15 results on '"Kyu-Jun Lee"'
Search Results
2. Characterization of H7 influenza A virus in wild and domestic birds in Korea.
- Author
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Hyun-Mi Kang, Ha-Young Park, Kyu-Jun Lee, Jun-Gu Choi, Eun-Kyoung Lee, Byung-Min Song, Hee-Soo Lee, and Youn-Jeong Lee
- Subjects
Medicine ,Science - Abstract
During surveillance programs in Korea between January 2006 and March 2011, 31 H7 avian influenza viruses were isolated from wild birds and domestic ducks and genetically characterized using large-scale sequence data. All Korean H7 viruses belonged to the Eurasian lineage, which showed substantial genetic diversity, in particular in the wild birds. The Korean H7 viruses from poultry were closely related to those of wild birds. Interestingly, two viruses originating in domestic ducks in our study had the same gene constellations in all segment genes as viruses originating in wild birds. The Korean H7 isolates contained avian-type receptors (Q226 and G228), no NA stalk deletion (positions 69-73), no C-terminal deletion (positions 218-230) in NS1, and no substitutions in PB2-627, PB1-368, and M2-31, compared with H7N9 viruses. In pathogenicity experiments, none of the Korean H7 isolates tested induced clinical signs in domestic ducks or mice. Furthermore, while they replicated poorly, with low titers (10⁰·⁷⁻¹·³ EID₅₀/50 µl) in domestic ducks, all five viruses replicated well (up to 7-10 dpi, 10⁰·⁷⁻⁴·³EID₅₀/50 µl) in the lungs of mice, without prior adaptation. Our results suggest that domestic Korean viruses were transferred directly from wild birds through at least two independent introductions. Our data did not indicate that wild birds carried poultry viruses between Korea and China, but rather, that wild-type H7 viruses were introduced several times into different poultry populations in eastern Asia.
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- 2014
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3. Genome editing-mediated knock-in of therapeutic genes ameliorates the disease phenotype in a model of hemophilia
- Author
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Jeong Hyeon Lee, Hye-Kyung Oh, Beom Seok Choi, Ho Hyeon Lee, Kyu Jun Lee, Un Gi Kim, Jina Lee, Hyerim Lee, Geon Seong Lee, Se Jun Ahn, Jeong Pil Han, Seokjoong Kim, Su Cheong Yeom, and Dong Woo Song
- Subjects
MT: RNA/DNA editing ,adeno-associated virus ,apolipoprotein C3 ,hemophilia ,genome editing ,knock-in ,Therapeutics. Pharmacology ,RM1-950 - Abstract
Recently, clinical trials of adeno-associated virus-mediated replacement therapy have suggested long-term therapeutic effects for several genetic diseases of the liver, including hemophilia. However, there remain concerns regarding decreased therapeutic effects when the liver is regenerated or when physiological proliferation occurs. Although genome editing using the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats/Cas9 system provides an opportunity to solve this problem, low knock-in efficiency may limit its application for therapeutically relevant expression. Here, we identified a novel gene, APOC3, in which a strong promoter facilitated the expression of knocked-in genes in hepatocytes. We also investigated the effects of APOC3 editing using a small Cas9 protein derived from Campylobacter jejuni (CjCas9) in a hemophilic model. We demonstrated that adeno-associated virus-mediated delivery of CjCas9 and donor led to moderate levels of human factor 9 expression in APOC3-humanized mice. Moreover, knock-in-driven expression induced substantial recovery of clotting function in mice with hemophilia B. There was no evidence of off-target editing in vitro or in vivo. Collectively, our findings demonstrated therapeutically relevant expression using a precise and efficient APOC3-editing platform, providing insights into the development of further long-term therapeutics for diverse monogenic liver diseases.
