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Krabbeskall er en ressurs som hittil har vært lite utnyttet i Norge. Bedriften Nutrishell på Hitra bearbeider krabbeskall til bruk i mat og fôr. Sjølagret krabbeskall er tilgjengelig, og inneholder fortsatt mye kitin. Kitin er et amino-polysakkarid som finnes i skallet til insekter og skalldyr og bidrar til å gi det struktur og styrke. Forsøk har vist at kitin kan ha en styrkende effekt på planter, f.eks. mot soppsjukdom. På vegne av Nutrishell har NORSØK i samarbeid med NIBIO og Kimen Såvarelaboratoriet AS gjennomført en undersøkelse av hvordan krabbeskall er egnet som kalkingsmiddel, og om vi kunne finne en plantestyrkende effekt. Det viste seg at finmalt krabbeskall ga en like god effekt som vanlig kalksteinsmel for å øke pH i veksttorv. Krabbeskall inneholder noe mer næringsstoffer enn det vi finner i kalkstein, spesielt fosfor, nitrogen og svovel. For å undersøke en eventuell plantestyrkende effekt brukte vi såkorn av bygg, med ulik smittegrad av soppsjukdommen byggbrunflekk (Pyrenophora teres). Seks frøparti ble dyrket i gjødslet veksttorv kalket med finmalt krabbeskall eller kalksteinsmel, ved en temperatur på ca. 10 °C, over 25 dager. Ved avslutning ble angrep av byggbrunflekk skjønnsmessig vurdert på en skala fra 0 til 3. Forsøket ble gjentatt to ganger. Det viste seg at smittegrad bestemt ved Kimen Såvarelaboratoriet ikke alltid stemte overens med primærsymptomer som kom etter at plantene ble dyrket. Det var også en betydelig variasjon mellom de seks frøvarepartiene i forsøk 1 og forsøk 2. Dette tilsier at antall frø per forsøksenhet bør være høyere enn åtte planter, som ble brukt her. For å få et ryddigere tallmateriale delte vi resultatene inn i to grupper av frøpartier, etter sort. Det ble fire frøparti av sorten Annika, to med lav og to med høy smittegrad bestemt i laboratorium, hvor utviklingen av primærsymptomer stemte godt overens med smittegraden; og to av sorten Termus, hvor smittegraden stemte dårligere overens med utviklingen av primærsymptomer.

Effluent water and mechanically filtered sludge from recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS) contain significant concentrations of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) and may be applied directly as fertiliser, e.g. in hydroponic systems. However, where this is not possible the nutrients must be removed and should ideally be applied as fertiliser elsewhere, but this often involves costly transportation. To increase the amount of nutrients per kg of material to be transported, e.g. to agricultural fields, the sludge may be filtered using various methods. Chemical coagulants and flocculants are commonly applied to aid particle and nutrient removal. This report describes initial trials with fish sludge amended with the natural polymers lignocellulose and purified cellulose as filter materials, conducted at Denmark Technical University (DTU) Hirtshals, and further testing of the filer cakes as substrates for composting conducted at NORSØK, Tingvoll. The optimal composition of lignocellulose and cellulose to be used for filtration of fish sludge was determined by filtering 1 L of sludge at 4.85 g TCOD/L (total chemical oxygen demand) with combinations of lignocellulose (20, 25, 30, 35 g/L) and cellulose (0.5, 0.75, 1, 2 g/L). A minimum ratio of 0.75 g of cellulose to 35 g of lignocellulose per L of sludge was required for filtration. This combination could produce a filter cake with a dry matter content of 24 - 29%, containing most of the nutrients (N, P). The weight of material containing N and P was reduced by more than 80% by the filtration. Two types of filter cake were produced at DTU Hirtshals with these natural polymers, with and without aluminium coagulant. The cakes were frozen and transported to the Norwegian Centre for Organic Agriculture, Tingvoll where they were amended with fish meal to make batches with a C/N ratio of 55, 30, and 20. The thermophilic decomposition and CO2 respiration of these batches were studied in Dewar flasks. The mixtures without chemical c

