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Purpose: This study aimed to explore factors influencing on the preventive behaviors of dementia in older Koreans enrolled in senior welfare centers to provide basic information on dementia prevention.Methods: A total of 182 older Koreans participated in this study, which employed a cross-sectional design. Data were collected using questionnaires with items related to general characteristics, depression, self-esteem, knowledge and attitudes about dementia, preventive behaviors of dementia, dementia management self-efficacy, and anxiety about dementia. Using SPSS WIN 23.0, data were analyzed by descriptive statistics, t-test, ANOVA, Scheffé test, Pearson's correlation coefficient, and multiple regression.Results: Living with a spouse (p=.013), a higher monthly income (p=.018), better nutrition (p=.010), not having a sleep disorder (pp=.001) were associated with better dementia prevention behaviors. Attitudes about dementia (β=.18, p=.006) and the number of programs older Koreans were participating in (β=.17, p=.006) influenced positively on the preventive behaviors of dementia, while depression (β=-.41, pβ=-.17, p=.006) influenced negatively on dementia preventive behaviors. Overall, approximately 35% of the variability in dementia preventive behaviors was explained by these four variables in this study (F=24.97, p

OBJECTIVE Older adults living alone face physical, emotional, and social health problems, and prefer to age in place (AIP) in their homes. A community-based integrated model for AIP is needed and few studies have identified its impact on older adults living alone. METHODS This was a non-randomized prospective study. Participants were 877 community-dwelling older adults living alone, aged above 65 years, in S* city in South Korea. The intervention group (n = 331) received a community-based integrated service (CBIS) model based on AIP for six months from October 2019 to April 2020. RESULTS Scores on frailty (β = -0.377, p

Purpose: This study aimed to explore influencing factors on care burden among family caregivers for elders with dementia living at home. Methods: Participants in this study were 211 family caregivers who were taking care of elders registered at a support center for dementia located in S-gu, Seoul. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire. Data were analyzed with descriptive statistics, t-test, ANOVA, Pearson correlation coefficients, and multiple regression in SPSS WIN 23.0. Results: The care burden of family caregivers was mild to moderate ($40.31{pm}21.50$) in this study. The factors influencing care burden among family caregivers for elders with dementia were the age, behavioral problems, and dependency in instrumental activities of daily living of demented elderly, in addition to the perceived health status and resting hours of family caregivers. Overall, these factors explained 46.5% of the total variability in care burden in this sample (F=13.01, p

Background: Subjective cognitive decline (SCD) is one of the most common complaints in older adults and may increase risk factors for dementia. Therefore, it is important to identify and manage risk factors for subjective cognitive function (SCF). Purpose: This study aimed to investigate factors influencing SCF in community-dwelling older adults. Methods: With a cross-sectional research design, 164 older adults responded to questionnaires. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, independent t-test, one-way ANOVA, Scheffe-test, Pearson's correlation coefficient, and multiple regression with SPSS 23.0. Results: Participating in religious activities, sleeping well, a lower number of comorbidities, better perceived health status, lower depression, and higher self-esteem were associated with better SCF. Overall, approximately 24.9% of the variability in SCF was explained by perceived health status, religion, and depression. Conclusion: Multifaceted aspects must be considered when developing interventions to improve SCF in community-dwelling older adults who complain of experiencing SCD.

The number of elderly people living alone worldwide is increasing, and the responsibility of the state in this context is emerging. This study aimed to develop a community-based integrated service (CBIS) model of health and social care for older adults living alone. The model was designed based on a literature review of previous community care models and per older adults&rsquo, health and daily life needs. Thereafter, feedback on the integrated model was taken from older adults living alone by conducting a survey (n = 1023) and focus group interviews, after which the opinions of the Public type Health Management Promotion Council were considered and content validity was confirmed. The model, comprising eight healthcare services and five social care services, was tested on 22 older adults for two weeks to assess its feasibility and preliminary efficiency. Each service included screening, assessment, providing service, evaluation, and quit. Participants rated their overall satisfaction with the services as 9 out of 10. Care navigators reported feeling comforted and discovered their own sense of being while providing the services. We believe that the CBIS model may foster independence among community-dwelling older adults living alone, thereby improving their quality of life through &ldquo, aging in place.&rdquo