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- 2022
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4. In vivo genome editing with a small Cas9 orthologue derived from Campylobacter jejuni
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Eunji Kim, Taeyoung Koo, Sung Wook Park, Daesik Kim, Kyoungmi Kim, Hee-Yeon Cho, Dong Woo Song, Kyu Jun Lee, Min Hee Jung, Seokjoong Kim, Jin Hyoung Kim, Jeong Hun Kim, and Jin-Soo Kim
- Subjects
Science - Abstract
The amount of genetic material that can be packaged in AAV vectors used for genome editing is limited. Here the authors show that the smallest known Cas9 orthologue, cjCas9, can be packaged in a single AAV vector along with sgRNA and a marker gene, and demonstrate efficient gene editing in mice.
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- 2017
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5. Crack Healing Mechanism by Application of Stack Pressure to the Carbon-Based Composite Anode of an All-Solid-State Battery
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Hyun-Jeong Lee, Hae-Ryoung Kim, Kyu-Jun Lee, Yebin Lee, Hong-Kyu Kim, Woo-Young Yoon, and Jae-Pyoung Ahn
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Materials Chemistry ,Electrochemistry ,Energy Engineering and Power Technology ,Chemical Engineering (miscellaneous) ,Electrical and Electronic Engineering - Published
- 2022
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6. In vivo delivery of CRISPR-Cas9 using lipid nanoparticles enables antithrombin gene editing for sustainable hemophilia A and B therapy
- Author
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Jeong Pil Han, MinJeong Kim, Beom Seok Choi, Jeong Hyeon Lee, Geon Seong Lee, Michaela Jeong, Yeji Lee, Eun-Ah Kim, Hye-Kyung Oh, Nanyeong Go, Hyerim Lee, Kyu Jun Lee, Un Gi Kim, Jae Young Lee, Seokjoong Kim, Jun Chang, Hyukjin Lee, Dong Woo Song, and Su Cheong Yeom
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Gene Editing ,Multidisciplinary ,Thrombin ,SciAdv r-articles ,Hemophilia A ,Antithrombins ,Mice ,Liposomes ,Genetics ,Animals ,Humans ,Nanoparticles ,Biomedicine and Life Sciences ,CRISPR-Cas Systems ,Research Article - Abstract
Hemophilia is a hereditary disease that remains incurable. Although innovative treatments such as gene therapy or bispecific antibody therapy have been introduced, substantial unmet needs still exist with respect to achieving long-lasting therapeutic effects and treatment options for inhibitor patients. Antithrombin (AT), an endogenous negative regulator of thrombin generation, is a potent genome editing target for sustainable treatment of patients with hemophilia A and B. In this study, we developed and optimized lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) to deliver Cas9 mRNA along with single guide RNA that targeted AT in the mouse liver. The LNP-mediated CRISPR-Cas9 delivery resulted in the inhibition of AT that led to improvement in thrombin generation. Bleeding-associated phenotypes were recovered in both hemophilia A and B mice. No active off-targets, liver-induced toxicity, and substantial anti-Cas9 immune responses were detected, indicating that the LNP-mediated CRISPR-Cas9 delivery was a safe and efficient approach for hemophilia therapy., Description, We showed that lipid nanoparticle–packed CRISPR- mediated antithrombin gene editing offers a sustainable and safe hemophilia therapy.
