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본 연구는 성별과 비만도에 따른 대사증후군 유병위험 정도를 파악하여 남녀 성인의 건강행태 차이와 비만도에 따른 전략을 모색하고 성인의 대사증후군 예방 관리를 위한 기초자료로 활용하고자 수행하였다. 본 연구는 2016년과 2017년 국민건강영양조사 원시자료를 2단계 층화 집락 표본추출 방법을 이용하여 도출된 30-64세 성인 7,423명의 자료를 분석하였다. 연구결과 한국 성인의 대사증후군 평균 유병율은 30.5%로 나타났으며, 남자 38.6%으로 여자 22.2%보다 유병율이 더 높았다. 나이, 성별, 교육수준, 수입, 직업, 흡연, 고위험음주, 신체활동을 보정한 후에도 남자가 여자보다 대사증후군 위험도가 2.17배 더 높았다(OR, 2.17; 95% CI 1.85-2.55). 대사증후군 유병율은 정상체중 대상자 대비하여 고도비만대상자(OR, 30.35; 95% CI 21.54-42.75), 비만대상자(OR, 8.90; 95% CI 7.41-10.70), 과체중 대상자(OR, 2.48; 95% CI 2.00-3.08)에서 모두 위험도가 높게 나타났다. 본 연구결과 비만은 대사증후군 유병율을 증가시키고, 성인남자가 성인여자보다 높은 유병율을 나타내어 성별에 따른 차이를 보여주므로 체중조절을 위한 맞춤중재를 적용할 필요성을 시사한다.

This study aimed to provide basic data in order to develop effective intervention plans to improve the health-related quality of life of older haenyeos (professional female free divers). The study’s participants consisted of older haenyeos (≥65 years old) from seven fishing villages on Jeju Island, Korea. Data were collected using a questionnaire-based survey method, and the responses of 149 participants were analyzed. The participants’ mean pain score was 2.43 out of 5 points and their mean score for health-related quality of life was 61.18 out of 100 points. Depression was the strongest factor influencing health-related quality of life; other influencing factors included pain, the number of drug side effects, number of drugs prescribed, age, and diving time. Intervention plans for chronic-disease management and self-management programs tailored to the characteristics of older haenyeos are needed for the effective control of depression, pain, and improvement in their health-related quality of life.

Objectives This study aimed to evaluate the components of test-retest reliability including time interval, sample size, and statistical methods used in patient-reported outcome measures in older people and to provide suggestions on the methodology for calculating test-retest reliability for patient-reported outcomes in older people. Design This was a systematic literature review. Data sources MEDLINE, Embase, CINAHL, and PsycINFO were searched from January 1, 2000 to August 10, 2017 by an information specialist. Review methods This systematic review was guided by both the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses checklist and the guideline for systematic review published by the National Evidence-based Healthcare Collaborating Agency in Korea. The methodological quality was assessed by the Consensus-based Standards for the selection of health Measurement Instruments checklist box B. Results Ninety-five out of 12,641 studies were selected for the analysis. The median time interval for test-retest reliability was 14days, and the ratio of sample size for test-retest reliability to the number of items in each measure ranged from 1:1 to 1:4. The most frequently used statistical methods for continuous scores was intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs). Among the 63 studies that used ICCs, 21 studies presented models for ICC calculations and 30 studies reported 95% confidence intervals of the ICCs. Additional analyses using 17 studies that reported a strong ICC (>0.09) showed that the mean time interval was 12.88days and the mean ratio of the number of items to sample size was 1:5.37. Conclusions When researchers plan to assess the test-retest reliability of patient-reported outcome measures for older people, they need to consider an adequate time interval of approximately 13days and the sample size of about 5 times the number of items. Particularly, statistical methods should not only be selected based on the types of scores of the patient-reported outcome measures, but should also be described clearly in the studies that report the results of test-retest reliability.