There is a need to find novel sources of fertilizers to meet the increasing food demands of a growing human population and alternatives to mined and synthetic fertilizers for the certified organic sector. Marine residues contain all (micro-)macro-nutrients that plants need. Composting is a common method for processing organic residues for use in horticulture. To that end, a small-scale composting experiment was conducted in Dewar flasks with five marine residues mixed in six combinations: dried and ground rockweed (Ascophyllum nodosum), algae fiber from chemically processed rockweed, ground fish bones and fishmeal from cod (Gadus morhua), and ground blue mussels (Mytilus edulis). Physicochemical analyses were run on the residues and their mixtures before and after composting, with the temperature monitored over 92 days. The goal was to assess whether these residues were suitable for aerobic composting, based on tem-perature profiles and changes in physiochemical parameters, and to evaluate the final composts as potential fertilizers. The combination of algae fiber and fishmeal generated the highest heat and exhibited the greatest reduction in volume. None of the finished composts, however, were sufficiently balanced for use as fertilizers alone, but they could provide valuable organic matter and nutrients in combination with other nutrient sources.

This paper describes results obtained in several projects at NORSØK to study the effect of residuals of captured fish (cod, saithe etc.) and seaweed residuals for fertilisation of crop plants. Whereas fish residues have a very rapid growth efffect, seaweed residues have demonstrated an interesting residual effect over several years in local field trials.

This paper gives an overview of studies conducted at NORSØK, Tingvoll, Norway in the SeaSoil project (2022-2025), especially a trial where high amounts of various seaweeds were applied. The maximum application per unit area over time is regulated by the content of cadmium, which may be significant in brown seaweeds. Soil data indicates that arsenic may still be present in the soil 3 years after application. Potentially toxic elements (heavy metals) are studied in SeaSoil and further results will be published.

Intensive potato production may reduce the soil organic matter content (SOM), which may impact several soil functions and increase the incidence of potato diseases. We examined if cover crop and addition of organic materials may counteract these effects. Organic materials were one application of biochar mixed with liquid digestate (BLD); solid digestate (SD); or farmyard manure (FYM); with or without winter rye as cover crop, in a field with regular potato growing. Organic amendment increased SOM, especially for FYM and BLD, while cover crop did not affect SOM. Yet, cover crop increased tuber yields in the second year, and reduced the severity of potato diseases by 10% in post-harvest potatoes in both years. In the second year, the number of marketable potatoes after storage increased by 37% with cover crop. Organic amendments did not affect potato yield or quality, but the proportion of marketable potatoes tended to be higher in the amended soil. By lab incubation, BLD showed the largest potential for SOM storage, up to 32 years, followed by FYM and SD. Cover crops and organic amendments is recommended in potato production, especially for early potatoes where there is sufficient time after harvest to establish a good cover crop.

Jorddekke i grønnsaker har mange ulike effekter. Gjennom målingene i prosjektet Hakket Bedre ser vi bl.a. at plantehakket har økt både soppmengde i jorda, innhold av organisk karbon og jordrespirasjonen i de ulike feltene.

This final report from the project “Residual materials from marine industries as fertilisers in organic agriculture” is an example of blue-green collaboration. Such collaboration has been a strategic goal for many Norwegian research and innovation activities since the terms bioeconomy and circular economy came high on the agenda. Significant amounts of residual raw materials from marine industry are still poorly utilized. Traditionally, seaweeds and residues of fish and other sea animals were applied as feed and fertilisers along the coast of Norway, as elsewhere in coastal regions. These valuable materials should still be applied in agriculture, but the application needs to be adapted to a more professional and large-scale production. Organic agriculture aims at being selfsufficient in nutrients and other inputs for the production. A further aim is to recycle nutrients and organic matter not only inside the farm by feeding manure-producing animals, but by recycling nutrients lost from the farm by sales of products, and by runoff and emissions. The RESTOR project (2018-2022) has provided resources for establishing a significant research and developmental work on marine-derived fertilisers at the Norwegian Centre for Organic Agriculture (NORSØK). Marine derived fertilisers, especially from sustainable collection or capture of natural renewable resources, may fit well to the aims of organic agriculture. The project has tested residual materials rich in bones from industry processing white fish species (cod, saithe, longfish etc.), and residual material from chemical extraction of rockweed. The materials have been tested as fertilisers and soil amendments, with controlled trials indoor and in the field. A general result is a very rapid growth effect of fishbones in the year of application, with a residual effect in subsequent years resembling that of dried poultry manure. The algae fiber has no immediate fertiliser effect but has a significant residual growth effect. D

