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The lipid content of a high mountain lake (Lake Isoba) allowed the reconstruction of the paleoenvironmental changes and anthropic influence in Northern Spain during the last 550 years. Fatty acids (FAs) and n-alkan-2-ones indicate little degradation of OM. Three units were delimited. During Unit A (ca. 1460–1780 CE) high carbon preference index values, predominance of high-molecular-weight saturated FAs, and good correspondence between the predominant n-alkane and saturated FA chains indicate higher OM input and evidence of minimal degradation, linked to the cold and dry Little Ice Age, that favoured the OM input derived mainly from land plants, and the reduced bacterial activity. In Unit B (ca. 1780–2006 CE) the n-alkane and saturated FA profiles showed a remarkable mismatch suggestive of preferential microbial synthesis of long chain saturated FAs from primary OM and/or bacterial activity (predominance of low-molecular-weight saturated FAs but with a bimodal distribution), in coincidence with a decrease in OM input, which could be linked to the global warming that started in the second half of the 19th century. Although OM continued deriving mainly from terrigenous plants, aquatic macrophytes increased their contribution to the OM indicating the amelioration of environmental conditions. Evidence of considerable phytoplankton productivity and microbial activity was significant in Unit C (ca. 2006–2018 CE) coinciding with the highest concentrations of n-alkanes and saturated FAs, linked to warmer and drier conditions, and to greater anthropogenic influence. In addition, organic sulfur and gammacerane indicates loss of oligotrophy, and the record of faecal stanols, particularly that of 24-ethylcoprostanol, strongly evidences notable and rising water pollution associated with increasing cattle ranching in the lake catchment during the past 10–15 years., AEI/FEDER, UE, Agencia Estatal de Investigación, University of Bern, Ministerio de Universidades/Universidad de Alcalá/European Union, Gobierno del País Vasco, Depto. de Geodinámica, Estratigrafía y Paleontología, Fac. de Ciencias Geológicas, TRUE, pub

Establishing the biogenicity of sedimentary surface textures with unresolved microbial origin is critical to any environmental and geobiological interpretation of clastic settings. Here, some Ediacaran wrinkle structures and associated carbonaceous greywacke samples containing mat fragments rich in ‘bacteriomorph acritarchs’ are investigated. Their biogenicity was evaluated with transmitted light and scanning electron microscopy, epifluorescence and Raman spectroscopy, and confirmed by the presence of distinct cyanobacterial biomarkers. The comparison of results yielded by these techniques validates the use of Raman spectroscopy on Neoproterozoic kerogen (organic-walled microfossils and amorphous organic material) under low metamorphic conditions. Raman spectrographs also allowed recognition of associated rare-earth element-rich phosphate (monazite) and subsidiary metal sulphide concentrations, and interpreted as a result of biosorption and/or mat trapping under normal oxic conditions. These microbial mat features represent cyanobacterial bloom-forming Bavlinella acritarchs, which characterise eutrophic episodes in a semi-enclosed retroarc basin sandwiched between an active Cadomian arc and West Gondwana., Depto. de Geodinámica, Estratigrafía y Paleontología, Instituto de Geociencias (IGEO), TRUE, pub

In this paper, we conduct a palynological analysis of a high-resolution Holocene record from Cartagena Bay, southeast of the Iberian Peninsula, to establish paleoenvironmental variability of coastal areas in the western Mediterranean region at a centennial-scale over the last 7300 years. Statistical analysis of four palynozones allows reconstruction of paleotemperature and paleohumidity conditions. Pinus, steppic, xerophilous, and Mediterranean taxa persisted continuously through the record, and only during periods of increased humidity did deciduous and Mediterranean taxa expand (Zones II, subzone IIIb). Cooler and dry conditions favored the development of Cupressaceae and scrubs between 7300 and 7000 yr cal BP. The mid-Holocene (Northgrippian) mesophytic optimum took place between 6800 and 4000 yr cal BP during which time a Mediterranean climate was present and open forest developed, predominantly consisting of Mediterranean taxa and deciduous trees. The gradual rise in aridity in the Meghalayan (4000–1700 yr cal BP) led to Mediterranean forest being replaced by steppic and xerophilous vegetation, a change related mostly to a decrease in summer insolation, with superimposed centennial-scale variability in humidity. In parallel with forest degradation caused by increasing aridity, the record shows marked evidence of human influence since 4000 yr cal BP, which accelerated the progression of open landscapes from the Chalcolithic onwards, this change being especially marked during the Roman period. Significant denudation of the landscape can be attributed to the use of fire, as well as due to agriculture and grazing, with a major contributor being intense metallurgical and mining activity in the area. The Cartagena Bay record reported herein shows centennial-scale oscillations in humidity and temperature that correlate with well-known climatic events during the late Holocene in the western Mediterranean region, synchronous with variability in solar and atmospheric dyn

