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An aggravated salt concentration in soil restricts to intensify the crop productivity. In a salinity tolerance test, five Allium sativum cultivars viz. BARI Rashun-1, BARI Rashun-2, BARI Rashun-3, BARI Rashun-4 and Local (Natore local) were comapared subjecting four level of salt stress viz. 0, 4, 8 and 12 dS m-1. Total dry matter (TDM) (g) plant-1, bulb yield and yield supporting traits of all cultivars were depressed with successively induced salt. But, TDM productions, yield and yield supporting traits were less degraded in BARI Rashun-4 and BARI Rashun-3 at 12 dSm-1 salinity and had a stronger ability to continue constant osmotic potential maintaining the uttermost K+/Na+ ratio. The variety BARI Rashun-4 showed higher activity of antioxidant enzyme and less cell membrane damage at 12 dSm-1 salt level. BARI Rashun-3 and BARI Rashun-4 were considered as a relatively saline tolerant due to higher antioxidant enzyme synthesis, ion homeostasis and less degradation of yield. SAARC J. Agric., 19(2): 181-193 (2021)

A laboratory experiment with three replicates was conducted at Plant Physiology Division research laboratory of Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute (BARI) during November, 2015 to observe the seed quality of rapeseed-mustard by harvesting at different maturity stages of siliqua. Seeds were collected from siliqua of different rapeseed-mustard varieties and harvesting was made at different maturity stages based on their external color i.e., Green, pale yellow, Golden yellow and full maturity stage of siliqua. After harvesting of siliqua as per external color seeds were dried naturally about 48 hours and were packed in polythene and stored at laboratory environment for next season uses. Under laboratory condition seeds were evaluated in terms of moisture and germination percentage, speed of germination, root and shoot length, vigor index etc. Moisture content was found significantly at elevated level in respect of mustard varieties of BARI Sarisha-14 (V2), BARI Sarisha-6 (V3) and Tori-7 (V4). The variety Tori-7 and BARI Sarisha-14 showed the highest vigor index-II & vigor index-I, respectively. Among the harvesting stages, most of the parameters showed the highest standards in seeds harvesting at full maturity of siliqua stage (H4) followed by the golden yellow siliqua stage (H3) and pale yellow siliqua stages seeds (H2).Irrespective of rapeseed-mustard varieties seed collected from golden yellow and pale yellow siliqua stages could be stored up to twelve month for next season without significant loss in terms of germination percentage and vigor followed by full maturity stages of siliqua harvested seeds (H4). Bangladesh Agron. J. 2019, 22(1): 121-130

A field trial was conducted at Agronomy Farm of Bangladesh Rice Research Institute to find out the effect of crop establishment method and nutrient management on yield performance of BRRI developed short-duration Aman rice var. BRRI dhan62 during July to October 2016. The trial comprised of four crop establishment methods viz., M1 = BRRI recommended puddle transplanting, M2 = System of rice intensification (SRI) method (9-days old seedling transplantation), M3 = Sprouted seed in line sowing and M4 = Sprouted seed in broadcasting and three nutrient management levels viz.,N1 = BRRI recommended nutrient management, N2 = Soil test-based nutrient management, N3 = Control. The study was conducted in a factorial Randomized Complete Block Design with three replications. The result showed that planting methods had significant effects on the yield of rice. The SRI method along with BRRI recommended fertilizer dose produced the maximum grain yield of 4.49 t ha-1 which was statistically similar with that produced in SRI method day- and soil test-based nutrient management combination. The highest gross margin (Tk. 36,308.00 ha-1) and cost benefit ratio (2.06) were observed in direct seeding of sprouted seed in line sowing method along with BRRI recommended fertilizer dose. So, direct seeding of sprouted seed in line could be a suitable planting method due to reduction of 26.0% production cost associated with seedling raising and transplanting operations. Bangladesh Agron. J. 2018, 21(1): 117-123

The field experiment was conducted at Pulses Research Centre (PRC), Ishurdi, Pabna and Regional Agricultural Research Station (RARS), Jamalpur during rabi 2012-2013 to find out the effect of seed rate and walkway for green pea production as relay cropping with transplanted Aman rice. The experiment was based on six seed rates @ 50, 60, 70, 80, 90 and 100 kg ha-1 and two walking ways viz. 15 cm wide walkway at 2 m interval over the plot and control with three replications. A local cultivar of pea, named Natore was used in this trial. Results revealed that the treatment with 100 kg seed ha-1 gave the highest pod yield of 5.13 t ha-1 and 4.98 t ha-1 at Jamalpur and Ishurdi locations, respectively which was similar to 80 (S4) and 90 (S5) kg seed ha-1.. Walkway had no significant variation in yield and yield contributing characters but it produced the higher yield over the control. Using walkway, 100 kg seed ha-1 (S6) and 15 cm walkway at 2 m interval over the plot (W1) produced the highest pod yield of 5.14 t ha-1 and 4.95 t ha-1 and fodder yield of 6.70 t ha-1 and 6.13 t ha-1 at Jamalpur and Ishurdi locations, respectively. Maximum gross margin of Tk. 1,06,040 ha-1 and Tk. 1,02,401 ha-1 was contributed by combinations of using 100 kg seed ha-1 and 15 cm walking way but maximum benefit cost ratio (BCR) of 3.40 and 3.43 were obtained from S5×W1 combination at Jamalpur and Ishurdi locations, respectively. It is concluded that pea cultivar can be successfully cultivated for green pod production through the use of 90-100 kg ha-1 seed with walkway of 15 cm wide in the plot after 2 m intervals. Bangladesh Agron. J. 2018, 21(1): 95-103