Accurate, skilled communication in handover is of high priority in maintaining patients' safety. Nursing students have few chances to practice nurse-to-doctor handover in clinical training, and some have little knowledge of what constitutes effective handover or lack confidence in conveying information.This study aimed to develop a role-play simulation program involving the Situation, Background, Assessment, Recommendation technique for nurse-to-doctor handover; implement the program; and analyze its effects on situation, background, assessment, recommendation communication, communication clarity, handover confidence, and education satisfaction in nursing students.Non-equivalent control-group pretest-posttest quasi-experimental.A convenience sample of 62 senior nursing students from two Korean universities.The differences in SBAR communication, communication clarity, handover confidence, and education satisfaction between the control and intervention groups were measured before and after program participation.The intervention group showed higher Situation, Background, Assessment, Recommendation communication scores (t=-3.05, p=0.003); communication clarity scores in doctor notification scenarios (t=-5.50, p0.001); and Situation, Background, Assessment, Recommendation education satisfaction scores (t=-4.94, p0.001) relative to those of the control group. There was no significant difference in handover confidence between groups (t=-1.97, p=0.054).The role-play simulation program developed in this study could be used to promote communication skills in nurse-to-doctor handover and cultivate communicative competence in nursing students.

Background Safe patient handling legislation has been enacted in 11 states in the United States to protect healthcare workers from patient handing injuries. Implementations and outcomes may vary across hospitals by the characteristics of the institution. Objectives This study was to investigate the changes in safe patient handling programs in hospitals, and nurses’ perceptions, work practices, and musculoskeletal symptoms by hospital characteristics after the passage of California's safe patient handling legislation. Design Repeated cross-sectional surveys. Settings Two statewide surveys of registered nurses were conducted in California, where a safe patient handling law became effective in 2012. Random samples were selected from the lists of the California Board of Registered Nurses (2000 nurses in 2013 and 3000 nurses in 2016). Participants Among survey respondents (26% in 2013 and 20% in 2016), the study sample included 254 nurses in 2013 and 281 nurses in 2016, who met the eligibility for this study: nurses employed in a hospital and had direct patient care or patient handling duties. Methods Data were collected by postal and on-line surveys. Data were compared by hospital size, geographic area, hospital teaching status, and ownership (for-profit, non-profit, government). Results Between 2013 and 2016, nurses’ reports showed improvements in safe patient handling policies and programs across the different characteristics of hospitals. In 2016, nurses in large, teaching, non-profit, and rural hospitals reported slightly better scores for safe patient handling program variables than their counterparts; however, changes in the use of mechanical lifting devices and experiences of musculoskeletal symptoms and injury were not significantly different by hospital characteristics. Overall, teaching hospitals consistently showed greater improvements than non-teaching hospitals for both hospital-level (safe patient handling programs and organizational practices) and individual-level (perceptions and symptoms) variables. Conclusions Our findings indicate overall improvements of safe patient handling programs in California hospitals after the passage of safe patient handling legislation. Positive changes appear to be greater among teaching, non-profit, and rural hospitals. However, greater positive changes in safe patient handling programs shown in certain hospital characteristics were not necessarily linked to more improvements in nurses’ safe work practices and experiences of musculoskeletal symptoms or injuries.

This study aims to grasp the current condition of handovers of practical tasks among nursing students as well as specific items of handovers and the communication clarity. A questionnaire-based survey was conducted on handover experience among 137 individuals who had experience of clinical practice and were senior students at three nursing colleges located in A, B, and C districts. Among then, 27 were chosen for convenience sampling, and their statements were recorded for a descriptive analysis. It turned out that 10.2% of the respondents took an education course of handovers as part of their practical trainings, and that the level of self-confidence for handovers was 2.91±2.12 points. The preferred education methods about handovers included simulations (40.9%), role plays (24.8%), and lectures (13.9%) in the order. In the SBARbased analysis of handover items, it turned out that there were few statements on vital signs (40.7%) and advice (59.3%), and that the clarity in communication of handover contents was of the middle level as high as 2.30 (±0.42) points. The findings of this study indicate the necessity of education on handovers as part of practical training for nursing students as well as efforts to enhance the clarity of communication in utilization of specific SBAR tools.

