, pathophysiological and treatment questions raised by these findings.

Visando à avaliação do aproveitamento de nutrientes fornecidos através de sucessivas adubações com superfosfato simples, foi conduzido, durante três anos agrícolas, ensaio permanente de campo em latossolo roxo ácido, de baixa fertilidade, com as variedades paulistas de algodão IAC 13-1, IAC 16 e IAC 17. Adotou-se o esquema de parcelas subdivididas, sendo os tratamentos distribuídos em blocos ao acaso com quatro repetições. As parcelas maiores foram ocupadas pelas doses 0, 225, 450 e 675kg/ha de superfosfato simples, enquanto as subparcelas o foram pelas variedades. A gleba experimental recebeu aplicação de corretivo de acidez antes do primeiro plantio e adubações anuais de nitrogênio e potássio nas doses fixas de 50 a 75kg/ha de N e K2O, respectivamente. Análise de amostra de solo colhida no terceiro ano de estudo revelou sensíveis acréscimos nos teores de fósforo e de cálcio, decorrentes do uso contínuo de superfosfato simples. A adubação concorreu significativamente para aumentar a concentração de cálcio do limbo foliar e diminuir a de potássio; as concentrações de fósforo e de magnésio foram também influenciadas favoravelmente. Constatou-se antagonismo entre cálcio e potássio e entre magnésio e potássio. A variedade IAC 17 apresentou concentrações de N, P, S, Ca e K superiores às demais. O cultivo do algodoeiro no primeiro ano revelou-se antieconômico em função da baixa reação das plantas ao emprego do adubo e às desfavoráveis condições de comercialização do produto. No segundo e terceiro anos de acúmulo de superfosfato simples, os efeitos sobre a produção foram crescentes, o que sugere a conveniência do uso de dosagens maiores do produto em novos ensaios a serem efetuados, e estudos de outros modos de aplicação de adubo. A variedade IAC 17 demonstrou maior capacidade de aproveitamento do superfosfato simples acumulado através dos anos.The São Paulo cotton varieties IAC 13-1, IAC 16 and IAC 17 were studied in a permanent field trial on a Latosolic B Terra Roxa soil, of low fertility, during the years of 1974/75, 1975/76 and 1976/77. They received different levels of simple superphosphate, namely 0, 225, 450 and 675kg/ha. The experimental design was a split plot, with four replications, containing superphosphate fertilizations on the main plots and varieties on split plots. Lime was applied before the first year of cropping and annual applications of 50kg/ha of N and 75kg/ha of K2O were made, on all plots. After three years of fertilization a soil analysis showed increases in phosphorus and calcium levels. The leaf blade calcium concentration was significantly increased by the use of superphosphate, while potassium concentration was decreased. Phosphorus and magnesium levels were also favorably influenced. The potassium content appeared to be negatively correlated with calcium and magnesium. The concentrations of N, S, P, Ca and K in the IAC 17 leaf blade were higher than those observed for IAC 13-1 and IAC 16. In the first year cropping a negative net income was observed, due to low responses to fertilization and to unfavorable cotton price. Because of the high levels of net, income obtained in the second and third year, it seems that, for future studies, the use of higher amounts of superphosphate, and new application methods need to be recommended. IAC 17 cotton showed through the years the highest capacity of utilization of simple superphosphate.