Placenta is the mirror of maternal and fetal status; it reflects the changes due to complications in pregnancy of mother. The growth and survival of the fetus in utero is directly related to formation, development and maturation of the placenta. Placental index was correlated to poor pregnancy outcomes. Placental index can help to identify fetal growth restriction which is result of placental insufficiency and is characterized by insufficient trasnsplacental transport of nutrients and oxygen. This cross sectional descriptive study would provide information about the ratio of placental index in different gestational age group in Bangladeshi women. To achieve this aim the study was performed on 60 human placenta and corresponding fetuses and gestational age (in weeks) categorized as Group A (28-32), Group B (33-37), Group C (38-40). These sample and information were collected from normal pregnancy in Gynecology and Obstetrics Department of Mymensingh Medical College Hospital from July 2009 to June 2010. After preservation in 10% formal saline, study was done in Department of Anatomy in Mymensingh Medical College. In this study, the mean±SD placental index was in Group A (0.187±0.113), Group B (0.153±0.025) and Group C (0.166±0.025) and also observed that mean placental index decreased with age up to certain level then increase in Group C. The mean placental index was maximum in Group A (0.187±0.113) and was minimum in Group B (0.153±0.025). The mean difference of placental index between Groups AB, AC and BC was statistically not significant. Observed findings of this study were compared with those of Western and Bangladeshi researches.

This paper aimed to explore the experience of a person with tetraplegia living in Bangladesh and adapting to spinal cord injury (SCI) in the time of COVID-19. A semi-structured interview was perfor...

Background: Haemonchus contortus is regarded as one of the most prevalent and highly pathogenic parasite of ruminants. Vulvar flap morphology of female Haemonchus worms is useful to understand the biology of this nematode. Traits of vulvar morphology are considered as markers of ecological adaptation. A study was carried out to determine the types of vulvar flap present in female Haemonchus worms in naturally infected slaughtered goats in Northern area of Bangladesh. Methods: Abomasa of 520 goats (260 from Rajshahi and 260 from Noagon District) collected from January, 2013 through December, 2013 from different slaughter houses of northern area of Rajshahi, Bangladesh. Female Haemonchus worms were collected under a dissecting microscope and then washed under tap water to remove adhered feed residues from their body. All Haemonchus worms from each animal were preserved in 70% ethanol inside individually labeled universal bottles, until they were examined for the types of their vulvar flap. The statistical package SPSS 19 for Windows was used for data analysis. Parameters such as major vulvar morphotypes of Haemonchus spp were compared by Chi-square test in both study areas. Results: The major vulvar morph types was knobbed like (46.1%) followed by linguiform (33.5%) and smooth (20.4%). Out of 260 adult female Haemonchus worms collected from goats of Rajshahi district, 43.0% linguiform, 21.1% smooth and 35.8% knobbed vulvar morphs were identified. In Noagon district, 23.8% linguiform, 19.6% smooth and 56.5% knobbed vulvar morphs were observed. Linguiform type vulvar morphs were predominant in Rajshahi whereas knobbed type in Noagon district. Statistically significant (P

Herbicides are used successfully for weed control in rice fields for rapid effect, easier to application and low cost involvement in comparison to the traditional methods of hand weeding. Sulfentrazoneis a new pre-planting herbicide in Bangladesh. Field trials were conducted at Bangladesh Rice Research Institute (BRRI), Gazipur during Aman 2014 and Boro 2014-15 to evaluate the efficacy of sulfentrazone 48 SC on weed suppression and performance of transplanted rice. Treatments were Sulfentrazone 48 SC @ 150, 200 and 250 ml ha-1, pretilachlor 500 EC @ 1000 ml ha-1, weed free and unweeded control. Visual assessment indicated that this herbicide possesses high selectivity and not toxic to rice plants. The results revealed that the major weed flora associated with the transplanted rice was mainly comprised of two grasses, two sedges and four broadleaves in Aman 2014 and two grasses, two sedge and two broadleaves in Boro 2014-15. The most dominant weeds were Cyperus difformis, Echinochloa crus-galli, Scirpus maritimus and Monochoria vaginalis in both the growing seasons. Application of Sulfentrazone 48 SC @ 200 ml ha-1 was most effective to suppress weed density and dry masses in both the seasons resulting increased grain yield more than 50% as compared to unweeded control. Therefore, Sulfentrazone 48 SC @ 200 ml ha-1 should apply two or three days before plantingfor effectively control weeds in riceBangladesh Rice j. 2017, 21(1): 67-76

