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This paper aims to investigate, through aesthetic appeal, layout and functionality, interactivity and financial security, the impact of generation X perceptions of the e-servicescape in mobile shopping on perceived value and customer satisfaction following the sequence of the S–O–R framework. A survey involved 231 generation X respondents who shopped using mobile apps at least one mobile purchase in the past six months. The collected data were analysed using Structural Equation Modelling (SEM), Partial Least Square (PLS). The results revealed that aesthetic appeal, layout and functionality and interactivity could influence the perceived value and would lead to the mobile shopping intention, whilst customer satisfaction could impact the perceive value and mobile shopping intention through the mediating process. This research provides insight into the new effects of each dimension of e-servicescape on perceived value, customer satisfaction and the mobile purchase intention, thus improving the existing knowledge in the field of servicescape and mobile shopping customer behaviour.

Three healthy HLA-B7 homozygous subjects were found with similar but not identical HLA-D antigens; one was DW 2 homozygous according to independent typing results. This could be an expression of `long' and `short' HLA-.D antigens or be due to differences in weak antigens outside the HLA-D region. Two further healthy HLA-.B7 homozygous subjects were studied; one was apparently heterozygous for DW 2, the other apparently carried no DW 2 antigen. Both could discriminate between different DW 2 homozygous test cells. Two such test cells-one from a patient with multiple sclerosis (MS) and the other from a man with two children with MS-gave variable and absurd reactions with cells from the two subjects in question. It is tentatively suggested that genes exist which, when present in both moities in a mixed leucocyte reaction (MLR), can impair the MLR and give false `typing' reactions. This might be more common among patients with MS and perhaps also some other diseases (certain arthritides, e.g. rheumatoid arthritis) than among healthy subjects and can complicate or make impossible the interpretation of HLA-.D typing data. It could also explain the previously-described impaired MLR between cells from patients with these diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One-way mixed leucocyte reactions (MLR) were performed between blood leucocytes from control subjects or pairs of patients with one of the following diseases: multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis arthropatica, pelvospondylitis, SLE, or scleroderma. Cells from each subject were also simultaneously tested against cells from a healthy 'standard' person. Impaired MLR were found in all these patient categories compared with a control group of both healthy individuals and patients with unrelated diseases. The results of the patient-standard combinations indicated that the impaired MLR were not due to deficiencies in the patients' lymphocytes preventing stimulation of or response in MLR. One possibility is that the cause lies outside the lymphocytes, perhaps in an impaired macrophage function. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The mixed leukocyte reaction (MLR) is impaired in multiple sclerosis and certain arthritides, notably rheumatoid arthritis. The present study shows that this phenomenon is not disease-specific: cells from patients with multiple sclerosis react poorly also with cells from patients with arthritis. A time study of the reaction excludes the possibility of an initial strong MLR followed by cell death -- a phenomenon sometimes seen in animal experiments. A study of the effect of patient sera on a two-way MLR between normal individuals shows that a small depressive effect is present with the patient sera, but this is not of the magnitude that it can explain the MLR impairment under study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Li Shean Toh,1 Pauline Siew Mei Lai,2 David Bin-Chia Wu,3 Kok Thong Wong,1 Bee Yean Low,1 Alexander Tong Boon Tan,4 Claire Anderson5 1School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Semenyih, Malaysia; 2Department of Primary Care Medicine, University of Malaya Primary Care Research Group, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; 3School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, Malaysia; 4Department of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; 5Division of Social Research in Medicine and Health, School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK Purpose: To develop and validate the English version of the Satisfaction Questionnaire for Osteoporosis Prevention (SQOP) in Malaysia.Methods: The SQOP was modified from the Osteoporosis Patient Satisfaction Questionnaire and developed based on literature review and patient interviews. Face and content validity were established via an expert panel. The SQOP consists of two sections: clinical services and types of counseling. There were 23 items in total, each with a five-point Likert-type response. Satisfaction score was calculated by converting the total score to a percentage. A higher score indicates higher satisfaction. English speaking, non-osteoporotic, postmenopausal women aged ≥50 years were included in the study. Participants were randomized to either the control or intervention group. Intervention participants were provided counseling, whereas control participants received none. Participants answered the SQOP at baseline and 2 weeks later.Results: A total of 140 participants were recruited (control group: n=70; intervention group: n=70). No significant differences were found in any demographic aspects. Exploratory factor analysis extracted seven domains. Cronbach’s a for the domains ranged from 0.531–0.812. All 23 items were highly correlated using Spearman’s correlation coefficient 0.469–0.996 (P