The purpose of this research is to describe the experiences of friendship in male nursing students. This study was based on the phenomenological method described by Colaizzi(1978). To collect qualitative data, 21 personal interviews were conducted from June to August 2014. Four theme clusters emerged from the data as follows: They experienced as a small fringe group; Female students’ world they hardly understood; They conflicted with the different female world; They endeavored to company with female students. The results of this study could guide nursing faculties to understand male nursing students’ experience as different from female ones, and to support them to realize their full potential to develop into good nurses.Key words : Nursing, Male, Students, Qualitative research Corresponding author : 051-629-5787, mjy7955@pknu.ac.kr +%&,2014 -.JO" PN !6 (C-D-2015-0003) 4N. Ⅰ. 최근 직종에 대한 성차별적 구별이 점차 사라지면서 전통적으로 여성의 직업 영역으로 간주되던 간호 영역에 남학생들의 유입이 급격히 늘어나고 있다. 2013년 기준으로 남자간호사는 총 6,202명으로 전체 간호사의 2%를 차지하였고, 같은 해 간호사 국가고시에서 남자 합격생은 1,019명으로 남자간호사 연 배출 1천명의 시대가 열렸다. 또한 전국 간호학과 재학생 중 남학생의 비율 역시 2000년 1.8% (662명)에서 2011년 13.0% (7968명)로 약 12배 증가한 것은(Kim Suk-Hyun, 2013) 간호전문직에 대한 인식의 확대를 방증할 뿐 아니라 간호교육환경의 변화를 촉진하는 주요 요인이 되고 있다. 남자간호사 증가 추세는 직업적인 안정성, 소수 남성들의 빠른 승진에의 기대감, 고취업율 등으로 이후에도 계속 지속되리라 전망된다(Boughn S., 2001; Choi Sun-Ju, 2003; Evans J., 2004). 그러나 국외 연구들을 고찰해보면, 남학생 유입의 급증과 함께 중도에 탈락하는 비율 역시 40~50% 정도로 높게 보고되었다(Stott A., 2004). 남학생들은 간호교육 시스템이 여학생 중심으로 운영되고 있으며 불평등한 실습기회, 다수 집단으로부터의 고립으로 인한 학교 적응에의 어려움을 호소하였다(O'Lynn C. E., 2004). 그리고 교과과정이나 훈련과정에서 좀 더 비판적인 평가를 받는 경향과, 간호학에 대한 갈등을 더 많이 겪고 있었다(Chan Z. C. Y. et al., 2014). 국내에서도 남학생들은 임상실습을 포함한 간호교육과정에서 현실적인 어

Student self-debriefing promotes self-confidence, helps to increase clinical performance, and is a more cost-effective method than is traditional instructor-led debriefing in simulation-based learning.This study compared the effectiveness of debriefing-in terms of the problem-solving process, team effectiveness, debriefing assessment, and debriefing satisfaction-between an experimental group who received both student self-debriefing (SSD) and instructor debriefing (ID) and a control group who received only instructor debriefing.This quasi-experimental study used a pretest-posttest non-equivalent control group design.Two universities in South Korea.A convenience sample of 123 senior nursing students. The data were collected between 15 April and 9 June 2016.Differences in the problem-solving process, team effectiveness, debriefing assessment, and debriefing satisfaction between the SSD + ID group and the ID-only group were measured.The SSD + ID group showed significant improvements in the problem-solving process (t = 4.32, p .001) and debriefing satisfaction (t = 3.19, p = .002), but not in debriefing assessment (t = 1.67, p = .097) or team effectiveness (t = 1.84, p = .069) compared to ID-only group. Specifically, as the number of student sessions increased, we observed significant differences in problem-solving ability (F = 9.44, p .001), debriefing satisfaction (F = 7.78, p .001), and the subdomains of debriefing assessment: 'maintains an engaging environment' (F = 3.78, p = .025), 'structures the debriefing in an organized way' (F = 4.27, p = .016), and 'helps trainees achieve or sustain future performance' (F = 3.17, p = .045).Our results can be used to develop guidelines for effective debriefing following simulation in nursing education. Specifically, combining SSD and ID in simulation debriefing and increasing the number of SSD sessions could help improve the problem-solving process and debriefing satisfaction among nursing students.