Theoretical and numerical investigations of dust acoustic shock waves (DASHWs) have been carried out in electron-depleted magnetized dusty plasmas (consisting of mobile positively charged as well as negatively charged dust particles, and nonextensive q-distributed ions). The both positively and negatively charged dust kinematic viscosities are taken into account to derive the Burgers equation. It is observed that the viscous force (acting on both polarity charged dust particles) is the dissipitive source and responsible for the formation of DASHWs. It is seen that the electron-depleted magnetized plasma supports both (positive and negative) polarity shock structures. It is also seen that the basic features (i.e., amplitude, width, polarity, phase speed, etc.) of DASHWs are modified by the effects of ion nonextensivity, coefficient of viscosity, oblique angle, negative-to-positive dust mass ratio, ratio of the number of electrons on a negatively charged dust-to-the number of protons on a positively charged dust, and the ratio of the ion number density-to-the negative dust number density. The results of our present investigation may be useful to study the various space and laboratory plasmas, where dissipation due to kinematic viscosity can not be neglected.

Direct seeding of rice is an emerging technology. However, direct seeded rice culture in the main field is hindered by enormous weed infestation and it lacks judicious fertilizer management. So, experiments were conducted during dry seasons of 2010 and 2012 with three fertilizer packages and four weed control measures. Rice seed was sown in the field using drum seeder in wet soil. The results revealed that weed density and weed biomass were strongly influenced by weed control methods and fertilizer rates. Weed density was higher in unweeded plots with 140:36:43 kg NPK ha-1. Among the species Echinichloa crusgalli (L.) P. Beauv. was the dominant species. Three hand weeding controlled maximum weeds. Uses of herbicide for controlling weeds were above 80 and 70% effective. Strong negative correlation was recorded between grain yield and weed density. Herbicide with one hand weeding and BRRI weeder in combination with 160:46:53 kg NPK ha-1 produced about 81- 104% higher grain yield than no weeding. Weed free plot produced 112% higher yield with 160:46:53 kg NPK ha-1. Besides, herbicide with one hand weeding and BRRI weeder treated plot produced similar yield irrespective of fertilizer doses. The strong positive and linear relationship was found in case of yield and yield components. Herbicide with one hand weeding and 120:26:33 kg NPK ha-1 gave higher net return (1145 $/ha). The benefit cost ratio was also higher in herbicide based weed management with reduced rate of fertilizer. Direct seeded culture using herbicide with one hand weeding and 120:26:33 kg NPK ha-1 could be an option for reducing production cost in dry season along with satisfactory grain yield.Bangladesh Rice j. 2016, 20(1): 65-75

The purpose of the study was to determine the disease profile of patients attending the low vision clinic of a tertiary eye care hospital at National Institute of OphthalmologyHospital (NIOH), Dhaka, Bangladesh July 2016 to June 2017. Low vision and blindness are major causes of morbidity and an economic burden on the individual, family and the country. Low vision service has emerged as a major challenge faced by the developing countries .so prompt diagnosis; early treatment and early use of low vision devices can improve the quality of life. It was a prospective observational study conducted in low vision clinic at a tertiary care hospital in Bangladesh for one year. A total 419 patient, aged 6-60 years among them 267(63.7%) were male and 152(36.3%) were female. The leading causes of low vision in patient attending the low vision clinic were Retinitis pigmentosa (31.3%) macular dystrophy/stargards diseasesmaculopathy (20.3%) and myopia with macular degeneration (14.8%). The percentage of visual impaired (6/18-6/60) were 38.3%, severely visual impaired (6/60-3/60) were 24.4%(3/60) 37.3%. Almost all the patient was prescribed spectacles and Telescope for distant vision, Hand held magnifier and video magnifier were prescribed for near vision. Vision improved with low vision devices (6/18 or better) in 49.5%, (6/18-6/60) in 47.3%, (6/60-3/60) in 2.8%, (3/60) in 0.3% patient. Vision with low vision devices were significantly changes (p=0.001). The present study shows that hereditary ocular anomalies (Retinitis pigmentosa, macular dystrophy, myopic degeneration) and amblyopia were more common causes of low vision in this part of world.