Sedimentological, paleobiological, mineralogical, and geochemical analyses of a sediment core retrieved on the seafront of Cartagena Bay were performed after high-resolution sampling. A wide series of dates obtained through radiocarbon and amino acid racemization proved that the Holocene record on the analyzed core began at ca. 7300 yr cal BP. Reinterpretation of the marine seismic profiles indicated that the beginning of this transgression was channeled along erosive paleochannels excavated on a coastal plain of, at least, MIS5c age. The Holocene paleoenvironmental evolution consisted of a first period marked by marine conditions with strong inputs from a fan delta linked to the reorganized fluvial network that occurred after the sudden rise of the base level, which caused a growing sedimentary prism. Later, the full marine environment was reflected in the development of a Posidonia-Cymodocea meadow hosting a rich biodiversity of marine species (mollusks, foraminifera, ostracoda). Around 3800 yr cal BP, the area underwent a profound change and a silting process started to alter the conditions, turning the area into a paucispecific brackish marsh environment in which mud deposition was dominant. Since Carthaginian times, arrangement works locally affected the record, allowing the arrival of some marine species due to port work (dredging) undertaken to gain depth and showing anthropic influence.

We reconstructed the palaeoenvironmental conditions of Cartagena Bay during the Holocene after a multidisciplinary study to identify natural variations and the anthropic processes of this coastal area. A total of 119 samples were recovered for amino acid racemization dating, 3 for radiocarbon dating (14C), and four sets of 80 samples for sedimentological and palaeontological determination, mineralogical content, biomarker and trace elements quantification. Two natural scenarios were identified from the variations of n-alkane indices and palaeobiological content. The first period (6650-5750 yr cal BP) was marked by the development of euhaline marine conditions with strong inputs from aquatic macrophytes and high biodiversity. After a hiatus, the area underwent a profound change, becoming a paucispecific brackish marsh environment with increasing inputs from land plants, with possible episodes of emersion with a greater presence from terrestrial gastropods (3600-300 cal yr BP). By combining trace element abundance and stanol distributions, our study also provides a novel approach to identify the predominant influence of anthropogenic factors in the last three millennia in the coastal record of Cartagena Bay. Findings confirmed that Pb mining and metallurgy began during the Bronze Age, with considerable inputs of this heavy metal into the atmosphere during Phoenician, Punic and particularly Roman times compared to the Middle Ages. Pollution by Cu and Zn was also observed during Punic and Roman times, and was first documented in the Middle Ages. In addition, faecal stanols, such as coprostanol, derived mainly from humans, and 24-ethylcoprostanol from herbivores were present, thereby indicating for the first time a continuous presence of human populations and significant pollution input since 3600 yr cal BP, this being greater in the late Bronze Age and Phoenician, Punic and Roman times than during Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages, when the city was in decline.

Trace element concentrations in the Cartagena Bay coastal record reveal a contribution of natural processes. However, the influence of anthropogenic factors predominates in the last three millennia, particularly aerosol deposition linked to mining and industrial activities in the area. The coastal record of Cartagena can be considered a preserved environment, suitable to search for regional human activity fingerprinting, specifically that related to the deposition of heavy metals such as Pb and Cu. A multivariate statistical analysis was carried out to clarify the geochemical behaviour of trace and major elements. Our study design represents a novel approach to assign natural contributions, such as eolian and riverine input, to coastal deposits, and organic matter preservation under anoxic environments. Therefore, synergies obtained by the simultaneous study of multivariate statistics and enrichment factors allow robust conclusions about palaeoenvironmental evolution and human activities. Anthropogenic influence suggested that Pb mining and metallurgy began during the Chalcolithic period, with considerable inputs of Pb and Cu to atmospheric pollution during Phoenician, Punic and Roman times.