Em área de Latossolo Roxo, localizada na Estação Experimental "Theodureto de Camargo", em Campinas, verificou-se incidência de doença provocando "murcha", com sintomas internos caracterizados pelo escurecimento dos vasos, sucessivamente em plantas de labelabe e em algodoeiro. Em ambas as espécies vegetais determinou-se a presença de fungos do gênero Fusarium, mediante isolamento feito em plantas doentes. Seleções, feitas na referida área, de plantas pertencentes a linhagem de algodoeiro suscetível à murcha de Fusariumderam origem a linhagens que revelaram apreciável resistência quando testadas em solo infestado por Fusarium oxysporum f.vasinfectum (Atk.) Snyder & Hansen. São discutidos aspectos relacionados com a possível descoberta de nova fonte genética de resistência à doença e com a existência desse fungo sob infestação natural na Estação Experimental mencionada. Também é apontada a possibilidade de serem o algodoeiro e a leguminosa em questão hospedeiras do mesmo agente patogênico.The occurrence of wilt disease, successively in plants of hyacinth bean (Dolichos lablab L.) and cotton, was observed in a plot of latosolic B (Terra Roxa) soil at the "Theodureto de Camargo" Experiment Station at Campinas, where no Fusarium wilt has been recorded before. Both species presented internal symptoms consisting in darkened vessels. Fungi of the genus Fusarium were isolated from these plants. Plant selection for wilt resistance was made in the above mentioned area where a Fusarium - susceptible variety (IAG 51/1104) of cotton had been planted. The progenies when tested in soils infested by Fusarium oxysporum f. vasinfectum Atk.) Snyder & Hansen revealed fair resistance to wilt. IAG 51/1104 comes from a cross between the varieties Delfos and Delta Pineland-10, both wilt susceptible under field conditions of the State of São Paulo. It is likely that the wilt resistance of some of its progeny might have originated by recombination. It is also pointed out that the wilting agent (F. oxysporum f. vasinfectum) might occur in the "Theodureto de Camargo", Experiment Station and be responsible for the wilt in hyacinth bean and cotton plants.

A variedade paulista de algodoeiro IAC 12 resultou de um programa de cruzamento entre variedades comerciais do tipo Upland, que visou reunir várias propriedades econômicamente vantajosas. Êste programa foi iniciado no ano agrícola de 1942/43 e terminou em 1959, quando as primeiras sacas de semente básica daquela variedade foram entregues à Secretaria da Agricultura, para multiplicação em grande escala. Originária de cruzamento entre linhagens das variedades comerciais Stoneville 2B e Delfos, ela veio resolver definitivamente a crise de comprimento da fibra que afligia a cotonicultura paulista, por volta de 1956, e contribuiu para melhorar o aspecto de campo e as demais qualidades agronômicas e tecnológicas das variedades paulistas. Neste trabalho são relatadas as diversas fases da criação da variedade IAC 12 assim como os processos envolvidos e os resultados alcançados.The origin and breeding of the São Paulo cotton variety IAC 12 as well as the involved proceedings and numerical results are reported. A program of crosses between strains of several Upland varieties was iniciated in 1942/43 which ended in 1959 when the first bags of foundation seeds of IAC 12 were delivered for final increase. IAC 12 variety originated from a cross between strains of the varieties Stoneville 2B and Delfos followed by a backcross to the later and five cycles of selection and progeny tests. This new variety not only solved the problem of lint length that depressed cotton culture of the State of São Paulo around the year of 1956, but also improved the general aspect of plants and most of the agronomic and technological characters.

Um processo contínuo de testes de algodoeiros, em condições naturais de infestação por Fusarrum oxysporum f. vasinfectum (Atk.) Snyder & Hansen, é descrito e discutido. Consiste, basicamente, em ciclos de seleção de três anos. Seleções individuais são feitas no primeiro ano, e as progenies são testadas no segundo. Ainda no segundo ano são realizadas seleções massais nas melhores progênies, e as populações descendentes são estudadas no terceiro ano. A avaliação dos resultados obtidos em dois ciclos consecutivos mostrou que o método foi eficiente, incrementando, em qualquer dos materiais estudados, a tolerância e a resistência à moléstia, expressas em índices apropriados. O progresso foi maior em material suscetível de origem do que em material resistente. Tal diferença diminuiu quando a intensidade da fusariose aumentou Também os ganhos, em valor absoluto, foram menores em condições de maior gravidade da moléstia.A process of continuous selection and testing for fusarium wilt resistance of cotton is described and its efficiency discussed. It essentially consists in individual selection, progeny tests, mass selection in the best progenies and testing of the corresponding MS in the third year. Individual selections may come from the breeding programs as well as from crop fields and artificial inoculation in green-houses. All the tests are made in field conditions. Data of 1969 to 1971, obtained in two cycles of selection, showed that the process described was efficient in increasing both tolerance and resistance to wilt. The increase was larger in the case of originally susceptible material than in that of resistant one. This difference was smaller in years of more intense wilt. Also the actual values of increases were smaller in such years. The results suggest that fusarium wilt resistance, in cotton, may be a matter of concentration of minor genes in the population, rather than of the presence of a few major genes.