An experiment was conducted at the Bangladesh Rice Research Institute (BRRI), Gazipur during Boro season of 2013-14 and 2014-15 to find out the nitrogen use efficiency and yield of boro rice var. BRRI dhan28 and BRRI dhan29 under four N management practices such as application of prilled urea using prilled urea applicator, application of USG (2.7gm) using USG applicator, broadcasting of prilled urea following three splits and a control (without urea). The experimental design was RCBD replicated thrice. BRRI dhan29 with urea broadcasted plots produced higher grain yield (7.38t ha-1) followed by BRRI dhan29 with USG application (6.65 t ha-1). Hand broadcasting with urea fertilizer showed 15.38.5and 2.5, 9.89% higher grain yield than machine application of prilled urea and USG in BRRI dhan28 and BRRI dhan29, respectively. Grain yield showed a significant quadratic response to N fertilization and significant linear response with total dry matter production in both the varieties. Higher total N was uptake from urea broadcasted plots in BRRI dhan29 followed by urea broadcasted from BRRI dhan28. BRRI dhan29 with Prilled urea applicator and BRRI dhan29 with USG treatment uptake intermediate nitrogen. N uptake in grain and total N uptake had a significant linear and quadratic response to N treatment in BRRI dhan28 and BRRI dhan29. Nitrogen use efficiency was higher in BRRI dhan29 compared to BRRI dhan28. Economic analysis showed that rice var. BRRI dhan28 and BRRI dhan29 with urea broadcast had the highest gross return of Tk.145145.00 and Tk. 158310.00 ha-1, respectively. However, the maximum cost (Tk. 151131) was involved for BRRI dhan29 with urea broadcasting, while the minimum with no urea fertilizer application for both the varieties. The highest marginal rate of return (MRR) (Tk.1146) was recorded from BRRI dhan28 with USG application using BRRI applicator.Bangladesh Agron. J. 2016, 19(1): 1-10

Orthodontic pain, the most cited negative effect arising as a result of orthodontic force application, is a major matter of distress for clinicians and patients/parents and directly influences their compliance during the treatment. The lengthy duration of treatment along with frequent pain due to the orthodontic appliances often leads to patient burn out and has been associated with discontinuation of orthodontic treatment. It is imperative for the clinicians to identify and manage the pain experienced by their patients. It becomes duty of an orthodontist to satisfy the questions arising in the mind of patients, parents and clinicians. Various modalities for the management of orthodontic pain have been proposed over the years. The purpose of this review article is to throw a light on the various possible causes of orthodontic pain and to discuss the various management options for the orthodontic pain.Update Dent. Coll. j: 2016; 6 (1): 43-51

An experiment was conducted at the Agronomy Field of Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka-1207 during the period from November 2011 to March 2012 to evaluate the performance of prilled urea and urea super granules (USG) on the growth and yield of wheat varieties. The experiment comprised of four wheat varieties viz., BARI Gom 21, BARI Gom 24, BARI Gom 25 and BARI Gom 26, and five nitrogen (N) levels viz., control (no Nitrogen), 84 kg ha-1 N from USG, and 30, 50 and 70 kg N ha-1 from prilled urea i.e., 67, 112 and 155 kg urea ha -1 . The experiment was laid out in a split-plot design with three replications where wheat varieties were placed in the main plot and nitrogenous fertilizers in sub-plots. Experimental results indicated that different varieties had the significant effect on plant height, number of tillers and dry weight plant -1 , and number of grains spike -1 , grain and straw yield, and harvest index. The variety BARI Gom 24 produced the highest grain yield (2.49 t ha -1 ) that mainly attributed by the maximum number of spikes plant -1 , number of grains spike -1 and 1000-grain weight. Among the different nitrogenous fertilizers 84 kg N ha -1 from USG (1.8 g) gave the highest grain yield (2.69 t ha -1 ) due to the maximum number of spikes plant -1 , maximum number of grains spike -1 and 1000-grain weight. The variety BARI Gom 24 produced the highest grain yield (2.80 t ha -1 ) with 80 kg N ha -1 from USG application. Bangladesh Agron. J. 2015, 18(1): 37-48

A study was conducted in the Laboratory of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, Bangladesh, during March, 2011 to February, 2012. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of temperature, humidity and rainfall in different months on the prevalence of haemonchosis of goats in Rajshahi, Bangladesh. A total of 720 samples were examined, of these (416) 57.8% goats were found positive for Haemonchus spp. infection. The highest prevalence was observed in the month of July (82.1 %) followed by August (79.7 %) and lowest in the January (28.3 %) followed by February (38.7 %). It was also observed that temperature (29.8°Ċ), relative humidity (86%) and rainfall (146.0 mm) in the month of July was favourable for the egg laying, hatching and survival of infective larvae on the pasture. On the other hand, all the factors like temperature, humidity and rainfall was recorded lowest as 17.5°Ċ, 79%, 5.5 mm respectively which was unfavourable for the reproduction and survival of infective larvae in the month of the January. The current study revealed that haemonchosis is an important and common parasitic disease and requires special attention for its control. The prevalence among different months when compared statistically (Chi-square test and DMRT) revealed significant (P=0.001) differences. So, it is concluded that, month of the year, temperature, humidity and rainfall has significance effect on the prevalence of haemonchosis in goats. Considering those factors control should be carried out in and around Bangladesh to improve our goat production. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjvm.v13i1.23713 Bangl. J. Vet. Med . (2015). 13 (1): 29-36