Innen dyrking av radkulturer kan konkurranse fra ugras være utfordrende og i økologisk produksjon kan tilgang til gjødsel være lav. Jorddekke med plantehakk har lenge vært kjent som en måte å holde ugraset nede på. Ved å bruke grønt plantemateriale kan man dessuten tilføre mye næringsstoffer til kulturplantene. Generelt vil bruk av plantehakk bidra til å opprettholde/øke jordens innhold av organisk materiale, bedre jordstrukturen og øke den biologiske aktiviteten i jorden (Riley m.fl. 2003; Rittl m. fl. 2023). Bedre jordstruktur vil øke dyrkingssystemets evne til å tåle store nedbørsmengder, og øke jordas vannlagringsevne som er viktig i perioder med tørke.

The global need to substitute fossil fuels, along with rising fertilizer costs, calls for a more efficient use of manure resources in agricultural systems. One option may be to treat more animal manure by anaerobic digestion to produce energy and co- produce an organic fertilizer. Here, we investigated the long-term effects of anaerobically digested (AD) dairy cow slurry on crop yields, soil organic matter (SOM) and chemical soil characteristics. The field experiment was established in a grass-clover ley in 2011 and comprised two fertilizer treatments, non-digested slurry and AD slurry, applied at two rates of total N (110 and 220 kg ha-1 y-1), compared with a non-fertilised control. While the rate of manure application affected soil concentrations of extractable nutrients and pH, these variables were not affected by AD. SOM concentrations (0-20 cm) decreased in all plots, and faster on plots with high intrinsic SOM. The decrease was similar with application of non- digested slurry (US) and anaerobically digested slurry (ADS) and at slow and high application rates. US and ADS gave similar yields of grass-clover ley and whole crop cereal, on average 0.79 and 0.40 kg DM m-2. The proportion of clover in the ley canopy was similar in manured treatments and the nonfertilized control. With respect to crop yields and chemical soil characteristics, longterm (10 years) effects of AD in an organic dairy cow farming system seem to be minor, not compromising grassland productivity or soil quality in the long term. However, with traditional application of the slurry (no incorporation), no yield increase was achieved with AD, as has been found in other studies.

This power point file was presented as a webinar for employees in the Norwegian organic certification body Debio, "Matvalget" and "Debio Info", on January 10, 2023. It highlights the main impacts from agriculture on planetary boundaries (biochemical flows of N and P; biodiversity) and provides arguments as to why conversion to organic production may improve the situation. Further, the presentation argues that by changing our eating habits, e.g. towards what was proposed in "Future Nordic Diet 2017", Denmark, Sweden, Norway and Finland may collaborate to produce food for 37 million people with organic production, and concurrently decrease climate impacts significantly. Less meat, more cereals and vegetables would be the main step of change.

Seafood processing generates significant volumes of residues including bones, heads and other non-consumable fish parts, rich in nitrogen, phosphorus and calcium. Some residues are recycled to aquaculture or animal feed, but around 4 000 tP/y in Norway are currently not valorised. Nitrogen, potassium and magnesium can be extracted from brown seaweed (harvested or cultivated), and combined with processed seafood by-products to produce a nutrient-balanced recycled fertiliser, which has shown positive results in agronomic trials. These marine sources represent significant potential for nutrient recycling in coastal countries. Certain seafood processing byproducts are specifically authorised for use as fertilisers in the EU Organic Farming Regulations: fish meal – without limitations, mollusc waste and shellfish chitin from organic aquaculture or sustainable fisheries only, seaweed and seaweed processing by-products with some restrictions.