This review focuses on the studies and opinions around issues of transition from the BPharm to the PharmD degree in the U.S., Japan, South Korea, Pakistan and Thailand. The transition to the clinically orientated PharmD degree in many countries was seen to be a means of developing the profession. However, some countries have both clinically-oriented and pharmaceutical sciences-oriented PharmD programme that are designed to meet the needs of their countries. Each country created a different process to handle the transition to an all-PharmD programme, but mostly had the process of school accreditation mandated by the regulatory bodies. The main barrier to the transition in most of the countries was the issue of educational quality. A set of indicators is needed to measure and monitor the impact/outcome of the PharmD degree. Each country has different needs due to the different contexts of health care systems and the scope of pharmacy practice. In order to increase their chances of benefiting from the new programme, academic leaders should critically assess their countries’ needs before deciding to adopt a PharmD programme.

Citizen science has gained widespread currency as a tool for ecological research over the past decade. However, in the discipline of urban ecology, the existing contributions and future potential of citizen science engagement, specifically in terms of knowledge gain, have not yet been comprehensively explored. Here, we present a systematic review of published work on the urban ecology of birds and butterflies in relation to their use of citizen science data between 2005 and 2014. We compared the number of studies that used citizen science data to the number of studies that could potentially have employed data derived from citizen science. The take-up rates of citizen science data were 21% and 26% for birds and butterflies respectively. Most studies that employed citizen science used volunteer-derived data as primary data, and adopted Collegial, Collaborative and Contributional engagement modes to the exclusion of Contractual and Co-created arrangements. There was no evidence that citizen science studies investigated a different organismal scale (community vs. species) compared to the urban ecology literature. For both taxa, citizen science contributions were lower than expected compared to their representation in the urban ecology literature for studies on species-environment relationships at landscape and micro-environment scales, as well as behavioural ecology in general. Other research topics that could benefit from further citizen science involvement include breeding studies and guild analyses for birds, and multi-taxa studies for butterflies. Promising models of citizen science engagement for urban ecology are highlighted in relation to their thematic foci and methodological detail, and a number of research questions that could be productively addressed using citizen science are identified. The dynamics of contemporary engagement between citizen science and urban ecology described by this review could inform the design and refinement of urban ecology-citizen science programmes in order to optimise their scientific contributions.

The Author points out information lacking in morphological Systematics for evolutionary studies of amphibian taxa, relieving physiological and biochemical analysis as valuable tools of philogenetic interrelationships study. After a brief mention of Urodela cutaneous secretion, with polypeptideshormone-like structured as chief constituent, and some steroid anuran toxic samples, there is an explanation about chromatographic isolation of indole derivatives. An important conclusion is the participation of 5-hydroxitryptaminein almost all Bufo species cutaneous secretion more concentrated when the species is more primitive; chemical affinities are represented by polygonal graphs; high affinity indexes seem to suggest us remote dispersions in earlyevolution stages; these affinities are more common between African and Tropical American Species, whereas Middle East and African Bufonidae show a low toxic affinity; Asian Bufonidae are not much analogous in cutaneous secretion composition with New World and African specimens. Actually, chemical analysis suggests some generalizations about philogenetic interrelationships and primitive spreading of early evolution specimens of anura.The Author points out information lacking in morphological Systematics for evolutionary studies of amphibian taxa, relieving physiological and biochemical analysis as valuable tools of philogenetic interrelationships study. After a brief mention of Urodela cutaneous secretion, with polypeptideshormone-like structured as chief constituent, and some steroid anuran toxic samples, there is an explanation about chromatographic isolation of indole derivatives. An important conclusion is the participation of 5-hydroxitryptaminein almost all Bufo species cutaneous secretion more concentrated when the species is more primitive; chemical affinities are represented by polygonal graphs; high affinity indexes seem to suggest us remote dispersions in earlyevolution stages; these affinities are more common between African and Tropical American Species, whereas Middle East and African Bufonidae show a low toxic affinity; Asian Bufonidae are not much analogous in cutaneous secretion composition with New World and African specimens. Actually, chemical analysis suggests some generalizations about philogenetic interrelationships and primitive spreading of early evolution specimens of anura.