A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted for a period of six months in some locations of Dhaka city. Data was collected from 90 floating sex workers to find out their socio-demographic characteristics, sexual lifestyle particularly safe sex by using condom among them. Of the 90 respondents, mean age of the respondents was 22.21 (+4.87) with a range of < 18 to >26 years. 42 (46.7%) of the respondents were married. 73 (81.1%) of the respondents were the main earning member of the family. The mean family income was Taka 7700 (+3872.838). Majority 33(36.7%) of the respondents were illiterate. The main reason for accepting sex selling profession it was found that more than half i.e. 62 (68.9%) of the respondents were bluffed and 24 (26.7%) respondents accepted this profession of their own will. The duration of sex work of 29 (32.2%) of the respondents was less than 1 year (6-8 months) and 24 (26.6%) of the respondents were 4-5 years. 59 of the respondent always used condoms (65.6%). A significant number of respondents, 31 (34.4%) did not use condom. The reason for not using condom was client’s dissatisfaction (25, 80.6%) and 4 (12.9%) respondents used other methods of contraception. Among the respondents, 78 (86.7%) used condom during last sexual intercourse. In the study, 45 (76.3%) respondents knew condom as a preventive measure and advocated its use in each sexual intercourse. (?² = 4.356; d f=1 P= 0.037). 60 (76.3%) of the respondents knew condom use as a preventive measure and used it in last sexual intercourse and highly significant association was found (?² = 17.61; df=1 P

The theoretical and numerical study on the nonlinear propagation of heavy-ion-acoustic (HIA) shock waves has been carried out in an unmagnetized, collisionless dense plasma system (containing degenerate electron and inertial light ion fluids, and positively charged static heavy ions). The normal mode analyse is used to investigate the linear wave properties. Reductive perturbation technique is used to derive the Burgers equation which admits a localized wave solution for the shock profile. It is seen that the shock wave characteristics have been influenced significantly for the non-relativistic as well as for the ultra-relativistic limits. It has also been found that the effect of degenerate pressure and number density of electron and inertial light ion fluids, and positively charged static heavy ions significantly modify the basic features (speed, amplitude, width, etc.) of HIA shock waves. The relevance of our results in astrophysical objects (like white dwarfs and neutron stars), which are of scientific interest, is briefly discussed.

The properties of time-dependent cylindrical and spherical, modified ion-acoustic (mIA) solitary structures in relativistic degenerate multi-ion plasmas (containing degenerate electron fluids, inertial positively-, as well as negatively-, charged light ions, and positively-charged static heavy ions) have been investigated theoretically. This investigation is valid for both non-relativistic and ultra-relativistic limits. The well-known reductive perturbation method has been used to derive the Korteweg-de Vries (K-dV) and the mK-dV equations for studying the basic features of solitary waves. The fundamental characteristics of mIA solitary waves are found to be significantly modified by the effects of the degenerate pressures of the electron and the ion fluids, their number densities, and the various charge states of heavy ions. The relevance of our results in astrophysical compact objects like white dwarfs and neutron stars, which are of scientific interest, is briefly discussed.

The nonlinear propagation of electrostatic perturbation modes in an unmagnetized, collisionless, relativistic, degenerate plasma (containing both nonrelativistic and ultrarelativistic degenerate electrons, nonrelativistic degenerate ions, and arbitrarily charged static heavy ions) has been investigated theoretically. The Korteweg-de Vries (K-dV) equation has been derived by employing the reductive perturbation method. Their solitary wave solution is obtained and numerically analyzed in case of both planar and nonplanar (cylindrical and spherical) geometry. It has been observed that the ion-acoustic (IA) and modified ion-acoustic (mIA) solitary waves have been significantly changed due to the effects of degenerate plasma pressure and number densities of the arbitrarily charged heavy ions. It has been also found that properties of planar K-dV solitons are quite different from those of nonplanar K-dV solitons. There are numerous variations in case of mIA solitary waves due to the polarity of heavy ions. The basic features and the underlying physics of IA and mIA solitary waves, which are relevant to some astrophysical compact objects, are briefly discussed.

A rigorous theoretical investigation has been made to study the existence and basic features of the ion-acoustic (IA) shock structures in an unmagnetized, collisionless multi-ion plasma system (containing degenerate electron fluids, inertial positively as well as negatively charged ions, and arbitrarily charged static heavy ions). This investigation is valid for both non-relativistic and ultra-relativistic limits. The reductive perturbation technique has been employed to derive the modified Burgers equation. The solution of this equation has been numerically examined to study the basic properties of shock structures. The basic features (speed, amplitude, width, etc.) of these electrostatic shock structures have been briefly discussed. The basic properties of the IA shock waves are found to be significantly modified by the effects of arbitrarily charged static heavy ions and the plasma particle number densities. The implications of our results in space and interstellar compact objects like white dwarfs, neutron stars, black holes, and so on have been briefly discussed.