The presentation informs about field experiments carried out by NORSØK with new types of fertilisers applicable for organic growing of arable crops (cereals), such as struvite from sewage, and left-over materials from the sea such as fishbones and seaweed.

This lecture explains some basic characteristics of the elements nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K), and their important role as macronutrients for crop plants. Further, the significant contribution of current agricultural systems to overload the planetary boundaries for biochemical flows of N and P are discussed. The lecture then presents fertilisers derived from marine residual materials which are currently poorly utilised (bone-rich material from fish; seaweed residues). Raw materials are discussed, along with results of pot and field trials carried out with marine materials. Fish residues were applied as NPCa-fertilisers around 1910, with significant export of fish-based "guano" from Norway.

An outdoor experiment was performed for six months to evaluate the effects of organic fertilizers obtained from marine residual materials on strawberry plants. Three types of organic fertilizers were used, i.e., cod (Gadus morhua) bone powder, common ling (Molva molva) bone powder, and pellets obtained by mixing small cod bone powder and rockweed (Ascophyllum nodosum) residues. A tabletop system for strawberry cultivation was designed, in which two bare-root strawberry plants of cultivar ‘Albion’ were planted in a peat substrate in each pot. Five treatments were applied, i.e., cod bone powder (F1), common ling bone powder (F2), small cod bone powder and rockweed residue pellets (FA), chemical fertilizer (E), and a control (C). The number of leaves and their nutrient content, fruit yield and quality characteristics of the strawberries grown using the organic fertilizers were similar or better than those corresponding to treatments E and C. Organic fertilizers derived from the residues of fish and macroalgae could be a promising alternative to chemical fertilizers in strawberry production.

The file is a collection of slides presented during a field day to see an outdoor experiment with application of seaweed materials to agricultural crops. The materials were residues from extraction of liquid fertilisers, or other residual seaweed materials, provided by collaborating industry partners.

This presentation was an update about the ongoing research activities inside two related projects, SeaSoil and MariGreen, both funded by the ERA net BLue Bio cofund. Both project works with different topics related to the application of marine-derived residual materials as fertilisers.The target group was about 20 students from Øya vocational school, studying agronomy.

Mange som dyrker grønnsaker til direkte salg er interessert i økologiske driftsmetoder. Det er mye organisk materiale tilgjengelig i byer og tettbygde strøk. Matrester og avfall fra hager og parker kan bli til både energi og gjødsel, som kan brukes i dyrking av grønnsaker i bynære strøk. Da får vi korte verdikjeder, men hva med innholdet av tungmetaller? Beregninger viser at grenseverdier i jord vil mettes først for kobber og sink, som også er viktige mikronæringsstoffer. for planter. Jordforbedringsmidler med høyt innhold av organisk materiale, som hage-park kompost og hestegjødsel, inneholder mer tungmetaller per kg tørrstoff enn fjørfegjødsel og utråtnet matavfall.

Data from a long-term field experiment in Norway, comparing digested and undigested slurry from organically managed dairy cows since 2011. The dataset includes chemical analyses of digested and non-digested slurry, soil characteristics at plot level of pH, extractable nutrients, loss on ignition; crop yields and botanical composition. These data supplement the findings presented and discussed in the research article Anaerobic digestion of animal manure – long-term effects on crop yields and soil characteristics.