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- 2022
7. CRISPR/Cas9-mediated knockout of Mct8 reveals a functional involvement of Mct8 in testis and sperm development in a rat
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Hyejung Shin, Ok Jae Koo, Hohyeon Lee, Sangwoo Ham, Jungmin Lee, Kyeong-Min Kim, Hee Sook Bae, Kyu Jun Lee, Hee Kyoung Kim, Goo Jang, Jae Young Lee, Yun-Kyeong Jin, and Gyu-bon Cho
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Male ,Monocarboxylic Acid Transporters ,0301 basic medicine ,Knockout rat ,Thyroid Gland ,Reproductive biology ,lcsh:Medicine ,030209 endocrinology & metabolism ,Biology ,medicine.disease_cause ,Article ,Rats, Sprague-Dawley ,Andrology ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,CRISPR-Associated Protein 9 ,Testis ,medicine ,Animals ,lcsh:Science ,Spermatogenesis ,Author Correction ,Gene Editing ,Monocarboxylate transporter ,Mutation ,Multidisciplinary ,lcsh:R ,Membrane transport ,Spermatozoa ,Sperm ,Rats ,Metabolism ,030104 developmental biology ,Gene Knockdown Techniques ,Knockout mouse ,biology.protein ,lcsh:Q ,CRISPR-Cas Systems ,Hormone - Abstract
Thyroid hormone (TH) has long been believed to play a minor role in male reproduction. However, evidences from experimental model of thyrotoxicosis or hypothyroidism suggests its role in spermatogenesis. Cellular action of TH requires membrane transport via specific transporters such as monocarboxylate transporter 8 (MCT8). SLC16A2 (encodes for MCT8) inactivating mutation in humans can lead to Allan-Herndon Dudley-syndrome, a X-linked psychomotor and growth retardation. These patients present cryptorchidism which suggests a role of MCT8 during spermatogenesis. In this study, we found that Mct8 is highly expressed during early postnatal development and decreases its expression in the adulthood of testis of wild-type male rats. Histological analysis revealed that spermatogonia largely lacks MCT8 expression while spermatocytes and maturing spermatids highly express MCT8. To further understand the role of Mct8 during spermatogenesis, we generated Slc16a2 (encodes MCT8) knockout rats using CRISPR/Cas9. Serum THs (T3 and T4) level were significantly altered in Slc16a2 knockout rats when compared to wild-type littermates during early to late postnatal development. Unlike Slc16a2 knockout mice, Slc16a2 knockout rats showed growth delay during early to late postnatal development. In adult Slc16a2 knockout rats, we observed reduced sperm motility and viability. Collectively, our data unveil a functional involvement of MCT8 in spermatogenesis, underscoring the importance of TH signaling and action during spermatogenesis.
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- 2020
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8. CRISPR-Cas9–mediated therapeutic editing of Rpe65 ameliorates the disease phenotypes in a mouse model of Leber congenital amaurosis
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Jin-Soo Kim, Dong Woo Song, Daesik Kim, Chang Sik Cho, Seokjoong Kim, Jin Hyoung Kim, Sung Wook Park, Jeong Hun Kim, Kyu Jun Lee, Dong Hyun Jo, Un Gi Kim, Kihwang Lee, and Jungmin Lee
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Male ,cis-trans-Isomerases ,genetic structures ,Leber Congenital Amaurosis ,Nonsense mutation ,medicine.disease_cause ,Retina ,Virus ,Mice ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Animals ,Medicine ,CRISPR ,Health and Medicine ,Gene ,Research Articles ,030304 developmental biology ,Gene Editing ,0303 health sciences ,Genome ,Multidisciplinary ,business.industry ,SciAdv r-articles ,Recombinational DNA Repair ,Human Genetics ,Cell Biology ,Dependovirus ,Phenotype ,eye diseases ,Stop codon ,Mice, Inbred C57BL ,Disease Models, Animal ,RPE65 ,Mutation ,Cancer research ,sense organs ,CRISPR-Cas Systems ,business ,Carcinogenesis ,030217 neurology & neurosurgery ,Research Article - Abstract
Therapeutic genome editing of a nonsense mutation showed functional gain in a mouse model of inherited retinal degeneration., Leber congenital amaurosis (LCA), one of the leading causes of childhood-onset blindness, is caused by autosomal recessive mutations in several genes including RPE65. In this study, we performed CRISPR-Cas9–mediated therapeutic correction of a disease-associated nonsense mutation in Rpe65 in rd12 mice, a model of human LCA. Subretinal injection of adeno-associated virus carrying CRISPR-Cas9 and donor DNA resulted in >1% homology-directed repair and ~1.6% deletion of the pathogenic stop codon in Rpe65 in retinal pigment epithelial tissues of rd12 mice. The a- and b-waves of electroretinograms were recovered to levels up to 21.2 ± 4.1% and 39.8 ± 3.2% of their wild-type mice counterparts upon bright stimuli after dark adaptation 7 months after injection. There was no definite evidence of histologic perturbation or tumorigenesis during 7 months of observation. Collectively, we present the first therapeutic correction of an Rpe65 nonsense mutation using CRISPR-Cas9, providing new insight for developing therapeutics for LCA.