Introduction: A growing number of North Korean defector students enter nursing schools in South Korea. Many of them, however, quit nursing school and fail to obtain a nurse license. The purpose of this study was to describe the educational barriers and needs of North Korean defector nursing students. Method: A qualitative descriptive approach was employed. Convenience sampling was used, and 14 students participated. Qualitative content analysis was employed. Results: Five themes emerged: lack of preparation for higher education, multiple language barriers, differences in education and culture, lack of support and resources, and lack of information and understanding. Discussion: South Korean government needs to provide North Korean defector students with more practical supportive programs. South Korean nursing schools need to provide more transcultural education for South Korean students and supportive adaptation programs for North Korean defector students to produce culturally competent nurses who provide culturally congruent health care.

Purpose: This study was done to develop competencies and core curriculum for gerontological nursing education in programs towards a Bachelor of Science in Nursing (BSN). Methods: From June 2015 to January 2016, competencies and core curriculum from gerontological nursing education in foreign countries were analyzed using a literature review, along with an analysis of the current gerontological nursing curriculum in Korean BSN programs. Competencies and core curriculum of undergraduate nursing education for gerontological nursing were determined through expert panel discussions in the Korean Gerontological Nursing Society. Results: Data were collected from 30 BSN programs in Seoul, Kyunggido, Kangwondo, Chungchungdo, Kyungsangdo, and Jeollado. Compared with the core curriculum for gerontological nursing recommended by the National Gerontological Nursing Association, there were deficiencies in legal/ethical issues, administrative issues, nursing research in gerontological nursing, and care and service delivery. From the data and panel discussion, 13 competencies and core curriculum including 6 contents, 32 programs, and 197 learning objectives were found to be important. Conclusion: Use of the recommended curriculum from this study can address deficiencies in baccalaureate gerontological nursing education, but it is also necessary to develop textbooks based on the recommended 13 competencies and core curriculum including 6 contents, 32 programs, and 197 learning objectives.

Purpose: This study aimed to verify the relationship between human rights sensitivity, advocacy attitudes, and advocacy interventions for mentally disabled people in psychiatric nurses and nursing students. Methods: This is a descriptive study. Using questionnaires, data were collected from 206 participants who were recruited from one mental health institute, one general hospital, and one university in S city. Data were analyzed by t-test, ANOVA, Pearson's correlation coefficient using SPSS/WIN 22. Results: The mean age was $33.8{pm}12.89$. The mean scores of human rights sensitivity, advocacy attitudes, and advocacy intervention was $37.7{pm}18.09$, $53.7{pm}5.67$, and $47.4{pm}7.08$, respectively. Human rights sensitivity correlated significantly with advocacy attitudes (r=.25, p=.020) and advocacy intervention (r=.17, p=.015). Also, there was a significant positive correlation between advocacy attitudes and advocacy intervention (r=.44, p

Purpose: This study was conducted to explore the relationship between simulation-based clinical judgment and performance ability for tracheal suction in nursing students. Methods: With a convenience sampling, 207 nursing students participated in this descriptive study. Lasater clinical judgment rubric was used for self-reported clinical judgment in addition to observe the skill of tracheal suction using a checklist. Data were analyzed by descriptive statistics, t-test and Pearson's correlation coefficients using the SPSS/WIN 22. Results: A scenario with pneumonia patient was developed to observe the skill of tracheal suction during simulation-based practices. Then self-reported clinical judgment was scored. The mean score of total sum of clinical judgment, total mean of clinical judgment, and performance skill were $36.44{pm}4.82$, $13.44{pm}1.71$, and $42.32{pm}5.05$, respectively. Statistically, students having good skills in suction showed significant differences in clinical judgment of interpreting (p=.031) compared to students having fair skills. Conclusion: The results of this study show that a structured debriefing method utilizing Lasater clinical judgment rubric is helpful. Also, simulation-based practice related to adult nursing in the respiratory system was useful for increasing the core basic skills among nursing students.

