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Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation has been used for many years to treat various malignant and nonmalignant hematologic conditions. However, the high-dose conditioning regimen can lead to major organ dysfunction, life-threatening infection and bleeding. In the allogeneic setting, graft-versus-host disease may also develop, making post-transplant management complex. Once a transplant recipient is discharged from hospital and returns to his or her local community, the primary care physician can play an important role in care. Recipients of stem cell transplants may be severely immunocompromised for many months after transplantation, especially if they are still taking immunosuppressive drugs. Furthermore, endocrine and metabolic deficiencies can develop, and transplant survivors are at risk of a second malignant disease. This review is intended as a basic overview of allogeneic and autologous stem cell transplantation with a special focus on long-term follow-up issues relevant to primary care providers.