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Zn2+ has a crucial role both in biology and the environment, while Pb2+ presents serious hazards in the same areas due to its toxicity, and the need for their analysis often exceeds available instrumental capacity. We report, herein, a new high-throughput optochemical screening method for Zn2+ and Pb2+ in various solutions. Moreover, we also introduced a new and generalizable three-step-microplate-modification technique, including plasma treating, linker-docking and photocatalytic copolymerization. The surface of a commercially available 96-well-cycloolefin-microplate was treated with atmospheric plasma, and then, the bottoms of the wells were covered by covalently attaching a methacrylate-containing linker-monolayer. Finally, the preactivated microplate wells were covalently functionalized by immobilizing bis(acridino)-crown ether-type sensor molecules, via photocatalytic copolymerization, to a polymethacrylate backbone. This sensing tool can be used in all microplate readers, is compatible with liquid handling platforms and provides an unprecedently fast monitoring (>1000 samples/hour, extrapolated from the time required for 96 measurements) of dissolved Zn2+ and Pb2+ among recent alternatives above the detection limits of 8.0 × 10−9 and 3.0 × 10−8 mol/L, respectively, while requiring a sample volume of only 20 µL. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper examines the connections between late medieval urban development in Hungary, the handicraft industry and the name giving practices of the lower and middle classes of medieval society. It has long been accepted through research into Hungarian local history that the state of urban development and the proportion of handicraftsmen (and other people not involved in agricultural activities) among the population of a settlement were interdependent. Highly developed settlements would have more inhabitants engaged in industrial activities and services, than their poorer counterparts. Hungarian economic history traditionally considers the bearers of personal names derived from occupational names as handicraftsmen. In general, the proportion of these people among the inhabitants of the distinct settlement types was different, thus in market towns more people supported themselves with handicrafts than in villages, but the highest number of handicraftsmen lived in cities. Naturally, the more important a settlement was, the more crafts were present there. Based on a corpus of approximately 12,000 late medieval personal names, the author examines the proportion of handicraftsmen among the inhabitants, and the specialization of the handicraft industry in the seven types of settlements identified in the so-called “centrality score system”. The system devised by András Kubinyi aims to describe the different levels of development in medieval settlements. The results of the present analysis reinforce and numerically justify Kubinyi’s statements.

This paper intends to explore for what purposes and by what means medieval personal names can be used in social historical research. Bynames derived from place names are examined in the present paper, as they prove to be essential sources in research into medieval migration history. From registers and to a lesser extent from charters of other types (sales contracts, civil procedural documents), the author has collected approximately 12,000 personal names of serfs and burghers. Information on migration history deduced from the names (e.g. distance, legal status of the previous place of residence) is compared with the characteristics of medieval urban development. In doing so, the author relies on the so-called centrality score system, elaborated by András Kubinyi, which at present is the most accepted and effective method in research into urban, and more broadly, settlement history. With respect to the seven categories of settlements defined by Kubinyi, one can observe substantial and logical differences concerning the proportion of the incomers, the distance of migration and the legal status of the emissive settlements. These facts also suggest that Kubinyi’s categories (in fact, hierarchical levels demonstrating prosperity) do identify settlements at different levels of their development.

Introduction: Previous studies have established that endogenous inorganic polysulfides have significant biological actions activating the Transient Receptor Potential Ankyrin 1 (TRPA1) receptor. Organic polysulfides exert similar effects, but they are much more stable molecules, therefore these compounds are more suitable as drugs. In this study, we aimed to better understand the mechanism of action of organic polysulfides by identification of their binding site on the TRPA1 receptor. Methods: Polysulfides can readily interact with the thiol side chain of the cysteine residues of the protein. To investigate their role in the TRPA1 activation, we replaced several cysteine residues by alanine via site-directed mutagenesis. We searched for TRPA1 mutant variants with decreased or lost activating effect of the polysulfides, but with other functions remaining intact (such as the effects of nonelectrophilic agonists and antagonists). The binding properties of the mutant receptors were analyzed by in silico molecular docking. Functional changes were tested by in vitro methods: calcium sensitive fluorescent flow cytometry, whole-cell patch-clamp and radioactive calcium-45 liquid scintillation counting. Results: The cysteines forming the conventional binding site of electrophilic agonists, namely C621, C641 and C665 also bind the organic polysulfides, with the key role of C621. However, only their combined mutation abolished completely the organic polysulfide-induced activation of the receptor. Discussion: Since previous papers provided evidence that organic polysulfides exert analgesic and anti-inflammatory actions in different in vivo animal models, we anticipate that the development of TRPA1-targeted, organic polysulfide-based drugs will be promoted by this identification of the binding site. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Relations of migration and industrial history and medieval urban development in Hungary in the light of historical anthroponymy II. Giving personal names and handicraft industry The paper examines the connections between late medieval urban development in Hungary, the handicraft industry and the name giving practices of the lower and middle classes of medieval society. It has long been accepted through research into Hungarian local history that the state of urban development and the proportion of handicraftsmen (and other people not involved in agricultural activities) among the population of a settlement were interdependent. Highly developed settlements would have more inhabitants engaged in industrial activities and services, than their poorer counterparts. Hungarian economic history traditionally considers the bearers of personal names derived from occupational names as handicraftsmen. In general, the proportion of these people among the inhabitants of the distinct settlement types was different, thus in market towns more people supported themselves with handicrafts than in villages, but the highest number of handicraftsmen lived in cities. Naturally, the more important a settlement was, the more crafts were present there. Based on a corpus of approximately 12,000 late medieval personal names, the author examines the proportion of handicraftsmen among the inhabitants, and the specialization of the handicraft industry in the seven types of settlements identified in the so called “centrality score system”. The system devised by András Kubinyi aims to describe the different levels of development in medieval settlements. The results of the present analysis reinforce and numerically justify Kubinyi’s statements.