Objectives The aim of this study was to identify gender differences in the health status, community service needs, and quality of life of older adults living alone in an urban city in South Korea. Methods A cross-sectional descriptive correlational design was used. The study sampled 1023 older adults (≥65 years) living alone in S* City, during the period from August to October in 2018. Trained interviewers conducted face-to-face interviews with the participants, using the UCLA Loneliness Scale, Short Form Geriatric Depression Scale – Korean version, ENRICHD Social Support Instrument (ESSI), the Mini-Mental State Examination Standard Version (MMSE-2SV), and Health-Related Quality of Life (EQ-5D). Results 77.8% were women and the mean age was 77.38 years (men = 74.65, women = 78.16). Women had lower socioeconomic and health status than men. Men felt more lonely, depressed, and had suicidal thoughts more frequently than women. Women had more needs regarding care, residential environment, movement, connection, and emergency services than men. In men, depressive symptoms, suicidal thoughts, loneliness, and right-hand grip strength were identified using the EQ-5D. The EQ-5D was also used to explain depressive symptoms, suicidal thoughts, cognitive function, and physical activity in women. Conclusion Health status and community service needs were dependent on gender; therefore interventions should be tailored according to gender. Our research found that to decrease depression and suicidal thoughts, improve physical health, and enhance quality of life for older adults living alone, interventions need to be designed to decrease male loneliness and to enhance female cognitive function.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to verify the effectiveness of Dongsasub training for the family caregivers of patients with dementia on their care burden, depression, and self-esteem. Methods: An one-group pretest-posttest quasi-experimental design was used. Six family caregivers recruited from a support center for dementia in Seoul and participated in this study. Once a week, the Dongsasub training was provided for 90 minutes during eight weeks. Results: Depression was significantly lower (z=-2.01, p=.044), and self-esteem was significantly higher (z=-2.21, p=.027) than before Dongsasub training. However, care burden was not significantly different between pre and post program (z=-1.58, p=.115). Conclusion: The results of this study indicate that the Dongsasub training can be used as a nursing intervention in community settings to decrease depression and improve self-esteem for the family caregivers of patients with dementia.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to explore the correlates of body mass index (BMI), perceived health status (PHS), and the needs of functional games for the elderly in Korea. Methods: This is a descriptive study with convenience sampling. The data were collected from 363 older adults in S city who completed questionnaires asking about their BMI, PHS, needs for functional games, and general characteristics. Using the SPSS 20.0 program, data were analyzed. Results: The mean age was 65.4( ± 4.75), ranging between 60-83 years old. Among the 363 subjects, 75.2% who were male, 55.9% chose “functional games are necessary,” and 25.3% selected “functional games are absolutely necessary” for the elderly. There were statistically significant correlations between current PHS and comparing health to others (r = .827, p < .001), depression (r = -.330, p < .001), age (r = -.113, p = .032), respectively. In addition, there was a statistically significant correlation between comparing health to others and depression (r = -.292, p < .001). Conclusion: The study findings show that older adults have distinct needs and interests for functional games. Thus, we need to develop senior functional games to help make older adults more active with greater enjoyment to gain more health benefits. Interdisciplinary team approaches would work well for developing functional games in Korean considering the preferences of older people are similar.