The properties of heavy-ion-acoustic (HIA) solitary structures associated with the nonlinear propagation of cylindrical and spherical electrostatic perturbations in an unmagnetized, collisionless dense plasma system has been investigated theoretically. Our considered model contains degenerate electron and inertial light ion fluids, and positively charged static heavy ions, which is valid for both of the non-relativistic and ultra-relativistic limits. The Korteweg-de Vries (K-dV) and modified K-dV (mK-dV) equations have been derived by employing the reductive perturbation method, and numerically examined in order. It has been found that the effect of degenerate pressure and number density of electron and inertial light ion fluids, and positively charged static heavy ions significantly modify the basic features of HIA solitary waves. It is also noted that the inertial light ion fluid is the source of dispersion for HIA waves and is responsible for the formation of solitary waves. The basic features and the underlying physics of HIA solitary waves, which are relevant to some astrophysical compact objects, are briefly discussed.

Assistive technology can play an important role in allowing a person with spinal cord injury (SCI) to live as independently as possible. The Centre for the Rehabilitation of the Paralysed (CRP) is the only specialized hospital and rehabilitation center in Bangladesh providing rehabilitation for people with SCI. Occupational therapists working in the multidisciplinary team in the Inpatient Unit at CRP play an important role in recommending appropriate assistive technologies for people with SCI. As most of the people with SCI in Bangladesh come from a low socioeconomic background, occupational therapists need to consider low cost assistive technologies. Occupational therapists design and provide a wide range of assistive devices to maximize performance in self-care, productivity, and leisure for people with different levels of SCI. Case examples demonstrate clients’ use of assistive technologies in their local communities. Currently, there is a very limited amount of research on low cost assistive d...

A rigorous theoretical investigation is made on the highly nonlinear propagation of electrostatic shock waves in degenerate dense two-fluid plasma with relativistic electrons and inertial ions with the additional negatively charged dust grains. 1-D evolution of electrostatic shock waves is found to exist in such a plasma system employing the reductive perturbation method. It is also found that a highly nonlinear wave can propagate in the system whose profiles are showed with the solution of modified Burgers' equation with the usual one. This is an unique finding among all the theoretical investigations made before whose probable implications are discussed in this investigation. The implications of the results obtained from this unique investigation in space and laboratory experiments are briefly discussed.

A rigorous theoretical investigation has been made on the nonlinear structures, mainly, dust-acoustic (DA) solitary and shock waves propagating in a strongly coupled dusty plasma consisting of strongly coupled correlated positively and negatively charged inertial cold dust fluid, weakly correlated inertialess Maxwellian electron and ion fluids. The presence of arbitrary (negative and positive) charged dust grains in such a plasma system causes the presence opposite potentials (positive and negative) DA solitary and shock structures and significantly modify it’s basic features. The results obtained from this analysis can be employed in understanding the nature of plasma waves both in laboratory and space plasma system.

The study was conducted on live and slaughtered goats in Rajshahi district during the period of March, 2011 to February, 2012 by coproscopy and necroscopy studies respectively. The aim of this study was to determine the factors such as age, sex and breed of the goat which influences the prevalence of haemonchosis. The information was collected from farmers through a questionnaire. A total of 720 goats examined, of which 416 goats were found positive for Haemonchus infection and the overall prevalence of haemonchosis in goat was 57.8%. The prevalence rate was found to be higher in young (< 2 yrs), 63.8% compared to older (>2 yrs), 41.5% goats. It was observed that in relation to sex the prevalence of haemonchosis was higher in female, 63.9% compared to male, 50.0% goats. Among the breed, the crossbred goats were the maximum, 60.2% infection rate of haemonchosis than that of Black Bengal, 55.6% goats. The young stage and female goats are more prone to haemonchosis and statistically a significant difference (P0.05) was found in breed of goats. The present study suggests that young aged and females goats were more susceptible but crossbred goats were slightly susceptible to haemonchosis and requires special attention for its control. International Journal of Natural Sciences (2012), 2(3):83-87 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/ijns.v2i3.12137

In vitro efficacy of neem (Azadirachta indica), bishkatali (Polygonum hydropiper), ata (Annona retirulata), sharifa (A. squamosa) and durba ghas (Cynodon dactylon) against Boophilus microplus (tropical cattle tick) was tested during the period from July to December 2004 in the Department of Parasitology, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh. To prepare the paste, aqueous and ethanol extracts, the leaves of neem, bishkatali, ata, sharifa and leaves along with stem of durba ghas were used. Three different types of preparation of plant materials such as paste, aqueous extracts and ethanol extracts were applied in three methods such as thin layer of paste, as spray and as impregnated filter paper (IFP). Extracts were used in 0.5%, 1 % and 2% concentrations and the percent mortality of the ticks were recorded at 12, 24 and 72 hours after treatment. Among them, ethanol extract of ata at 2% concentration showed highest efficacy (100%) followed by aqueous extract of bishkatali (93.33%) at same concentrations and ethanol extract of ata (93.33%) at 1% concentration in spray on method. Among the various methods of application "spray on" method was found to be most effective followed by paste and impregnated filter paper. On the other hand, among the preparations ethanol extract was found to be more efficacious incase of ata plant only. From the study, it is revealed that ata and bishkatali have great acaricidal value against B. microplus.