Relations of migration and industrial history and medieval urban development in Hungary in the light of historical anthroponymy I. Giving personal names and migration This paper intends to explore for what purposes and by what means medieval personal names can be used in social historical research. Bynames derived from place names are examined in the present paper, as they prove to be essential sources in research into medieval migration history. From registers and to a lesser extent from charters of other types (sales contracts, civil procedural documents), the author has collected approximately 12,000 personal names of serfs and burghers. Information on migration history deduced from the names (e.g. distance, legal status of the previous place of residence) is compared with the characteristics of medieval urban development. In doing so, the author relies on the so-called centrality score system, elaborated by András Kubinyi, which at present is the most accepted and effective method in research into urban, and more broadly, settlement history. With respect to the seven categories of settlements defined by Kubinyi, one can observe substantial and logical differences concerning the proportion of the incomers, the distance of migration and the legal status of the emissive settlements. These facts also suggest that Kubinyi’s categories (in fact, hierarchical levels demonstrating prosperity) do identify settlements at different levels of their development.

Further data related to the problems of giving personal names in medieval market towns Between the 14th and 16th centuries significant changes affected the structural patterns of Hungarian personal names. This process is usually examined in the literature on the basis of names found in different medieval registers. The most important characteristics of changes are presented in this paper by using a name stock of approximately 2000 personal names gained from market town documents spanning 200 years. Data clearly display the process of how the forms of the personal names in the charters turned into Hungarian, and how Latin elements faded away at the same time.

