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Starch extraction from tubers and roots has long been an essential process, playing a crucial role in diverse industries ranging from alimentary to pharmacology. This review explores the different methods employed in starch extraction, including traditional techniques and the most innovative mechanical strategies. The methods show a good improvement in many aspects, such as an improvement in the efficiency of the process and an improvement in the yield, showing a value of 10.0–65.0% depending on the starch source. On the other hand, solvents such as NaOH are used in many mechanical processes for alkaline digestion to improve the extraction time. Ethanol and K2S2O5 concentrations of 0.5% and 0.8% were used to prevent oxidation and modify some properties of the extracted starch. The use of many solvents has improved the optimization of the processes, providing the final extracted starch with more advantages and better quality. However, using enzymes such as cellulase in new and innovative ways has provided more advantages and a better efficiency and yield than the other methods. Each method has its advantages and challenges, highlighting the importance of understanding the diversity of different approaches and their impact on the yield, sustainability, environmental considerations, and quality of the extracted starch. As the world looks for more ecological approaches, this review shows the importance of critically evaluating the yield, efficiency, and environmental implications of the extraction methods, providing us with more ways of evaluating the methods used for starch extraction. The ecological impact is a crucial point when evaluating the innovation of a new extraction process, which is why methods such as ultrasound and pulsed electric-field-assisted techniques have been proposed. These methods have been presented as sustainable techniques called green technologies, offering more approaches and different advantages than the other methods. This review intends to investigate the complexities and considerations of starch extraction, providing a solid basis for decision-making regarding starch extraction. In a time where sustainability and product quality are crucial elements of industrial strategy formulation, an in-depth understanding of these methods becomes imperative to the development of responsible practices and efficiency in starch extraction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite occupying an area no greater than 8% of the earth's surface, natural wetland ecosystems fulfill multiple ecological functions: 1. Soil formation and stabilization support, 2. Food, water, and plant biomass supply, 3. Cultural/recreational services, landscape, and ecological tourism, 4. Climate regulation, and 5. Carbon sequestration; with the last one being its most important function. They are subject to direct and indirect incident factors that affect plant productivity and the sequestration of carbon from the soil. Thus, the objective of this review was to identify the incident factors in the loss of area and carbon sequestration in marine, coastal, and continental wetlands that have had an impact on climate change in the last 14 years, globally. The methodology consisted of conducting a literature review in international databases, analyzing a sample of 134 research studies from 37 countries, organized in tables and figures supported by descriptive statistics and content analysis. Global results indicate that agriculture (25%), urbanization (16.8%), aquaculture (10.7%), and industry (7.6%) are incident factors that promote wetlands effective loss affecting continental wetlands more than coastal and marine ones. Regarding carbon sequestration, this is reduced by vegetation loss since GHG emissions raise because the soil is exposed to sun rays, increasing surface temperature and oxidation, and raising organic matter decomposition and the eutrophication phenomenon caused by the previous incident factors that generate wastewater rich in nutrients in their different activities, thus creating biomass and plant growth imbalances, either at the foliage or root levels and altering the accumulation of organic matter and carbon. It is possible to affirm in conclusion that the most affected types of wetlands are: mangroves (25.7%), lagoons (19.11%), and marine waters (11.7%). Furthermore, it was identified that agriculture has a greater incidence in the loss of wetlands, followed by urbanization and industry in a lower percentage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In