Summary This study describes the size at first sexual maturity, length–weight relationships (LWR) in relation to size at first sexual maturity, and Fulton’s condition factor (KF) of Eutropiichthys vacha in the Ganges River, northwestern Bangladesh. Sampling was done using traditional fishing gear including cast nets, square lift nets and conical traps during January and April, and July to December 2010. For each individual, total length (TL) was measured to the nearest 0.01 cm, and total weight (BW) was determined to the nearest 0.01 g. The gonadosomatic index (GSI) was calculated by the equation, GSI (%) = (Gonad weight in g/BW) × 100. The size at first sexual maturity of males and females was estimated by the relationship between gonadosomatic index and total length. A total of 583 specimens (289 males; 294 females) ranging from 8.30 to 27.00 cm TL and 3.16 to 159.50 g BW were analyzed. Sizes at first sexual maturity for male and female E. vacha were 13.15 and 14.00 cm TL, respectively. The analysis of covariance (ancova) revealed significant differences in slope and intercept between early and late phases for males (F = 4.532, P

This prospective observational study was performed with twenty nine eyes of Twenty eight patients who were operated upon for chronic dacryocystitis eight months to two years six months before, presented with history of persistent watering and discharge. Number of male was 6(21%) and female was 22(79%). Re-DCR with silicone tube intubation was performed in all the patients. Post operative follow up for a period of 12-24 months revealed absence of symptoms in 28 eyes (97%) while 1(3%) eye persisted with watering and discharge despite uncomplicated surgical procedure. There are so many options for management of Failed DCR, among them Re-DCR with Silicone Tube Intubation is the most safe and less cost effective method.

A 14 months old male child was admitted into Mymensingh Medical College Hospital (MMCH), Bangladesh, with fever, watering, swelling, redness of right eye and running nose. On initial examination, patient was febrile, toxic, right-sided severe proptosis, restricted ocular movement, conjunctival chemosis and exposure keratitis of right eye. A sluggish pupillary light reaction was present in the right eye. Visual acuity was not recordable. CT scan of Brain and Orbit revealed, retrobulbar abscess of right orbit. The left eye was normal. The abscess was drained through a wide bore needle. The extraocular motility improved and pupil became brisk with a reduction in the temperature and toxic signs within 48 hours following surgery. Proptosis at the time of discharge from the hospital was absent in the right eye with no other complication. Post operative 8 months follow up period was excellent.

A descriptive cross sectional study was carried out in the Gynae and ObstetricsPathology department of Mymensingh Medical CollegeHospital (MMCH) to see the placental changes in normalpregnancy induced hypertension (PIH) and its impacts on fetus for one year period. Total 80 placentas were collected, 40 from normal pregnant mothers having no hypertension and 40 from PIH group (one from gestational hypertension, 17 from pre-eclampsia and 22 from eclampsia. Macroscopic study of the placenta revealed placental weight, surface area and number of cotyledons were less in study group. Mean placental weight in study group was 419.50gm and in control group was 477.50 (p0.001). Mean surface area in study groupcontrol group were 232.29cm² and 304.80cm² respectively (p0.001). Mean number of cotyledons were 15.39 and 17.40 in studycontrol group respectively (P0.001) and lower diameter of umbilical cord (p0.04667). But in the present study placental thickness was not significant (p0.539). There was a single umbilical artery present in one patient in PIH group .In PIH group syncytial knots (95%), fibrinoid necrosis (80%), VSM (vasculosyncytial membrane) formation, sclerosis, chorangiosis and calcification were more marked. Infarction was present in placenta of PIH 34(85%) and in control group 8(20%). There was a tendency of lowering the weight of neonate 2.47kg in study group and 3.06kg in control group (p0.001), number of asphyxiated babies and perinatal morbidity and mortality( still birth was 7.5 and neonatal death was 15%) were more marked in PIH group. In PIH group placental changes were related with fetal outcome. Common placental changes were significant in this study.

A descriptive cross sectional study was carried out in Gynae and ObstetricsPathology department of Mymensingh Medical College Hospital (MMCH) to see the placental changes in normal pregnantpregnancy induced hypertensive (PIH) mother. Total 80 placentas were collected, 40 from normal pregnant mothers having no hypertension and 40 from PIH group (one from gestational hypertension, 17 from pre-eclampsia and 22 from eclamptic mother). Macroscopic study of the placenta revealed placental weight, surface area and number of cotyledons were less in study group. Mean placental weight in study group was 419.50gm and in control group was 477.50gm (p0.001). Mean surface area in study groupcontrol group were 232.29cm² and 304.80cm² respectively (p0.001). Mean number of cotyledons were 15.39 and 17.40 in studycontrol group respectively (p0.001) and lower diameter of umbilical cord p0.04667. But in the present study placental thickness was not significant p0.539. In PIH group, macroscopic infractions were more marked. There was a single umbilical artery present in one patient in PIH group. In PIH group syncytial knots (95%), fibrinoid necrosis (80%), VSM formation, sclerosis, chorangiosis and calcification were more marked. Infarction was present in placenta of PIH 34(85%) and in control group 8(20%). Common placental changes were significant in this study. So, early intervention in PIH is rational to get the good perinatal morbidity and mortality.