The Frizzled family (FZD 1-10 ) of G protein-coupled receptors regulates WNT signaling mediating proliferative input. Dysregulation of FZD 7 and exaggerated WNT/β-catenin signaling is frequently observed in intestinal cancers. Therefore, it is attractive to develop therapeutics targeting FZD 7 for cancer treatment. Structure-based virtual screening has identified compound 28, which inhibited WNT/β-catenin signaling based on the luciferase-based reporter gene TOPFlash assay. However, upon pharmacological validation, compound 28 rather acts as a potent Firefly luciferase (Fluc) inhibitor (IC 50 = 30 nM), matching the reported IC 50 for compound 28-mediated inhibition in the TOPFlash assay. Moreover, we employed Fluc-independent assays, a FZD 7 -focused bioluminescence resonance energy transfer biosensor and quantitative PCR, to emphasize the inability of compound 28 to inhibit the WNT-3A-induced conformational dynamics in FZD 7 and transcription of Axin2, a WNT target gene. Thus, we underline the importance of counter screens to validate compounds that interfere with the detection technology used for compound screening.

Background: Emergency department (ED) visits for nursing home residents lead to higher morbidity and mortality. Therefore, inappropriate visits (for conditions treatable elsewhere) or potentially avoidable visits (those avoidable through adequate chronic care management) must be minimized. This study aimed to investigate factors and resource consumption patterns associated with inappropriate and potentially avoidable visits in a Swiss tertiary hospital., Methods: This is a single-center retrospective chart review in an urban Swiss university hospital ED. A consecutive sample of 1276 visits by nursing home residents (≥ 65 years old), recorded between January 1, 2015 and December 31, 2017 (three calendar years) were included. Case characteristics were extracted from ED electronic documentation. Appropriateness was assessed via a structured Appropriateness Evaluation Protocol; potentially avoidable visits-measured as ambulatory-care sensitive conditions (ACSCs)-were analyzed separately. Inter-group differences concerning ED resource use were tested respectively with chi-square or Wilcoxon rank sum tests. To identify predictors of inappropriate or potentially-avoidable visits, we used multivariable logistic regression analysis., Results: Six percent of visits were rated as inappropriate: they had lower triage levels (OR 0.55 [95%-CI 0.33-0.92], p=0.024) and, compared to ambulance calls, they had higher odds of initiation via either patient-initiated walk-in (OR 3.42 [95%-CI 1.79-6.55], p≤0.001) or GP referrals (OR 2.13 [95%-CI 1.16-3.90], p=0.015). For inappropriate visits, overall ED resource use was significantly lower (median 568 vs. 1403 tax points, p≤0.001). Of all visits included, 29% were due to (often potentially-avoidable) ACSCs. In those cases, compared to ambulance initiation, odds of being potentially-avoidable were considerably lower for walk-in patients (OR 0.46 [95%-CI 0.27-0.77], p=0.004) but higher for GP referrals (OR 1.40 [95%-CI 1.00-1.94], p=0.048). Nurse work (93 tax points vs. 64, p≤0.001) and laboratory resource use (334 tax points vs. 214, p≤0.001) were higher for potentially-avoidable ED visits., Conclusions: We revealed substantial differences between the investigated groups. While nearly one third of ED visits from nursing homes were potentially avoidable, inappropriate visits were lower in numbers and not resource-intensive. Further research is required to differentiate potentially avoidable visits from inappropriate ones and to determine these findings' public health implications., (© 2022. The Author(s).)