본 연구는 내과계 중환자실에 입원한 기관삽관 환자의 비계획적 발관 예방프로그램을 개발하여 비계획적 발관율을 감소시키고 간호사들이 실무에서 비계획적 발관에 적극적으로 대처할 수 있도록 도움을 주기 위해 수행되었다. 조사기간은 사전기간이 2008년 5월부터 2009년 4월이었고, 프로그램 적용기간은 2009년 5월부터...

Aim The purpose of this study was to investigate the degree and influencing factors of musculoskeletal disease symptoms among care workers in long-term care facilities in South Korea. Methods Participants in this cross-sectional study were 265 care workers in 15 long-term care facilities. Data were collected between 1 and 27 August 2011, using the Korea Occupational Safety and Health Agency (KOSHA) code H-30–2003 and analyzed using logistic regression with SPSS ver. 18.0. Results Of the care workers, 88.7% had pain in at least one of the six body parts. The highest prevalence of musculoskeletal disease symptoms was in the lower back and legs. Among the organizational factors, there were significant differences in neck pain by work shift and patient grade. Neck pain was more severe in the 8 h shift group than 12–24 h shift group. Care workers caring for patients who were classified in the first patient grade of long-term care insurance had 4.73 times more complaints of musculoskeletal symptoms in the neck, 9.54 times (95% confidence interval [CI] = 3.37–27.02) in the hand and wrist, 4.37 times (95% CI = 1.59–12.03) in the lower back, and 2.96 times (95% CI: 1.17–7.51) in the leg and foot. Conclusion To prevent and manage musculoskeletal disease symptoms, activities and the intensity of work should be arranged systematically and planned, and the improvement of organizational factors such as appropriate assignment by patients' severity is considered.

Purpose The purpose of this study was to adapt, modify, and validate the Nursing Anxiety and Self-Confidence with Clinical Decision-Making Scale (NASC-CDM©) for Korean nursing students. Methods Participants were 183 nursing students with clinical practice experience in two nursing colleges. The construct validity and reliability of the final Korean version of the NASC-CDM© were examined using exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses and testing of internal consistency reliability. For adaptation and modification, the instrument was translated from English to Korean. Expert review and a cross-sectional survey were used to test the instrument's validity. Results The Korean version of the NASC-CDM© (KNASC-CDM) was composed of 23 items divided into four dimensions: (i) Listening fully and using resources to gather information; (ii) Using information to see the big picture; (iii) Knowing and acting; and (iv) Seeking information from clinical instructors. The instrument explained 60.1% of the total variance for self-confidence and 63.1% of the variance for anxiety; Cronbach's α was .93 for self-confidence and .95 for anxiety. Conclusion The KNASC-CDM can be used to identify anxiety and self-confidence in nursing students' clinical decision-making in Korea. However, further research should be done to test this instrument, as it is classified differently from the original NASC-CDM© version.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the level of self management behavior of patients with type 2 diabetes and to compare the factors influencing self management behavior between the elderly and adults. Methods: The participants consisted of 105 adults and 100 elderly who visited the outpatient department of a hospital from August to December 2011. Data was collected by questionnaires and analyzed using the SPSS/WIN 18.0. Results: The elderly showed higher mean scores of subcategory of self management behavior than adults. In stepwise multiple regression analysis, a total of 42% (adults), 52% (elderly) respectively of variance in self management behavior were accounted for by self-efficacy, perceived barriers, perceived benefits, yes or no smoking and regular exercise in adults and readiness, self efficacy, perceived benefits in the elderly. Conclusion: Therefore, a diabetics intervention program should be designed and provided as a tailored one for adults and elderly separately in Korea. In the strategy for adults with type 2 diabetes in the promotion of self efficacy, perceived benefits and reduction of perceived barriers, and correction of life habits such as smoking and exercise are needed, whereas in the elderly promotion of readiness, self efficacy, perceived benefits are required.