Brown algae and fish waste contain high-value compounds with potentially beneficial effects on plant growth. Several commercial fertilizer products are currently available, but the characteristics of the materials are usually not well-described. Fish and seaweed residues originating from the Norwegian coast are available, after industrial processing, which may be combined into complete fertilizers exerting additional effects on crop plants (biostimulants). In this study, raw samples of fish and seaweed residues were investigated using ecofriendly technologies (drying, leaching), targeting search and isolation of potential biostimulants, followed by physicochemical characterization (elemental analysis, UV–visible, FT-IR, ICP-MS, ICP-OES, electrical conductivity, pH, etc.). Organic solvent extractions were employed to determine the available mineral content, micro- and macro-nutrients, antioxidant compounds, and amino acid content by chemical hydrolysis. The in vitro biotoxicity profile (cell viability, morphology, migration) of the generated extracts was also perused, employing Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus) and Gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli) along with sensitive neuronal eukaryotic cell lines N2a58 and SH-SY5Y, to assess their time- and concentration-dependent efficacy as antimicrobials and agents counteracting oxidative stress. The analytical composition of all raw materials showed that they contain important nutrients (K, P, Ca, N) as well as organic compounds and amino acids (Gly, Asp, Glu, Leu, Phe) capable of acting as plant biostimulants. Concurrently, the inherently high conductivity values and salt content necessitated leaching processes, which result in Na+ and K+ decreasing by more than ~60% and justifying further their use in soil treatment formulations. The aforementioned results and assertions, combined with physical measurements (pH, electrical conductivity, etc.) on naturally occurring and dried samples as well as green solvent extra

This presentation was given during the Organic-PLUS evaluation meeting (webinar) on February 6, 2023, on behalf of many colleagues involved in the WP5 SOIl work package of Organic-PLUS. The file gives an overview of deliverables and conclusions in the major tasks of this WP, which were named Peat, Plastic and Fertiliers. We worked with growing media phasing out the use of peat; completely degradable plastic mulchi and other accessories from renewable materials based on potato starch; and a range of materials applicable to phase out animal-derived fertilisers from organic growing.

This presentation was given at the final seminar of the NIBIO-project "UrbanFarms" (2019-2023), in Oslo on June 5, 2023. On 10 farms near Oslo or Bergen, soil was sampled to measure concentrations of potentially toxic elements (PTEs, often named heavy metals). Norwegian data for PTEs in fertilisers which are applicable in a (peri)urban agriculture were used to assess for which elements and over which time spans the average soil concentrations would approach limits for soil quality in national regulations. Limits were reached within 20-450 years, and first for zink and copper. These elements are essential micronutrients for crop plants. Soil quality limits in Norway are strict compared with trhe EU, and need consideration to increase application of locally available fertilisers.

«Blågrønt samarbeid» er et viktig stikkord i norsk bioøkonomi. Det kan omfatte resirkulering av næring fra havet til bruk som fôr og gjødsel i landbruket. I Møre og Romsdal ligger det godt til rette for å utvikle et slikt samarbeid.

Renewable energy in the form of biogas can be produced by anaerobic digestion (AD) of animal manure. However, there is still a lack of knowledge on the long-term effects of AD-treated manure on soil characteristics and crop productivity, compared with untreated manure. A field experiment was established in a perennial grass-clover ley in 2011 to study the effects on important soil and crop characteristics when the slurry from a herd of organically managed dairy cows is anaerobically digested. While the rate of manure application affected soil concentrations of extractable nutrients and pH, these variables were unaffected by AD. Soil organic matter (SOM) concentrations decreased in all plots and faster on the plots with high intrinsic SOM. The decrease was similar with application of untreated (non-digested) slurry (US) and anaerobically digested slurry (ADS), and it was not affected by application rates. The general decline may be explained by the initial high SOM content, the long-term effect of drainage, and higher temperatures with climatic change. US and ADS gave similar yields of grassclover ley (2 cuts/year) and green fodder, on average 0.79 and 0.40 kg DM m−2, respectively. Clover yield was similar in manured treatments and the non-fertilized control. With respect to crop yields and chemical soil characteristics, long-term (10 years) effects of AD in an organic dairy cow farming system seem to be minor. The benefits of extracting energy from the slurry did not compromise grassland productivity or soil quality in the long term.