충남 보령 대천해수욕장 공군사격지원대 주변지역(G마을 포함) 주민들은 상수도가 공급되기 전 지하수를 과거 수십 년 동안 식수로 사용하였는데, 지하수는 유기용제 등 유류에 의해 기준치 이상으로 오염이 되었으며, 이로 인해 현재 15년 이상 이 마을에 거주해 온 20가구 37명 중 37.8%인 14명이 암에 걸렸다고 보도되었다(KBS, 2010; SBS, 2009). 이는 한국인 남성 3명 중 1명, 여성 4명 중 1명인 평균 암 발생률(National Cancer Information Center, 2012; Statistics Ko-rea, 2007)보다 훨씬 높은 수치를 나타내고 있다. 특히 유류 오염과 관련된 G마을 주민의 불편 호소와 피해 민원 사례는 계속되고 있어, 한국농어촌공사(Korea Rural Community Corporation [KRC], 2009)에서 공군사격지원대 내 유류고 주변 및 인근마을에 대한 기초 조사를 시행하였다. 그 결과 유류로 인한 토양의 오염 징후는 발견되지 않았으나, 지하수 분석에서 유류성분인

Purpose: Quality of nursing research should be evaluated before it is applied as an evidence for evidence-based nursing practice. This study attempted to analyze and to compare tools for the quality assessment and reporting standards of nursing research using CONSORT and STROBE checklist by types of research design. Methods: We searched the tools for quality assessment in nursing research based on the National Evidence-based Healthcare Collaborating Agency (NECA) publication. Then, we analysed and compared the tools for quality evaluation by types of research design. Results: According to the analysis using CONSORT checklist, ROB shows coherence in 17 items, Jadad shows coherence in 3 items, SIGN (for RCT) shows coherence in 26 items, and Downs & Black shows coherence in 24 items. According to the analysis using STROBE checklist, MINORS shows coherence in 25 items, NOS shows coherence in 21 items, SIGN (for Cohort studies & Case-control studies) shows coherence in 29 items, and RoBANS shows coherence in 21 items. Conclusion: Based on our analysis, we recommend that nursing researchers should report according to the reporting standards of tools for quality evaluation. We hope that our analysis can be helpful to develop evidence-based nursing.

We have developed a serious game for the game-aided human life and entertainment for the elders with the concept of enjoying scenic beauties in Korea walking in the room using controllers of armrests and footboards with PC. The expected effects of the game are the satisfaction of bodily sensation with cooperation and competition, and also remedy by entertainment such as vital power, maintaining mental functions with the game playing. We have tested 309 elders who were more than 65 years old in Cheonan city community center for the elderly. 76.1% of them answered they were satisfied totally for the game play, average grade for the interest/fun of the game was 4.13 points with full 5 points. 89.4% of them replied they would like to play the game again. We found the intended permissiveness and coenesthesia of the game was appealing to elders.

The purpose of this paper is to examine the effects of computer/internet game play on depression and life satisfaction via perceived self-control among older adults in Korea. Data were collected from a survey of 237 community-dwelling older adults (age65) who reported internet users. A path analysis was used to examine the causal relationship among the main constructs. Results showed that the computer/internet game play had positive effects on perceived self-control. Perceived self-control was found to decrease depression and improve life satisfaction among older adults. Additional analysis indicated that the computer/internet game play in older adults did not directly affect mental health (depression and life satisfaction) but indirectly affected it via perceived self-control. Furthermore, perceived self-control had greater effects on depression than on life satisfaction. These findings have crucial implications in that perceived sense of self-control needs to be seriously considered when we develop mental health games for older adults.

Regular activity program is needed for managing chronic disease and obesity and preventing falls as a nursing intervention. It seems that serious game will be very important for older people to keep them active with fun to improve their health. This study was conducted to explore the correlations between health problems and computer game needs in the elderly. This was a cross-sectional study. A questionnaire was developed and administered to a convenience sample of adults who are older than 55 years, recruited from several places through trained research assistants and research center that has online pools in Korea. 778 subjects (mean age: ) were participated in this study. The majority of subjects was male (68.6%). We found that there was higher needs for exercise or serious game in the group of ma1e(55.4%), below undergraduate(66.2%), under two family members(32.5%), over 350,000 won of pocket money/month (40.1%), mild depressive symptom (51.7%), and online responser(68%). Especially, they wanted to overcome physical limitations through games. Higher education, more experiences and skills of using computer/internet was statistically and positively significant to the needs for exercise or serious game. In conclusion, there exists a potential market within this demographic group for the use of serious games. Thus, we need to develop senior games in Korean to improve quality of life and health promotion.

