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The purpose of this study was to reinterpret the structures of Sungnyemun and Paldalmun through the analysis of the royal ritual. Both buildings were gates of the main cities in the Joseon dynasty which was used as a ruling place by the king in the late 18th century. For this alter of use, it turned out that Sungnyemun utilized its existing structure but had limitations while on the other hand, Paldalmun was thoroughly planned from the start on top of earlier experiences. The results of the analysis are as follows; firstly, as a result of differences in the circulation systems Sungnyemun used the lower floor as the ruling place while Paldamun used the upper floor, secondly, the opening size of the upper floor of Paldalmun was influenced by both Sungnyemun and Donhwamun. This enabled the lower floor to be uninfluenced by the king and led to reinforcing the offensive functions in frontal parapets of Paldalmun. Thirdly, Paldalmun gained the center alignment between the outer stairway and the side entrance. Fourthly, the inner staircase of Paldalmun was made under the principles of confucian and practicalism. Fifthly, the knee-brace-type-beam structure was adapted by most of multi-floored gates because of its usefulness of installing the inner staircase. Lastly, while the exterior model of Paldalmun can be defined as Sungnyemun, the model building that influenced the interior space planning is assumed to be Donhwamun.

The objectives of this paper are to describe the development results of the ship collision avoidance support system called HiCASS (Hyundai intelligent Collision Avoidance Support System) and present the real ship voyage test results of the system. This system automatically evaluates the risk of detected objects around ship using the information from AIS (Automatic Identification System), Radar ARPA (Automatic Radar Plotting Aid) and ENC (Electronic Navigational Chart). And if the risk is over the predefined level, it recommends the detour routes according to the COLREGs 1972 (International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea 1972). Its usability has been verified in real round voyages between South Korea and Europe cooperating with HMM (Hyundai Merchant Marine). As a result, it is found that the system gives alarms at proper time and avoidable routes in complicated collision situations but the suggested collision avoidance routes are comparatively larger than the real action of officers.