The purpose of this study was to detect the etiology, type and prevalence of colour blindnessto create awareness among the blind personnel. A survey of colour blindness among 239 ( male-87female-152) Medical and Dental first year students during their medical checkup before admission into Mymensingh Medical College in the session of 2012-2013 was done. Among them 8(male-7, female-1) were colour blind and prevalence was 3.35 % with a marked male predominance (male 8.04%, female 0.66 %). In view of the potential difficulties faced by such personnel in clinical works, detection during medical admission allowed appropriate counseling regarding subject selection for their future carrier.

Very few cases of Human Thelaziasis are reported worldwide. This is the first case of its kind from Bangladesh. A 58 years old man was admitted to Ophthalmology department of Mymensingh Medical College Hospital, Mymensingh, with itching, redness, foreign body sensation, lacrimationfilamentary discharge from right eye (R/E). He had visual acuity6/60, conjunctival congestionadvanced bi-headed pterygium of R/E. After exposure of R/E ball with universal eye's speculum, a thin white nematode was found into the right lower conjunctival fornix. It was taken out by a plain forceps, placed into a bottle containing Hartman's solutionimmediately sent to Microbiology department of Mymensingh Medical College for proper identification. Subsequently with the joint collaborationdetailed examination by the Parasitology department of Bangladesh Agricultural University (BAU), Mymensingh, the nematode was identified as an adult Thelazia callipaeda worm.

This paper presents a novel, and highly practical, global channel borrowing method for cellular communications. Unlike the traditional notion of channel sharing between adjacent cells, we consider the global and dynamic channel borrowing approach that allows real-time borrowing of channels from cells that are remote. We propose heuristics to solve the channel borrowing problem at the instance of high traffic load-which brings in the issues of the remote chain borrowing strategy and the concept of dynamic resource reservation pools. The results of the undertaken strategy are validated by simulation.

This paper presents the reconfiguration of multicast tree at the instance of node migration in cellular wireless networks. We consider a novel, and highly practical, formulation of the real-time multicast problem. Unlike the traditional notion of source to leaf node message transmission time being the measure for real-time, we consider the multicast tree re-construction time (in the event of a node migration) as the measure for real-time constraints. The overall goal is to minimize both the delays-i): delay of re-constructing the multicast tree and ii) source to destination transmission delay. In this paper we introduce and provide solutions for the first objective, while the current research in real-time multicast tree considers the latter objective only. We propose three heuristics to solve the real-time multicast tree re-construction problem and present analysis and simulation results for different factors that contribute differently to the reconstruction delay.

A rigorous theoretical investigation has been made to study the existence and basic features of the ion acoustic (IA) shock structures in an unmagnetized, collisionless dense plasma system containing degenerate electron and ion fluids, and arbitrarily charged static heavy ions. This investigation is valid for both the non-relativistic limit and the ultra-relativistic limit. The reductive perturbation technique has been employed to derive the standard Burgers equation. The solution of this equation has been analyzed both for planar geometry and for nonplanar geometry. The basic features (speed, amplitude, width, and so on) of these electrostatic shock structures have been briefly discussed. The basic properties of the IA shock waves are found to be significantly modified by the effects of arbitrarily charged static heavy ions. It has also been found that the properties of IA shock waves in nonplanar (cylindrical or spherical) geometry significantly differ from those in planar (one-dimensional) geometry. The implications of our results for space and interstellar compact objects such as white dwarfs, neutron stars, black holes, and so on have been briefly discussed.

A rigorous theoretical investigation has been made of basic characteristics of the nonplanar dust-ion-acoustic shock and solitary waves in electronegative dusty plasma containing Boltzmann electrons, Boltzmann negative ions, inertial positive ions, and charge fluctuating (negatively charged) stationary dust. The Burgers' and Korteweg–de Vries (K-dV) equations, which is derived by reductive perturbation technique, is numerically solved to examine the effects of nonplanar geometry on the basic features of the DIA shock and solitary waves formed in the electronegative dusty plasma. The implications of the results (obtained from this investigation) in space and laboratory experiments are briefly discussed.

A theoretical investigation has been made of the nonlinear propagation of ion-acoustic waves associated with a dense plasma system consisting degenerate electron and ion fluids. This fluid model, which is valid for both the non-relativistic and ultra-relativistic limits, has been employed with the reductive perturbation method. The K-dV and modified K-dV (mK-dV) equations have been derived and numerically analyzed. The basic features of solitons have been observed. It has been shown that the plasma system under consideration supports the propagation of solitons (electrostatic solitary structures) obtained from the solutions of K-dV and mK-dV equations. The implications of our results obtained from this investigation in compact astrophysical objects have been briefly discussed.