Cold War cultural diplomacy projects represented a dynamic mixture of the geopolitical and transnational processes that shaped postwar history. The worldwide dissemination of the Hungarian music education system, known as the "Kodály method," provides an instructive example of how these different agendas interacted within the larger framework of twentieth-century global integration. The chapter examines the transnational collaborations of Hungarian and American music educators that led to the construction of the Kodály method as an internationally marketable and adaptable model for teaching music in the 1960s and 1970s. It traces how pedagogues from the two countries, like Erzsébet Szőnyi and Denise Bacon, forged professional ties through participation at conferences and summer courses--and explores the process through which the Hungarian model was adopted in the U.S. in the form of institutional arrangements like the Kodály Musical Training Institute, established in 1969 in Wellesley, Massachusetts. Furthermore, the article analyses how the Hungarian communist authorities gradually incorporated the Kodály method into their domestic and foreign policy frameworks. Although it initially emerged as a product of transnational exchanges that cut across the Iron Curtain, by the mid-1970s the method eventually became an official Hungarian cultural diplomacy project, representative of a small state's effort to gain international recognition and legitimacy. However, this process of appropriation compelled the Hungarian authorities to accept and accommodate a truly global phenomenon--and to recognize the ideas and practices of a transnational network of pedagogues and researchers as culturally valuable and politically salient. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The purchase, exchange, mortgage, alienation and bequest of real estate, as well as their offer to ecclesiastical institutions as pious donation was a general phenomenon in late medieval Hungarian market towns. Free disposition of various pieces of property - plots, houses, arable, mills, pasture, and before all vineyards - was an everyday and widely accepted occurrence. Supervision of real estate trade was a basic duty of the town council, a task it discharged on the basis of the town's own customary law. It was the same body which put such matters to writing, and, although the ensuing real estate contracts were meant to have a limited, local degree of authenticity, practice proves that their legal binding force was in fact acknowledged by extensive social groups, both local and outsider. The present study explores the content of this customary law and its practical application in the market towns of northeastern Hungary in the late middle ages. Some of the legal institutions applied in such transactions were known throughout the country, and can thus be regarded as parts of national (noble) law. As examples can be cited the procedure employed at depositions, standing as guarantee, frivolous prosecution, or the taking into account of the right of pre-emption by kinsmen, but also demonstration by charters or witnesses in lawsuits. Other legal customs, however, were either restricted to certain areas, or otherwise common nationwide, but limited to the peasantry. Such was, for instance, pledging by drinking toast, the previous lodging of the estimated value of a piece of property in case of litigation, or, in the region of the Hegyalja, the sealing of land transactions with a delay of a year and three days, a practice evidently introduced with a view to prevent problems connected to the right of pre-emption. In forming this customary law the peasantry could rely on several legal sources. Part of the consuetudo no doubt filtered down to the local custom of the market towns from national law through the mediation of the literacy pursued by the so-called places of authentication (loca credibilia) and public notaries. Another such source may have been the legal practice of the free royal towns, which resembled parallel practice in the market towns in several points. Moreover, the dispositions of the letter of privilege granted to the town (if there existed one) were also respected. But there also existed procedures which had evidently emerged among the peasantry in the course of past centuries. By the late middle ages these different legal customs had frequently merged in distorted forms, and thus created the various customary laws which were proudly referred to in the charters of local communities (ins, mos, libertás, consuetudo etc.). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Összefoglaló. Bevezetés: Az EKG-n megjelenő korai repolarizációs mintázat diagnosztikai kritériumai és klinikai jelentősége elsősorban az elmúlt évtizedben került tisztázásra, ugyanakkor viszonylag kevés vizsgálat foglalkozott mind ez idáig a korai repolarizációs mintázathoz köthető esetleges strukturális szívelváltozások felderítésével. Módszer: Egy prospektív vizsgálat során azonosított 30, korai repolarizációs mintázatot mutató fiatal férfi (átlagéletkor: 22,5 ± 1,5 év) echokardiográfiás paramétereit hasonlítottuk össze egy 32 főből álló (átlagéletkor: 22,3 ± 1,9 év) megfeleltetett kontrollcsoport azonos jellemzőivel. A hagyományos paraméterek mérésén túlmenően, szöveti Doppler- és 'strain' (deformáció - speckle tracking módszerrel) vizsgálatot is végeztünk, összesen 35 jellemzőt követve. A paraméterek összehasonlítása kétmintás t-próba, illetve khi-négyzet-próba segítségével történt (szignifikancia: p<0,05). Eredmények: Nem találtunk patológiás elváltozásokat egyik személy esetében sem, és a két csoport között csupán két paraméter tekintetében fedeztünk fel szignifikáns eltérést. A korai repolarizációs mintázatot mutató csoportban kisebbnek bizonyult a bal kamra végsystolés térfogata (37,6 ± 15,2 ml vs. 45,5 ± 13,4 ml; p = 0,037), illetve gyakoribbnak találtuk az enyhe mitralis regurgitatio előfordulását (41,4% vs. 6,5%; p<0,001). Következtetés: A korai repolarizációs mintázatot mutató fiatal férfiak esetén kimutathatók bizonyos echokardiográfiás jellegzetességek. Ezek időbeli alakulásának, illetve prognosztikai, aritmológiai jelentőségének megítélése további, longitudinális követést igényel. Orv Hetil. 2021; 162(19): 741-745., Introduction: The diagnostic criteria and clinical significance of early repolarization pattern on ECG were clarified mainly in the last decade. However, there are only a few studies published on the exploration of cardiac structural changes underlying early repolarization pattern., Method: We compared the echocardiographic parameters of 30 young males with early repolarization pattern (mean age: 22.5 ± 1.5 years), who were identified during a prospective survey, with the same parameters of a matched control group consisting of 32 young males (mean age: 22.3 ± 1.9 years). Beyond measuring the conventional parameters, tissue Doppler and strain measures (speckle tracking) were obtained. Comparison of parameters was performed using t-test and chi-square test (significancy: p<0.05)., Results: There were no pathological changes in any person, and we found significant difference between the two groups only in the case of two parameters. In the early repolarization pattern group, the left ventricular end-systolic volume was smaller (37.6 ± 15.2 ml vs. 45.5 ± 13.4 ml; p = 0.037) and the presence of mild mitral regurgitation was more frequent (41.4% vs. 6.5%; p<0.001)., Conclusion: In young males with early repolarization pattern, we managed to demonstrate the existence of certain echocardiographic features. The assessment of their time course, prognostic and arrhythmological significance requires a longer follow-up. Orv Hetil. 2021; 162(19): 741-745.

The understanding, complex analysis and extensive knowledge about the physiology of the gastrointestinal tract are bases of functional and reconstructive surgery. We present our routine physiological tests. Several clinical syndromes may be related to motility disorders of the esophagus, stomach, colon and the anal sphincter apparatus. We show how functional tests influence surgery. Preoperative pH monitoring and esophageal manometry are essential in the planning of surgical treatment of GORD. The lower gastrointestinal functional tests help in the treatment of anal incontinence. Screening of the anal sphincter helps in the decision when to close non permanent stomas, and the inspection benefits haemorrhoidectomies on patients with poor anal sphincter status. We are present our initial practice with the functional tests.