stably-transfected human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells, we have compared the effect of activating two isoforms of 445 and 365 amino acids of the human histamine H3 receptor (hH3R445 and hH3R365) on [35S]-GTPγS binding, forskolin-induced cAMP formation, depolarization-induced increase in the intracellular concentration of Ca2+ ions ([Ca2+]i) and depolarization-evoked [3 H]-dopamine release. Maximal specific binding (Bmax) of [3 H]-N-methyl-histamine to cell membranes was 953 ± 204 and 555 ± 140 fmol/mg protein for SH-SY5Y-hH3R445 and SH-SY5Y-hH3R365 cells, respectively, with similar dissociation constants (Kd, 0.86 nM and 0.81 nM). The mRNA of the hH3R365 isoform was 40.9 ± 7.9% of the hH3R445 isoform. No differences in receptor affinity were found for the H3R ligands histamine, immepip, (R)(-)-α-methylhistamine (RAMH), A-331440, clobenpropit and ciproxifan. Both the stimulation of [35S]-GTPγS binding and the inhibition of forskolin-stimulated cAMP accumulation by the agonist RAMH were significantly larger in SH-SY5Y-hH3R445 cells ([35S]-GTPγS binding, 158.1 ± 7.5% versus 136.5 ± 3.6% for SH-SY5Y-hH3R365 cells; cAMP accumulation, −74.0 ± 4.9% versus −43.5 ± 5.3%), with no significant effect on agonist potency. In contrast, there were no differences in the efficacy and potency of RAMH to inhibit [3 H]-dopamine release evoked by 100 mM K+ (−18.9 ± 3.0% and −20.5 ± 3.3%, for SH-SY5Y-hH3R445 and SH-SY5Y-hH3R365 cells), or the inhibition of depolarization-induced increase in [Ca2+]i (S2/S1 ratios: parental cells 0.967 ± 0.069, SH-SY5Y-hH3R445 cells 0.639 ± 0.049, SH-SY5Y-hH3R365 cells 0.737 ± 0.045). These results indicate that in SH-SY5Y cells, hH3R445 and hH3R365 isoforms regulate in a differential manner the signaling pathways triggered by receptor activation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Golgi apparatus (GA) is a bona fide Ca2+ store; however, there is a lack of GA-specific Ca2+ mobilizing agents. Here, we report that emetine specifically releases Ca2+ from GA in HeLa and HL-1 atrial myocytes. Additionally, it has become evident that the trans-Golgi is a labile Ca2+ store that requires a continuous source of Ca2+ from either the external milieu or from the ER, to enable it to produce a detectable transient increase in cytosolic Ca2+. Our data indicates that the emetine-sensitive Ca2+ mobilizing mechanism is different from the two classical Ca2+ release mechanisms, i.e. IP3 and ryanodine receptors. This newly discovered ability of emetine to release Ca2+ from the GA may explain why chronic consumption of ipecac syrup has muscle side effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In stably-transfected human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells, we have compared the effect of activating two isoforms of 445 and 365 amino acids of the human histamine H 3 receptor (hH 3 R 445 and hH 3 R 365 ) on [ 35 S]-GTPγS binding, forskolin-induced cAMP formation, depolarization-induced increase in the intracellular concentration of Ca 2+ ions ([Ca 2+ ]i) and depolarization-evoked [ 3  H]-dopamine release. Maximal specific binding (B max ) of [ 3  H]-N-methyl-histamine to cell membranes was 953 ± 204 and 555 ± 140 fmol/mg protein for SH-SY5Y-hH 3 R 445 and SH-SY5Y-hH 3 R 365 cells, respectively, with similar dissociation constants (K d , 0.86 nM and 0.81 nM). The mRNA of the hH 3 R 365 isoform was 40.9 ± 7.9% of the hH 3 R 445 isoform. No differences in receptor affinity were found for the H 3 R ligands histamine, immepip, (R)(-)-α-methylhistamine (RAMH), A-331440, clobenpropit and ciproxifan. Both the stimulation of [ 35 S]-GTPγS binding and the inhibition of forskolin-stimulated cAMP accumulation by the agonist RAMH were significantly larger in SH-SY5Y-hH 3 R 445 cells ([ 35 S]-GTPγS binding, 158.1 ± 7.5% versus 136.5 ± 3.6% for SH-SY5Y-hH 3 R 365 cells; cAMP accumulation, -74.0 ± 4.9% versus -43.5 ± 5.3%), with no significant effect on agonist potency. In contrast, there were no differences in the efficacy and potency of RAMH to inhibit [ 3  H]-dopamine release evoked by 100 mM K + (-18.9 ± 3.0% and -20.5 ± 3.3%, for SH-SY5Y-hH 3 R 445 and SH-SY5Y-hH 3 R 365 cells), or the inhibition of depolarization-induced increase in [Ca 2+ ]i (S2/S1 ratios: parental cells 0.967 ± 0.069, SH-SY5Y-hH 3 R 445 cells 0.639 ± 0.049, SH-SY5Y-hH 3 R 365 cells 0.737 ± 0.045). These results indicate that in SH-SY5Y cells, hH 3 R 445 and hH 3 R 365 isoforms regulate in a differential manner the signaling pathways triggered by receptor activation.