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- 2019
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9. Author Correction: CRISPR/Cas9-mediated knockout of Mct8 reveals a functional involvement of Mct8 in testis and sperm development in a rat
- Author
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Gyu-bon Cho, Jae Young Lee, Jungmin Lee, Goo Jang, Hyejung Shin, Yun-Kyeong Jin, Kyeong-Min Kim, Hohyeon Lee, Sangwoo Ham, Hee Sook Bae, Ok Jae Koo, Hee Kyoung Kim, and Kyu Jun Lee
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Multidisciplinary ,Text mining ,business.industry ,lcsh:R ,CRISPR ,lcsh:Medicine ,lcsh:Q ,Computational biology ,Biology ,business ,lcsh:Science ,Sperm - Abstract
An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper.
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- 2020
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10. Novel Reassortant Influenza A(H5N8) Viruses, South Korea, 2014
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Hyun-Mi Kang, Hye-Ryoung Kim, Hyun-Jeong Lee, Byung-Min Song, Yong Ho Park, Hee-Soo Lee, Youn-Jeong Lee, Yi-Seok Joo, Min-Su Kang, Kyu-Jun Lee, Ji-Ye Kim, Eun Kyoung Lee, Kang-Seuk Choi, Yong-Kuk Kwon, Mi-Seon Hong, Jipseol Jeong, Jong-Ho Baek, Ok-Mi Jeong, and Il Jang
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Microbiology (medical) ,Letter ,Genes, Viral ,Epidemiology ,Expedited ,viruses ,Molecular Sequence Data ,Reassortment ,lcsh:Medicine ,Hemagglutinin (influenza) ,HPAI ,Chick Embryo ,medicine.disease_cause ,H5N1 genetic structure ,influenza virus ,Virus ,lcsh:Infectious and parasitic diseases ,South Korea ,Republic of Korea ,medicine ,Influenza A virus ,Animals ,lcsh:RC109-216 ,Amino Acid Sequence ,Letters to the Editor ,Phylogeny ,outbreak ,Base Sequence ,Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype ,biology ,lcsh:R ,highly pathogenic avian influenza virus ,virus diseases ,Outbreak ,Virology ,Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 ,Ducks ,Infectious Diseases ,reassortant ,H5N8 subtype ,Influenza in Birds ,Human mortality from H5N1 ,biology.protein ,influenza ,Reassortant Viruses - Abstract
To the Editor: Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) viruses have caused considerable economic losses to the poultry industry and poses potential threats to animal and human health (www.oie.int/en/ and www.who.int/en/). Since 2003, influenza A(H5N1) viruses with a hemagglutinin (HA) gene derived from A/goose/Guandong/1/96–like viruses have become endemic to 6 countries (Bangladesh, China, Egypt, India, Indonesia, and Vietnam) (1) (www.cdc.gov/). Furthermore, HPAI viruses with an H5 subtype continue to undergo substantial evolution because of extensive genetic divergence and reassortment between other subtypes of influenza viruses. Especially in China, novel subtypes of H5 HPAI virus, such as influenza A(H5N2), influenza A(H5N5), and influenza A(H5N8) viruses, were reported during 2009–2011 (2,3).