Background. Diagnosis of acute kidney injury (AKI) has been a major concern due to its association with increased morbidity and mortality. However, the clinical implication of the urine output criterion (UOCr) in diagnosing AKI has not been fully established. Methods. We assessed the incidence of AKI among 1625 critically ill patients and analysed the overall survival rates based on the serum creatinine criterion (CrCr) and UOCr, both of which have been defined by the AKI Network (AKIN). Results. Within 7 days of admission, the risk rate of AKI was 57.0% and the rate determined by UOCr alone was 25.7%. AKI determined by the UOCr alone increased hazard ratios (HRs) for mortality; 1.81 (Stage 1), 2.96 (Stage 2) and 4.17 (Stage 3) compared to non-AKI. However, the difference in mortality between Stages 2 and 3 using the CrCr alone was not significant (P ¼ 0.881). In patients with Stages 2 and 3 by the CrCr, the UOCr further separated the survival rates (P ¼ 0.001 among the four UOCr stages). The diuretic dose did not alter the discriminative function of the UOCr for survival rates. However, 42.1% of nonAKI cases, as determined by the UOCr, were identified as AKI cases by the CrCr. Conclusion. Although some AKI cases were not identified by the UOCr alone, the UOCr has an additional role in AKI staging, regardless of diuretic use.

Objectives The purpose of this study was to develop a prototype wireless local area network (LAN)-based tracking system and evaluate its efficacy. Methods A wireless LAN-based tracking system was developed with a personal digital assistant (PDA) having a simple text messaging function and a prototype stand-alone tracking device. Evaluation of the effectiveness of the tracking system was performed in two ways. Twenty-five messages were sent to nurses by direct communication and 46 messages were sent by the wireless system. Thirty cases by nurses and 30 cases by the wireless system to locate hospital equipment were performed. The time required to transfer messages and to locate equipment was measured and analyzed with a Mann-Whitney test and a paired t-test, respectively. Results The mean time required to transfer messages by direct communication and by the wireless system were 37.92 ± 19.19 seconds and 30.65 ± 9.80 seconds, respectively which were not statistically different (p = 0.108). The mean time required to locate equipment by the nurses and by the wireless system was 234.00 ± 59.99 and 23.97 ± 6.17 seconds, respectively which was statistically different (p < 0.001). Conclusions The wireless LAN-based tracking system can save time for nurses to communicate and to check for the location of equipment in wards which allows nurses to spend more time and attention to patient care and safety.

This study was conducted to investigate factors contributing to clinical competence for nurses. A descriptive correlational study design was used. Participants were 163 nurses from a general hospital. Data were collected using self-administerd questionnaire. There were significant differences in clinical competence according to scholarship, department type, preceptor experience, future plan, continuing education participation. The clinical competence had significant correlations with the clinical experience, critical thinking disposition and clinical decision making. Factors influencing clinical competence were critical thinking disposition, department type, and clinical experience, which explained about 50.3% of total variance. we suggest that continuing education program to enhance critical thinking disposition warranted for development of clinical competence for nurses.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to test the validity and reliability of the Diabetes Self-Care Barriers Assessment Scaler for Older Adults (DSCB-OA) in Korean older adults with type 2 diabetes. Method: To develop Korean version DSCB-OA used translation and back- translation method. Then, Korean version DSCB-OA was analyzed using data of 278 older adults with type 2 diabetes. Cronbach's alpha coefficient, item to total correlation and test-retest reliability was used for the reliability test, and factor analysis was used for the construct validity. Results: Cronabach's alpha of the DSCB-OA was .77, and item to total correlation coefficient ranged from -.13 to .56 . The results of factor analysis showed DSCB- OA consisted of four factors(diet, exercise, blood sugar test, treatment) which explained 62.8% of total variance. Conclusion: The Diabetes Self-Care Barriers Assessment Scaler for Older Adults (DSCB-OA) was confirmed helpful tool for Korean older adults with type 2 diabetes.

This study was meant to offer the data for predicting the product plan answering the diverse demands for consumers based on the results of analyzing the image and formative property by transforming the stripe patterns. The concrete study way is composed of the collected stimulus centering on the interval of the stripe pattern and value contrast coloration. Consequently 192 stimuli, changed by the pattern direction and pattern interval, clothing style, and contrast coloration, are selected. The experimental materials made for this study are a set of stimuli and response scale. The statistics way used in analysis was factor analysis, ANOVA, dispersion analysis, multiple classification analysis. The results of this study were summed as following. Firstly, In the value contrast, a pair of 27 adjectives were made of attractiveness, activeness, gracefulness, visibility, and tenderness dimension. Secondly, the direction of the pattern, interval, clothing style, and contrast coloration were respectively transformed according to value contrast.