Wetlands are environments whose water balance is highly sensitive to climate change and human action. This sensitivity has allowed us to explore the relationships between surface water and groundwater in the long term as their sediments record all these changes and go beyond the instrumental/observational period. The Lagunas Reales, in central Spain, is a semi-arid inland wetland endangered by both climate and human activity. The reconstruction of the hydroclimate and water levels from sedimentary facies, as well as the changes in the position of the surface water and groundwater via the record of their geochemical fingerprint in the sediments, has allowed us to establish a conceptual model for the response of the hydrological system (surface water and groundwater) to climate. Arid periods are characterized by low levels of the deeper saline groundwater and by a greater influence of the surface freshwater. A positive water balance during wet periods allows the discharge of the deeper saline groundwater into the wetland, causing an increase in salinity. These results contrast with the classical model where salinity increases were related to greater evaporation rates and this opens up a new way of understanding the evolution of the hydrology of wetlands and their resilience to natural and anthropogenic changes., European Union H2020 Programme, European Regional Development Fund, Depto. de Geodinámica, Estratigrafía y Paleontología, Fac. de Ciencias Geológicas, TRUE, pub

A new borehole was drilled at the end of the Cartagena Bay. The twofold aim of this operation was to obtain insights into the ancient Roman city seafront, and to establish its cronostratigraphy and paleoenvironmental evolution. A continuous 30 m long core (E3) was drilled and sampled with high resolution. The sediments of the lower part (30-11.3 m) with predominant brown colour indicating oxydizing conditions, the brackish-water fauna (Cerastoderma glaucum/Cyprideis torosa) and mud/sand dominance, allow to interpret the sedimentary environment as formed in a coastal mud flat linked to an alluvial fan. Consistent AAR dating ages reveal that the whole MIS5 record is included. The upper part of the record (11.3-3.0 m), which belongs to MIS 1, is made of black muddy sand and gravel. It appears a high diversity of marine mollusk species mostly in juvenile stage of development. This represents a complex environment: a “cul-d-sac” at the protected end of the bay where plant debris accumulated, being intruded by alluvial inputs. A growing continental influence likely occurred at the top.

The study of flooding can be complex as it involves dynamic systems (rivers) characterized by high variability in time and space. To minimize the effects of these handicaps, we merge several records from different locations across the hydrographic basin of the Upper Guadiana River (central Spain) and use multiple proxies. The comparison of three nearby cores by means of the facies, stratigraphic correlation and geochemical indexes allows us to differentiate local environmental changes related to the natural behaviour of the system (autocyclic) from those driven by external forcings (allocyclic). The facies and facies sequence analyses allow long-term paleohydrological trends to be reconstructed and parameters that are used to identify flooding events to be determined. Si (proxy for siliciclastic supply) and Ca/S (proxy for water budget/level) show trends that can be related to facies sequences and long-term variations. Si/Al is used as a sorting proxy (transport efficiency). To analyse the relative changes in sediment discharge and transport efficiency, these proxies are compared with water budget level, represented by (Si/Al)/(Ca/S) (sorting vs. water level) and Si/(Ca/S) (siliciclastic discharge vs. water discharge). We were able to define local, major and minor regional flood events/periods and events by relating sequence boundaries to the occurrence of environmental conditions related to high energy events (relative/absolute sorting, water level, sediment discharge) across multiple cores. Comparison to other studies around the western Mediterranean basin allows us to identify common periods of flooding at 9000–8400 cal. BP, 7700–7100 cal. BP, 6400–6200 cal. BP, 4900–3700 cal. BP, 3500–3300 cal. BP, ca. 2600 cal. BP, ca. 2000 cal. BP, ca. 1500 cal. BP and 1000–300 cal. BP. For the long-term evolution, it seems that changes in insolation during the Holocene could have played a role in controlling the hydrology. However, determining the drivers of higher-frequency