Em latossolos do Estado de São Paulo, não deficientes em potássio para a cultura algodoeira, os efeitos de N e de K sobre certas características da planta se relacionaram com os resultados da análise química do solo. A adubação potássica diminuiu a precocidade da planta, em particular nos solos medianamente bem supridos em potássio. Tal índice não foi afetado pela adubação nitrogenada. A aplicação de N aumentou os valores médios de peso de 100 sementes, peso de um capulho e índice de fibra, com destaque nos solos mais ricos em K. A adubação potássica não influenciou essas características. O comprimento e a resistência da fibra foram melhorados pela adubação nitrogenada, no grupo de solos mais ricos em K. A aplicação de K não alterou significativamente as características tecnológicas da fibra.Effects of N and K applications on characteristics of cotton cultivated in latosolic soils, of the State of São Paulo, not deficient in potassium, are related with results of soil analysis. Potash application diminished plant precocity particularly in soils with medium K disponibility. This character was not influenced by N application. Nitrogen application increased the weight of bolls and seeds, and the fiber index, particularly in soils with higher K contents. These characteristics were not influenced by K application. In soils with higher K content, N application increased also the fiber length and Pressley index. The fiber characteristics were not affected by K application.

Sabe-se que o sistema radicular do algodoeiro se situa predominantemente na região compreendida pelos primeiros 20 cm de profundidade do solo. Como a cultura exige intensas práticas culturais, torna-se útil conhecer a distribuição progressiva do sistema radicular naquela região, sobretudo nos primeiros meses do ciclo vegetative época em que a cultura exige a intensificação das capinas. Estudos sôbre a questão foram efetuados em um ensaio de campo com a variedade IAC 12-57/566, em solo tipo terra-roxa-misturado, fozendo-se observações aos 42, 61 e 81 dias após a germinação das sementes. Os dados mostraram maior concentração de raízes na camada de 3 a 15 cm de profundidade do solo e até a uma distância aproximada de 25 cm lateralmente às plantas. O ritmo de crescimento do sistema radicular do algodoeiro foi mais intenso do 42.° ao 61.° dia após a germinação. A má utilização dos implementos agrícolas nesse período mais critico, poderá pois, provocar grandes danos à cultura, principalmente se forem empregados cultivos profundos.The distribution of the cotton plant root system in the upper 20 cm layer of soil was studied at three different times (42, 61 ond 81-day old plants). These studies were carried out in a cotton field of the variety IAC 12-57/566 planted on a "terra-roxa-misturada" type of soil. The spacing was 80 cm between rows and 15 cm between plants in the row. The method employed consisted in excavating a ditch at a right angle to the plant rows, including four plants, and then removing the soil as blocks. Five loyers of soil blocks were taken: the first and second were 3 cm thick; the third, 4 cm thick; and the fourth and fifth, 5 cm thick. After washing off the soil of each block, the roots in it were air dried and weighed. A representation of the root distribution os encountered is given in figure 2. Far the cotton field studied, most of the roots were found between 3 and 15 cm of depth up to a distance of 25 cm from the plant stem. Between 42 and 61 days of oge, the cotton plants developed an appreciable amount of roots in the soil layer lying between the depths of 3 and 6 cm. It is recommended that much care must be taken in regard to cultivating cotton fields since a large amount of roots is found in upper 6 cm layer of soil which is frequently reached by the cultivator.