The purpose of this research was to investigate the harmony evaluation and the effects used clues on harmony perception in terms of 128 contrast coloration of male shirt and necktie by male and female students. The results are as follows. Among 128 contrast coloration stimuli, female students evaluated 42 set, male students 50 set, so proved that male's range of harmony more extensive than that of female. It is significant difference between female and male on shirt-necktie coloration; vivid red shirt-vivid green tie, dull red shirt-dark blue tie, light red shirt-dull blue tie, dark red shirt-light blue tie, light green shirt-vivid violet tie, light green shirt-light red tie, light green shirt-dull red tie. Especially, in contrast coloration, it was evaluated as harmonized coloration by both male and female as tie was dark tone on the whole.

The purpose of this study was to identify the effect of four clothing cues dot pattern size and ground field of color area ratio on dress's wearer image. The experimental materials developed for this study are a set of stimuli and response scales(The 7-point semantic). The stimuli were 30 color pictures manipulated with the combination of dot pattern size, dot pattern on background of color area ratio and neutral dress's using computer simulation. The subjects were 180 female undergraduates living students in Gyeong-nam. The result of this study are as follows: Image factor of the stimulus was composed of 5 different components (visibility, gracefulness, attractiveness, cuteness, womanly). Especially, Neutral color combination independently influenced the every components. In regarding the effect of interaction between each variable, the combination of dot pattern on background of color area ratio, dot pattern size on the combination had cuteness, womanly.

The purpose of this research is to find out the effect of a chromatic Korean jacket and an achromatic Korean skirt on the visual image of a traditional Korean dress wearer. This experiment was designed to the 3 factors which were composed of 3 colors(red, yellow, green), 4 jacket tones(vivid, light, dull, dark), and 4 skirt colors(N9, N7, N4, N2). The 288 students in Gyeongsang National University assessed the 48 stimuli which wear variously incorporated with colors and tones by a semantic differential scale of 7-point: The results of the study were as follows. Image factors of stimuli are youth and activity, gracefulness, visibility, and tenderness. Among these, youth and activity factors, and gracefulness factors proved to be important. The colors and tones of a jacket and a skirt used in this experiment showed that the colors and tone had an effect on dimension of 4 images by interacting of two valuables or working independently. While a yellow jacket with vivid and a white(N9) skirt had a significant effect on youth and activity factors, a red jacket and a dark- gray(N4), -black(N2) skirt were evaluated as a graceful image. In the red jacket case, a visible factor was considerably different according to skirt tones. Only jacket tones worked as a striking clue in a tenderness factor.

This study aims to grasp the current condition of handovers of practical tasks among nursing students as well as specific items of handovers and the communication clarity. A questionnaire-based survey was conducted on handover experience among 137 individuals who had experience of clinical practice and were senior students at three nursing colleges located in A, B, and C districts. Among them, 27 were chosen for convenience sampling, and their statements were recorded for a descriptive analysis. The findings of this study indicate the necessity of education on handovers as part of the practical training for nursing students as well as efforts to enhance the clarity of communication in utilization of specific SBAR tools.

Our goals were to investigate urinary incontinence type and characteristics, and to explore the affecting factors on I-QOL among women living in Jeju. Data were collected via surveys administered by visiting nurses: Incontinence types were as follows: stress urinary incontinence, 25.2%; urge incontinence, 29.3%; mixed urinary type, 45.5%. In the stepwise multiple regression analysis, present UI treatment (t=2.403, p=.018), mixed urinary incontinence (t=-5.670, p

The primary purpose of this study is to test validity and reliability of the Job/Work Environment Nursing Satisfaction Survey (JWENS) for new graduate nurses in South Korea. JWENS-Kor(V) was analyzed using data of 333 new graduate nurses working in 7 regions in South Korea. Cronbach's alpha coefficient and subfactor to total correlation were used for the reliability test. Cronabach's alpha of JWENS was .85, and item to total correlation coefficient ranged from .32 to .72. The results of factor analysis showed JWENS consisted of 17 items in total and five factors (becoming part of a team, competence, work schedule, professional development, and practice support) which explained 60.7% of total variance.