People can live longer and healthier lives by engaging in physical activity (PA). The purpose of this article is to assess the social cognitive theory (SCT) in relation to its relevance to produce cultural-specific directions for gerontological nursing practice in order to guide the design of PA interventions for Korean-American elders. SCT is compared to the Korean cultural, social, and health belief system and is analyzed and evaluated based on 3 criteria: assumptions of the theory, completeness and consistency, and essence of nursing. Within the Korean culture, as presumed in the SCT and the nursing paradigm, health-promoting behavior, such as PA, is conceptualized as the desire for a higher level of health rather than a fear of disease as is proposed by other health behavior theories. SCT with the integration of Korean culture recognizes cultural, developmental, societal, and other external constraints that may help in formulating interventions and better understanding of the limits faced by older Korean-Americans (OKAs) in their pursuit of routine PA.

The purpose of this prospective, anthropological study was to describe and analyze the experiences and care of terminally ill nursing home residents who were admitted with or acquired pressure ulcers (PUs) after admission. Data were collected in two proprietary nursing homes. Participant observation, in-depth interviews, event analysis, and chart review were used to obtain data. A total of 64 (54.7%) of the 117 terminally ill residents in the study had PUs; 52 (81.3%) of whom died with PUs. The findings disclosed that the absence of family advocacy, inability to speak English, and inadequate staffing and lack of supervision, along with other previously reported risk factors, contributed to the development of PUs. Specifically, inadequate staffing and lack of supervision led to inadequate assistance at mealtime, infrequent repositioning, and inadequate continence care, which in turn led to weight loss, unrelieved pressure on bony prominences, and moist, irritated skin. The outcome was a high rate of residents dying with PUs. Knowledge of and attention to these risk factors can guide nurses in the prevention and management of PUs.

Little is known about the health benefits and the factors that influence physical activity among older adults from ethnically different backgrounds. The aim of this article is to provide a sociocultural context for understanding aging, health, and physical activity among older Korean Americans. Studies that focused on physical activity and exercise among older adults, older Koreans, or older Korean Americans were reviewed. The results of the review were integrated to better understand physical activity in older Korean Americans. Results from varied population-based, cross-sectional, and longitudinal studies that assessed the relationships among aging, health, and physical activity were relatively consistent in their findings. Many correlational studies found a strong, positive relationship between physical activity and health benefits and a moderately positive but sometimes mixed association between physical activity and quality of life among older adults. Additional research is needed to clarify the gap between physical activity and actual and predictive quality of life among older Korean Americans. Also, we need more evidences to show the effects of late-life physical activity or exercise on reducing or minimizing disablement in older Korean Americans.

Most of point-of-care testing (POCT) to improve facilitates in diagnosis, treatment, and monitoring of patients. POCT technique has still remained a quantitatively and accurately detective effect. In this article, we demonstrated that real human C-reactive protein (CRP) in serum was detected for a chip-based point-of-care testing application based on a nanogap-embedded field effect transistor (FET), and the results were compared with those obtained via the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method. The limit of detection (LOD), determined from the standard curve, was 0.1 ng/ml, which is comparable to that of commercialized ELISAs. We evaluated that an improved detection range (0.1 ng/ml to 100 ng/ml) was achieved by comparing with commercialized ELISA. Control experiments to determine selectivity and to discern false-positive/false-negative rates were also performed. This report is the first description of the detection of CRP in human serum using a silicon-based biosensor.