- Published
- 2014
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11. Protective efficacy of baculovirus-derived influenza virus-like particles bearing H5 HA alone or in combination with M1 in chickens
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Jun-Hun Kwon, Choi-Kyu Park, Jun-Gu Choi, Kwang-Il Kim, Min-Chul Kim, Youn-Jeong Lee, Jae-Hong Kim, Hyun-Mi Kang, and Kyu-Jun Lee
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viruses ,Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus ,Biology ,Antibodies, Viral ,medicine.disease_cause ,complex mixtures ,Microbiology ,Virus ,Viral Matrix Proteins ,Virus-like particle ,Sf9 Cells ,medicine ,Influenza A virus ,Animals ,Vaccines, Virus-Like Particle ,Hemagglutination assay ,Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype ,General Veterinary ,Immunogenicity ,Vaccination ,Virion ,virus diseases ,General Medicine ,Hemagglutination Inhibition Tests ,Hemagglutinin ,Virology ,Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 ,Specific Pathogen-Free Organisms ,Nucleoprotein ,Influenza Vaccines ,Influenza in Birds ,Baculoviridae ,Chickens - Abstract
Since 2003, the highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 has become a serious problem in animals and an increasing threat to public health. To develop effective vaccines for H5 HPAI in chickens, virus-like particles (VLP) were produced using a baculovirus expression system. The particles comprised hemagglutinin (HA) alone (HA-VLP) or HA in combination with a matrix protein (M1; HAM-VLP) derived from a recent clade 2.3.2.1 H5N1 HPAI virus. To compare the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of these VLPs, 10 μg HAM-VLP, the equivalent amounts of HA incorporated HA-VLP or whole inactivated virus (WIV), were emulsified with mineral oil and used to immunize chickens. The serum hemagglutination inhibition antibody levels induced by HA-VLP and HAM-VLP were comparable to WIV. Antibodies to nucleoprotein were detected only in the WIV group. Immunized chickens in each group survived and were protected against a lethal homologous virus challenge, showing no clinical signs of infection. The challenge virus was detected intermittently in some oropharyngeal swabs, but not in cloacal swabs or various organs, which means that VLPs and WIV provide protection against systemic but not local virus replication in chickens. After the challenge, the HA-VLP group showed significantly increased serum antibody levels compared to the HAM-VLP and WIV groups, and some chickens in the HA-VLP group seroconverted with respect to nucleoprotein. Taken together, these results suggest that VLPs may be an effective method for controlling HPAI in chickens. They could be applied to a differentiating infected from vaccinated animals (DIVA) strategy. In addition, it is likely that HAM-VLP is more efficacious than HA-VLP in chickens.
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- 2013
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12. Development of Neuraminidase Subtype-Specific Reference Antisera by Recombinant Protein Expressed in Baculovirus
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Kyu-Jun Lee, Kwang-Il Kim, Jun-Gu Choi, Youn-Jeong Lee, Hyun-Mi Kang, and Choi-Kyu Park
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Microbiology (medical) ,Clinical Biochemistry ,Immunology ,Neuraminidase ,Sf9 ,Cross Reactions ,Antibodies, Viral ,medicine.disease_cause ,H5N1 genetic structure ,Virus ,Avian Influenza A Virus ,Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology ,Influenza, Human ,Sf9 Cells ,medicine ,Animals ,Humans ,Immunology and Allergy ,Antiserum ,Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype ,biology ,Immune Sera ,Antibody titer ,Hemagglutination Inhibition Tests ,Virology ,Recombinant Proteins ,Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 ,Influenza in Birds ,biology.protein ,Baculoviridae ,Chickens - Abstract
Outbreaks of avian influenza A virus infection, particularly the H5N1 strains that have affected birds and some humans for the past 15 years, have highlighted the need for increased surveillance and disease control. Such measures require diagnostic tests to detect and characterize the different subtypes of influenza virus. In the current study, a simple method for producing reference avian influenza virus antisera to be used in diagnostic tests was developed. Antisera of nine avian influenza A virus neuraminidases (NA) used for NA subtyping were produced using a recombinant baculovirus. The recombinant NA (rNA) proteins were expressed in Sf9 insect cells and inoculated intramuscularly into specific-pathogen-free chickens with the ISA70 adjuvant. The NA inhibition antibody titers of the rNA antiserum were in the ranges of 5 to 8 and 6 to 9 log 2 units after the primary and boost immunizations, respectively. The antisera were subtype specific, showing low cross-reactivity against every other NA subtype using the conventional thiobarbituric acid NA inhibition assay. These results suggest that this simple method for producing reference NA antisera without purification may be useful for the diagnosis and surveillance of influenza virus.