This study analyzes the telephone helpline chart of the requests from cancer patients on chemotherapy and their families via phone calls. The contents were analyzed by cancer type, stage, and type of therapeutic agents used. Analysis of the subcategories of the helpline calls by the top 6 most frequent cancer types showed that lung and pancreatic cancer had the most frequent problems of pain, and lymphoma had the most common problems of infection. Gastrointestinal cancer manifested many problems related to nutrition. The helpline contents requested by the Stage I, II, and III patients were in the order of nutrition, medication, pain, and infection, whereas the Stage IV cancer patients requested contents related to medication most commonly. The patients on target agents frequently asked about skin changes, and the patients on cytotoxic anticancer drugs requested information on medication and nutrition.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the degree and influencing factors of musculoskeletal disease symptoms among care workers in long-term care facilities in South Korea.Participants in this cross-sectional study were 265 care workers in 15 long-term care facilities. Data were collected between 1 and 27 August 2011, using the Korea Occupational Safety and Health Agency (KOSHA) code H-30-2003 and analyzed using logistic regression with SPSS ver. 18.0.Of the care workers, 88.7% had pain in at least one of the six body parts. The highest prevalence of musculoskeletal disease symptoms was in the lower back and legs. Among the organizational factors, there were significant differences in neck pain by work shift and patient grade. Neck pain was more severe in the 8 h shift group than 12-24 h shift group. Care workers caring for patients who were classified in the first patient grade of long-term care insurance had 4.73 times more complaints of musculoskeletal symptoms in the neck, 9.54 times (95% confidence interval [CI] = 3.37-27.02) in the hand and wrist, 4.37 times (95% CI = 1.59-12.03) in the lower back, and 2.96 times (95% CI: 1.17-7.51) in the leg and foot.To prevent and manage musculoskeletal disease symptoms, activities and the intensity of work should be arranged systematically and planned, and the improvement of organizational factors such as appropriate assignment by patients' severity is considered.

Oxidative stress is an important pathogenic factor in diabetes. Bilirubin may serve a cytoprotective function as an anti-oxidant. The Gunn rat lacks the enzyme uridine-diphosphate glucuronosyltransferase that is responsible for conjugation of bilirubin, exhibiting elevation of plasma bilirubin. We examined the effect of hyperbilirubinemia on the pancreatic damage caused by streptozotocin (STZ) in the Gunn rat. Male Wistar rats and male Gunn rats were treated with STZ (WS and GS groups, respectively) or vehicle (WC and GC groups, respectively). All 5 rats in the WS group developed diabetes, defined as fasting blood glucose 300 mg/dL or more, at 3 days, whereas only 2 of the 5 GS rats became diabetic at 7 days after STZ injection. Without insulin supplement at 7 days after STZ injection, the WS group displayed higher levels of fasting blood glucose (510.3 ± 50.3 vs. 236.4 ± 42.5 mg/dL, p = 0.003) and HbA1c (5.0 ± 0.1 vs. 3.9 ± 0.1, p = 0.001), compared to those of GS group. In Wistar rats, STZ induced apoptosis of the pancreatic islet cells, accompanied with activation of NADPH oxidase and increased production of reactive oxygen species and nitric oxide, but not in Gunn rats. Moreover, in a rat insulinoma cell line (RIN-m5F), pre-treatment with bilirubin (0.1 mg/dL) decreased cell death and apoptosis caused by STZ, and also reduced H₂O₂ production. Considering the protective effect of hyperbilirubinemia against STZ-induced injury, we postulate that bilirubin could be a potential therapeutic modality for oxidative stress of pancreas islets.