To find out whether IgG genes are involved in atopy we studied 26 of 101 laboratory technicians who had developed laboratory animal allergy (LAA). The genes for the constant region of the heavy chains of IgG subclasses were analyzed by serum Gm allotypes, representing products on allelic level of the IGHCG1, IGHCG2 and IGHCG3 on chromosome 14q32. There was a significantly increased frequency of the GM(f,f;n,n;b,b) genotype (57.7 instead of 22.3%, p < 0.001) representing IgG1, IgG2 and IgG3 molecules and in particular increased frequency of Gm genotypes with the homozygous expression of G2m (n,n) (69.2 instead of 27.4%, p < 0.001) and of the Gm(f,n,b) haplotype (75 instead of 44.8%, p < 0.001) compared to a normal Caucasian population. An increased HLA-DR4 content of the LAA group (61.5 instead of 33.7%, p < 0.01) was further investigated for Gm allotypes. Among 16 HLA-DR4 LAA individuals, the Gm(f,f;n,n;b,b) genotype (56.3 instead of 22.3%, p < 0.01) and the Gm genotypes with the homozygous expression G2m(n,n) (62.6 instead of 27.4%, p < 0.01) dominated. However, the HLA-DR4 frequency among Gm(f,f;n,n;b,b) of LAA patients did not deviate from the frequency of healthy individuals of the same Gm genotype. The increased frequency of HLA-DR4 antigen in LAA patients might be due to its association to the Gm(f,f;n,n;b,b) genotype. This study supports the following concept: the susceptibility of developing LAA is associated with Gm allotypes Glm(f) expressed from IGHCG1, G2m(n) from IGHCG2 and G3m(b) from IGHCG3 on both alleles situated close to IGHCE on chromosome 14q32. The association of LAA to Gm allotypes [Gm(f,f;n,n;b,b)] expressed from chromosome 14q32 and of HLA class II antigens (HLA-DR4) expressed from chromosome 6p21.3 further confirms the polygenic inheritance of the immune response in atopy.

This paper is a retrospective study of all children with intussusception, who were treated in the pediatric surgical clinic in the Dr. v. Hauner'sches Kinderspital of the University of Munich from 1970 to 1988. In this time we evaluated 99 cases out of 101 children. Points of interest were epidemiological data, such as sex ratio, average age, place of residence, exact documentation of the anamnesis typical of this pediatric surgical entity, of diagnosis, site of intussusception as well as of frequency of conservative barium enema reduction and surgical treatment respectively. 68 patients of these evaluated 99 cases had to be operated. As far as postoperative courses are concerned bowel obstruction occurs in 6 patients, 4 cases developed a relapse of intussusception and one child died.

Thirty-two patients with malignant hypertension and terminal uremia and a group of 1263 healthy blood donors were studied regarding the incidence of different HLA antigens. HLA-Bw35; Cw4 antigens were found to be significantly more frequent in the group of patients with malignant hypertension than in the group of healthy individuals. The frequency of HLA-Bw35 in a group of 60 non-uremic patients with biopsy-proven glomerulonephritis and without malignant hypertension was also studied and found equal to the group of healthy blood donors. There was no overrepresentation of IgA nephritis among the HLA-Bw35 positive patients with glomerulonephritis, but advanced vascular lesions were more common among these than among patients with other HLA antigens.

An outbreak of infection with Salmonella typhi murium occurred in southern Sweden in the summer of 1974. About 330 persons were infected; 91 were hospitalized. 13 of the 91 patients (9 men and 4 women) had symptoms of aseptical polyarthritis. The 13 patients with arthritis were HLA typed with a standard microlymphocytotoxicity test. 13 salmonellosis patients from the same epidemic but without arthritis and 446 healthy blood donors served as controls. Nine (69%) of the 13 patients with arthritis had HLA-B27 compared to 1 (8%) of the control patients and 44 (10%) of the blood donors. The observed association between HLA antigen B27 and reactive arthropathy following salmonella infection could be due to a function of a disease predisposing gene closely linked to HLA-B27.

The diagnosis of autoimmune Addison's disease was established in two siblings by demonstration of serum antibodies against adrenal cortex antigen, elevated P-ACTH combined with a low P-cortisol, and the absence of P-cortisol response to exogenous ACTH. HLA typing in the two siblings and their parents revealed the same HLA phenotype in the two patients. This is compatible with an autosomal recessive mode of inheritance and indicates that a supposed trait for autoimmune Addison's disease may segregate with the HLA complex in the familial form of autoimmune Addison's disease.

In 101 laboratory technicians working with laboratory animals 30 presented laboratory animal allergy (LAA) symptoms. Twenty-seven of these LAA technicians were HLA tested. In these the HLA B15 and DR4 frequencies were raised.

During the years 1968--1976, 115 nondiabetic primary cadaveric transplantations were performed in southern Sweden. For 95 of these patients there was an observation period of at least one year. 32% of these patients had never received a blood transfusion. These recipients had an lower one year graft survival (33%) than those who had received one or more transfusions (48%). Patients who had received more than five transfusions did not show a higher graft survival than other transfused kidney recipients. Presence of cytotoxic antibodies also decreased the one year graft survival both in the transfused and not transfused patient groups.

Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) haplotypes, including HLA-A, -B, -C and -DR and complotypes (BF, C2, C4A and C4B) were determined in a large family with inherited C4 deficiency. The propositus, a 12-year-old girl with complete C4 deficiency and SLE, had the MHC haplotypes HLA-A2,Cw3,-B40,-DR6,BFS,C2C,C4AQO,C4ABQO inherited from her father and HLA-A30,-B8,-DR3,BFF1,C2C,C4AQO,C4BQO from her mother. These haplotypes were identified in several of the healthy relatives, who were thus shown to be carriers of C4 deficiency. Most of the other haplotypes found in the family were not considered to be unusual in the general population. The complete absence of C4 in the patient was confirmed by studies of Chido and Rodgers antigens in the plasma and on the erythrocytes, the absence of plasma C4d fragments and by studies of C4 chain antigens by immunoblotting technique. The results of the genetic analysis, together with the findings in other cases of C4 deficiency, supports the possibility that complete C4 deficiency in itself predisposes to development of SLE without contribution of other MHC gene products.

Frequencies of HLA A, B, C, and DR antigens were studied in 100 schizophrenic patients and 919 controls from South Sweden. The patients were diagnosed according to the DSM III criteria and divided into four clinical subgroups (hebephrenic, paranoid, residual, and undifferentiated). In the schizophrenic patients as a whole significant increases were found for A2, A3, B17, B27, and Cw2 and decreases for A1, A11, and B8. A previous positive association with A9 from the same population was not confirmed. A significant heterogeneity between the four clinical subgroups was found for A3 and Bw35. Most of the associations between HLA antigens and schizophrenia reported in the literature appear to be fortuitous and dependent on the large number of trials made. However, confirmed increases have been found for A9 and B17, and confirmed decreases have been observed for A1 and B7. Some evidence for a heterogeneity between clinical subgroups was found in the present as well as in previous investigations.

Compared with the mixed leukocyte reaction (MLR) between cells from healthy individuals, the MLR between cells from two patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) is, on average, reduced in strength. There is a tendency for the most marked reduction of MLR to occur when both or neither of the members in a tested pair carry HL-A7, and when cells from patients in a relatively early stage of the disease (short duration, relapses but no permanent disablement) are studied; especially when cells from these patients are used as reactor clels in the MLR. Repeated studies of the same cell combinations with varying intervals showed that when both members of the pair carry HL-A7,--and therefore have a large chance also to carry LD-7a--the MLR strength is relatively constant. When only one or neither of the members carry HL-A7, the strength of MLR varies considerably. Probably two different mechanisms exist in MLR impairment: similarity of LD genes, and "immunosuppressive" factors which can vary during the course of the disease.

Frequencies of HLA antigens (A, B, C and DR) were studied in patients with (n = 49) and without (n = 67) a family history of schizophrenia and in controls. Among the patients with a family history of schizophrenia significant increases were found in the A3 and B5 antigens while significant decreases were observed for the A1, A11 and B8 antigens. In a material of schizophrenic siblings the sharing of HLA haplotypes was consistent with normal segregation.

Sera from transfused patients frequently show reactivity against polymorphic determinants expressed on PHA-activated but not resting mononuclear cells. One of these sera shows cytotoxicity associated with the HLA-A3 antigen.

Treatment of rabbit and guinea pig lymphocytes with Fab' fragments of anti-beta2-microglobulin completely inhibited the cytotoxic effects of alloantisera to RLA or GPLA antigens, respectively. Aggregation of beta2-microglobulin on the lymphocyte surface by successive incubations with goat anti-beta2-microglobulin on the lymphocyte surface by successive incubations with goat anti-beta2-microglobulin and F(ab')2 fragments of rabbit anti-goat IgG also made rabbit lymphocytes resistant to lysis by anti-RLA, and guinea pig lymphocytes resistant to lysis by anti-RLA, and guinea pig lymphocytes resistant to lysis by anti-GPLA. The two kinds of pretreatment of guinea pig lymphocytes did not affect the cytotoxicity of antisera directed against guinea pig Ia antigens. These results in conjunction with previous findings in the mouse and in man suggest that beta2-microglobulin on the lymphocyte surface in mammals is generally associated with major serologically defined histocompatibility antigens but not with I-region-associated antigens.