São apresentados os resultados de três ensaios com a finalidade de estudar o efeito da adubação com torta de café, na germinação do algodoeiro. Oa ensaios foram instalados em estufa, em 1961, utilizando-se a torta de café isoladamente e em combinação com fosforita de Olinda ou cloreto de potássio. Num dos ensaios foi testada uma mistura que continha 75%, em pêso, de torta de café e 25% de cloreto de potássio, em comparação com cloreto de potássio isoladamente. De modo geral, houve efeito prejudicial na aplicação da mistura de torta e cloreto de potássio, salvo no caso em que foi aplicada ao lado e abaixo do nível das sementes. O cloreto de potássio, isoladamente, não prejudicou a germinação. Num segundo ensaio foi estudada a mistura tendo 50% de torta de café e 50% de fosforita de Olinda. O efeito prejudicial foi menor que no ensaio anterior a presente mistura causou maiores prejuízos à germinação quando em contacto com as sementes; o mesmo não ocorreu quando aplicada ao lado do sulco de semeação. No terceiro ensaio foram testadas diversas épocas de aplicação, com as duas misturas acima citadas e torta de café. Notou-se uma tendência de melhoria na germinação quando os adubos foram aplicados com antecedência à semeação do algodoeiro.The effect of coffee pomace alone or mixed with other fertilizers on cotton germination was studied in three experiments. In a first experiment a mixture of coffee pomace (75%) plus potassium chloride (25%). was compared with the latter alone. The pomace mixture reduced germination comiderably when it was: placed near the cotton seeds. When applied about 2 inches from this seed and 1 inch, below the seed level, gave good results. Potassium chloride alotte did not reduce germination. In the second experiment coffee pomace (50%) mixed with Olinda rock phosphate (50%) was compared with the latter alone. Damage to germination was of a lesser degree than in the first experiment. Applied laterally and below the seed level, gave very good results. A third experiment was carried out in which coffe pomace alone, mixed with potassium chloride, or with, rock phosphate were compared when applications were made at sowing time and 10, 20, and 30 days prior to it. Damage to germination was negligible when fertilizers were applied 30 day before sowing.

A seleção individual de plantas em terrenos naturalmente infestados pela "murcha", moléstia provocada por Fusarium oxysporumf. vasinfectum (Atk.) Snyder & Hansen, e subseqüente teste de progênies em semelhantes condições, mostrou ser método viável no melhoramento de variedades resistentes a essa moléstia. A variedade IAC RM4, cuja obtenção através dêsse método é descrita, suplantou a variedade original Auburn 56, em 17 ensaios regionais, não só em resistência à moléstia como em tôdas as características de valor cultural e tecnológicas. É discutida a conveniência de o trabalho de seleção ser feito em terrenos naturalmente infestados, localizados nas zonas produtoras de algodão, tendo em vista a necessidade de efetuar grande número de seleções individuais, para que um melhoramento efetivo, considerado em todos os aspectos, além da resistência à moléstia, possa ser obtido.Individual plant selection, followed by progeny tests, in naturally infested soil located in cotton growing areas of the State of São Paulo, revealed to be a viable method to improve cotton varieties, resistant to Fusarium wilt. IAC RM4 variety, obtained by this method, was superior to the paternal variety, Auburn 56, in fiber and agronomic characteristics, besides resistance to Fusarium wilt. The effectivenness of this method is discussed on the basis of the great number of plants that is possible to be selected, a factor which is limitant in the case of artificial inoculation.

To assess the role of peripheral epinephrine in social anxiety, the authors infused 11 patients meeting DSM-III criteria for social phobia with intravenous epinephrine over 60 minutes. Although the mean plasma epinephrine level increased from 113 to 928 pg/ml, only one of the 11 patients experienced observable anxiety; this finding suggests that an increase in plasma epinephrine level alone is inadequate to cause social anxiety. Of the variables measured, only the average minute volume correlated with self-rated anxiety. Ventilatory indexes might be better correlates of subjective anxiety than other physiological variables.

Authors report on their experiments and observations with knee endoprostheses. On reason of the high price of imported prostheses the home production of implantates is urged. They reported in a preliminary paper in 1977 on the insertion of the first knee prosthesis made in Hungary. Since this time in 36 instances have been inserted without complication their titanium-polyamid and stainless steel-polyamid sledge type prostheses (a total of 42 pairs of 32 patients). After 2 years follow up the results can be classified as "very good". A new improved model of knee prosthesis is under elaboration.