Purpose: This study was done to identify differences in awareness and ethical attitudes associated with Do-Not-Resuscitate (DNR) and decision about advance directives among the general populations. Methods: Participants were 193 ordinary people from 2 provinces and data were collected from December 23, 2013 to January 30, 2014. Structured questionnaires included awareness measuring tool and ethical attitudes measuring tool. Data were analyzed with descriptive analysis using descriptive statistics, t-test, and xtest with SPSS/WIN 18.0 program. Results: Most of the participants responded that they agreed on the necessity of DNR and needed to do it by guidelines, while 47.2% responded that patients and their families should make a decision about the DNR. After the decision about DNR, they also agreed that efforts should be made to give the best treatment even if a DNR decision had been made by the patient. In general, there was a significant difference in advance directives for CPR depending on gender and living with family or not. Conclusion: For a professional and systematic approach to the problem, DNR guidelines sufficient to elicit social consensus are needed.

PURPOSE: This study investigated the effects of menopausal adaptation and Sanhujori (Korean traditional postnatal care) on the Health-related quality of life in middle-aged women. METHODS: Women aged from 45 to 60 completed questionnaires consisting of SF-36 ver. 2 and menopausal adaptation scale between July to Aug, 2013. Two hundred and eighteen participants' data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, t-test, ANOVA, Pearson's correlation coefficient and multiple regression. RESULTS: Physical health (69.5+/-15.1) was better than mental health (68.8+/-17.1), and bodily pain and social functioning were the same results as 2009 general U.S. population, with the sub-variables of quality of life being lower. Menopausal adaptation was at moderate level, and correlation of its sub-variables with quality of life were significant: fatigue (r=.60, p

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to understand and describe the every day life experience of patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) during the recovery period after Percutaneous Coronary Intervention (PCI) using a qualitative approach. Methods: Twelve patients with AMI participated in this study. Their age ranged from 42 to 75. The data were collected by individual in-depth interviews and all interviews were audio-taped and transcribed verbatim. The transcribed data were analyzed using traditional qualitative content analysis. Results: Six sub-themes emerged from the data as follows: Getting to know about illness, getting motivated for health behavior, putting an effort into health behavioral change, having difficulties maintaining health behavior, setting up coping strategies for health behavior and having a need for a tailored education. The results of this study showed how the health behaviors of patients with AMI are related to their every day life experiences. Conclusion: The results of this study could help health professionals to better understand patients with AMI and design effective educational interventions to improve their health behaviors.

6 DepartmentofMedicalInformationSystem,�YonginSongdamCollege,�Yongin,�Korea Objectives: Body weight, body mass index (BMI), body fat, and blood pressure are important indicators of a person's health. In this experimental study, we evaluated the effectiveness of an integrated personalized health care system, Health Improve- ment and Management System (HIMS)-everyday, which instantly provides subjects with biofeedback on their measured body weight, BMI, body fat and blood pressure using a database that stores subjects-customized information. Methods: The subjects of this study used the system once or twice a week for 8 weeks. We analyzed the changes in their body weight, BMI, body fat, and blood pressure according to their respective usage of the system, and analyzed the changes in their perceived health status and health promoting behavior accordingly. Results: Subjects' body weight, BMI, and blood pressure decreased significantly with respect to their individual usage of the system. Subjects who used the system more frequently showed sig- nificant improvement in their body weight, BMI, and body fat. However, subjects' perceived health status and health promot- ing behavior did not improve significantly. Conclusions: The study showed that the biofeedback-based personalized health care system was effective in controlling middle-aged and elderly women' body weight, BMI, body fat, and blood pressure.

Results: In a comparison of the pain management score, nurses showed significant results for age ( p < .001), carrier (p < .001), education (p < .001), workplace (p < .001), and doctors showed significant results only for age ( p = .032). Doctors’ marks were significantly higher than nurses’ in pain management scores (p < .001). Knowledge about analgesic medication (t = -5.38, p < .001) and analgesic drug effect (t = -8.59, p < .001) were significantly different in the pain management subcategory score between nurses and doctors. There were four items with different awareness levels related to analgesics between nurses and doctors. Conclusion: The findings of this study demonstrate that it is possible to develop pain education content for nurses and doctors. The findings of this study are use ful when seeking to change the awareness level of a medical team regarding opioid analgesics.