The study of flooding can be complex as it involves dynamic systems (rivers) characterized by high variability in time and space. To minimize the effects of these handicaps, we merge several records from different locations across the hydrographic basin of the Upper Guadiana River (central Spain) and use multiple proxies. The comparison of three nearby cores by means of the facies, stratigraphic correlation and geochemical indexes allows us to differentiate local environmental changes related to the natural behaviour of the system (autocyclic) from those driven by external forcings (allocyclic). The facies and facies sequence analyses allow long-term paleohydrological trends to be reconstructed and parameters that are used to identify flooding events to be determined. Si (proxy for siliciclastic supply) and Ca/S (proxy for water budget/level) show trends that can be related to facies sequences and long-term variations. Si/Al is used as a sorting proxy (transport efficiency). To analyse the relative changes in sediment discharge and transport efficiency, these proxies are compared with water budget level, represented by (Si/Al)/(Ca/S) (sorting vs. water level) and Si/(Ca/S) (siliciclastic discharge vs. water discharge). We were able to define local, major and minor regional flood events/periods and events by relating sequence boundaries to the occurrence of environmental conditions related to high energy events (relative/absolute sorting, water level, sediment discharge) across multiple cores. Comparison to other studies around the western Mediterranean basin allows us to identify common periods of flooding at 9000–8400 cal. BP, 7700–7100 cal. BP, 6400–6200 cal. BP, 4900–3700 cal. BP, 3500–3300 cal. BP, ca. 2600 cal. BP, ca. 2000 cal. BP, ca. 1500 cal. BP and 1000–300 cal. BP. For the long-term evolution, it seems that changes in insolation during the Holocene could have played a role in controlling the hydrology. However, determining the drivers of higher-frequency

An innovative methodology for diagenesis characterization and quantification is presented. It includes different geostatistical modeling workflows applied to a partially dolomitized carbonate platform. The case study consists of a Lower Cretaceous (upper Aptian) shallow-water carbonate platform from the Basque–Cantabrian basin (northern Spain), in which a widespread burial dolomitization occurs. Previous studies at basin scale suggested that the flow of dolomitizing fluids through the carbonate succession was channeled by regional faults and that subsequently the dolomite distribution was partially controlled by depositional facies and their modifications after early meteoric diagenesis. Here, at reservoir scale, several carbonate facies were differentiated and grouped in five depositional environments. Two depositional sequences corresponding to transgressive–regressive cycles and three stages of the platform evolution were distinguished. The statistical data treatment indicated that the dolomitization is mainly concentrated in the regressive part of the first sequence, corresponding to the second stage of the platform evolution. The most dolomitized environments are the inner platforms and the shoal. Facies from these shallower/proximal depositional environments were more exposed to early meteoric diagenesis, possibly controlling later dolomitization. The total macroscopic porosity is directly proportional to the degree of dolomitization: pores are most abundant in fully dolomitized portions of the succession, particularly in the rudist-bearing and grain-dominated facies. Abundant aragonitic shells (rudists, corals), easily leached or recrystallized during early meteoric diagenesis, could justify the higher moldic porosity in these facies. For geostatistical modeling purposes, several statistical rules were elaborated in order to associate to each depositional environment, in each of the three platform stages, different proportions of dolomitization and related po

El análisis detallado de facies de las calizas de la Formación San Esteban del Aptiense inferior de Cantabria ha permitido caracterizar 15 tipos de litofacies depositadas en ambientes submareales a supramareales. Las facies se organizan en ciclos somerizantes que culminan con superficies de exposición subaérea, evidenciado variaciones relativas del nivel del mar de alta frecuencia/baja amplitud. Se distinguen dos tipos de ciclos en función de las facies y naturaleza de las superficies que los culminan. Los ciclos Tipo-1 están dominados por facies submareales. La secuencia ideal comienza con rudstone bioclástico-intraclástico, seguido de wackestone de Chondrodonta, floatstone de rudistas, boundstone de rudistas y mudstone de milólidos. El techo es una superficie neta con bioturbación y marcas de raíces estilo pseudomicrokarst. Los ciclos Tipo-2 comienzan con floatstone oncolítico-litoclástico, seguido de floatstone de rudistas, packstone-grainstone de foraminíferos, boundstone de rudistas y finalmente rudstone oncolítico, mudstone fenestral y/o estromatolitos laminares a hemiesféricos. Culmina con rasgos subaéreos de desecación y conglomerados calcáreos de cantos negros con microestructura alveolar y rizolitos calcificados. Los ciclos Tipo-1 caracterizaron condiciones ambientales húmedas, mientras que los de Tipo-2 caracterizaron condiciones semi-áridas. La evolución vertical de los ciclos refleja una transición climática de tipo greenhouse a otra coolhouse tras el OAE-1a.