In Korea, living donor transplantation is increasing steadily as a life-saving alternative. It is essential to provide living donors the mental and physical care they need throughout their lives including postoperative period. Therefore, this study explored postoperative pain among living liver donors.We used a convenience sampling at a university-affiliated hospital from March 1 to August 30, 2009 including 102 subjects. Face-to-face interviews with questionnaires and medical records were used to assess postoperative pain levels, state and trait anxiety as well as satisfaction. Data were analyzed using SPSS 14.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, Ill, USA).Average age of donors was 28.9±7.7 years (ranged 16 to 53) with 70.6% male. Most donors (80.4%, n=82) were immediate family members. Ninety-one (89.2%) participants made the decision by themselves. To control postoperative pain, all participants had patient-controlled anesthesia with several types of analgesics as prescribed by physician's preference. The mean values of state anxiety, trait anxiety, and satisfaction in this study were 2.1±1.89, 36.7±7.25 and, 8.9±1.79, respectively. Multivariate analysis showed that trait anxiety and number of analgesics use were significantly associated with postoperative pain. Overall, approximately 29.7% of total variability in postoperative pain could be explained by the nine variables in this model (R2=0.297, F9,102=4.28, (P.001). There was no multicollinearity checked by tolerance, variation inflation factor, or condition index.This study of postoperative pain among living liver donors may contribute to developing the safest, most effective strategy to relieve postoperative pain after living liver donation.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to review the effects of physical activity on musculoskeletal outcomes in older Koreans. METHODS: Experimental studies were retrieved from the search engines (PubMed, CINAHL, PsycINFO, Cochrane, RISS, KISS, and KoreaMed). The selected studies for analysis were 27 articles of musculoskeletal outcomes (gait, muscle strength, flexibility, balance, grip strength, endurance, body fat, and weight) from 515 articles. RESULTS: The most common type of physical activity was a resistance exercise. There were significant improvements in gait (71.4%), muscle strength (86.7%), flexibility (63.6%), balance (72.2%), grip strength (71.4%), endurance (71.4%), body fat (57.1%), and weight (28.6%). The activity programs that apply over 150 minutes a week showed greater improvement of 69.5% than 65.0% from those did not meet the guidelines totally. CONCLUSION: Based on the review, we conclude that regular physical activity in the elderly may improve the musculoskeletal outcomes. To be more effective programs, it is necessary to meet the guidelines of 150 minutes a week or 30 minutes of moderate-intensity activities on 5 days per week for the elderly.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to review the relationship between physical activity and cardiovascular outcomes in the Korean elderly. METHODS: Experimental studies were located using PubMed, CINAHL, PsycINFO, Cochrane, RISS, KISS, and KoreaMed. The selected studies for analysis were 20 articles of cardiovascular outcomes (total cholesterol, triglyceride, high density lipoprotein (HDL), low density lipoprotein (LDL), blood pressure, and pulse rate) from 515 articles. RESULTS: One-group pretest-posttest design was the most common. The main physical activity was an aerobic exercise. Five of 14 studies reported a significant improvement of total cholesterol. Four of 14 studies found relationship between exercise and triglyceride. Eight of 12 studies reported a significant improvement of HDL, whereas 3 of 9 studies reported a significant improvement of LDL. In over 60% of selected studies, reported significant improvement of blood pressure. CONCLUSION: Based on the review, it suggests that regular physical activity of the elderly may improve cardiovascular outcomes.

Purpose: Liver transplantation (LT) is the best treatment for patients with end-stage liver disease and most patients with LT return to their normal life. However, pregnancy and childbirth for women with LT are less common, mainly because it is considered to be dangerous for their health. The purpose of this study was to describe how Korean women after LT experience their pregnancy and childbirth. Methods: This study was designed to explore the expe- riences of pregnancy and childbirth of women with LT. Data were collected by individual in-depth interviews with four women who were pregnant and gave birth following LT in 2009. All interviews were audio-taped and tran- scribed verbatim. The transcribed data were analyzed using qualitative content analysis. Results: Four themes emerged as a result of analysis: recovery of lost feminity and marriage; fulfilling roles through pregnancy; life-risk- ing pregnancy; and perfect family achieved by childbirth. These themes describe in detail about challenges and concerns the women with LT faced for their pregnancy and childbirth as well as many emotionally touching experiences. Conclusion: The results of this study would support health professionals to be better prepared to help women with LT for pregnancy and childbirth by providing in-depth and insightful information.