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- 2013
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13. Superconducting Properties of a Stoichiometric FeSe Compound and Two Anomalous Features in the Normal State
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Yong Seung Kwon, Myung-Hwa Jung, Kyu Jun Lee, J. B. Hong, Yoo Jang Song, Jong-Soo Rhyee, and Byeong Hun Min
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Superconductivity ,Tetragonal crystal system ,Materials science ,Condensed matter physics ,Magnetic moment ,Electrical resistivity and conductivity ,Seebeck coefficient ,Thermoelectric effect ,General Physics and Astronomy ,Electron ,Pseudogap - Abstract
This paper reports the superconducting behavior of the tetragonal iron-chalcogenide superconductor FeSe. The electrical resistivity and the magnetic moment measurements confirmed its superconductivity with T zero c and T mag c of 9.4 K under ambient pressure. Electron probe macro analysis indicated that the sample had a stoichiometric Fe:Se ratio of 1:1. The Seebeck coefficient, which was 12.3 μV/K at room temperature, changed to a negative value near 200 K, indicating it to be a two-carrier material. Above Tc, the ρ(T ) curve revealed an ‘S’ shape, and dρ(T )/dT and dρ(T )/dT 2 showed two anomalous features, one near Tan = 30 K and the other near T ∗ = 110 K. The Seebeck coefficient, S(T ), also displays peculiar behavior near the Tan and T ∗. We also report a rather smaller critical current density, Jc = 10 2 ∼ 10 A/cm, compared to those observed for the other pnictides and doped chalcogenides.
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- 2011
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14. Magnetocaloric effect in La(Fe0.89Si0.11)13 irradiated by protons
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Kyu Jun Lee, Yong Seung Kwon, Sol Ji Kim, Hyun Jin Oh, and Myung-Hwa Jung
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Materials science ,Proton ,Condensed matter physics ,Transition temperature ,Analytical chemistry ,equipment and supplies ,Condensed Matter Physics ,Fluence ,Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials ,Hysteresis ,Lattice constant ,Magnetic refrigeration ,Curie temperature ,Irradiation ,human activities - Abstract
The magnetic properties and the magnetic entropy change of La ( Fe 0.89 Si 0.11 ) 13 compounds under proton irradiation were investigated. With increasing proton fluence, the atomic displacement increased, which gave rise to increase of the lattice constant and Curie temperature. The magnetic entropy change slightly decreased with increasing proton fluence, but still remained large. Among the demonstrated attractive features of the materials, the maximum hysteresis loss almost disappeared and the relative cooling power increased slightly under proton irradiation.
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- 2011
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15. Characterization of H7 Influenza A Virus in Wild and Domestic Birds inKorea
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Byung-Min Song, Eun Kyoung Lee, Ha Young Park, Jun-Gu Choi, Youn-Jeong Lee, Hee-Soo Lee, Hyun-Mi Kang, and Kyu-Jun Lee
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Lineage (genetic) ,viruses ,Veterinary Microbiology ,lcsh:Medicine ,Animals, Wild ,Biology ,medicine.disease_cause ,Microbiology ,Microbial Ecology ,Birds ,Mice ,Phylogenetics ,Virology ,Zoonoses ,Republic of Korea ,Medicine and Health Sciences ,Influenza A virus ,medicine ,Influenza viruses ,Animals ,lcsh:Science ,Antigens, Viral ,Gene ,Phylogeny ,Avian influenza A viruses ,Genetic diversity ,Multidisciplinary ,Biology and life sciences ,Ecology ,lcsh:R ,Ecology and Environmental Sciences ,Viral pathogens ,Medical microbiology ,Veterinary Virology ,Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 ,Microbial pathogens ,Titer ,Viral Classification ,Infectious Diseases ,Ducks ,Veterinary Diseases ,Viral replication ,Animals, Domestic ,lcsh:Q ,Veterinary Science ,Research Article ,Orthomyxoviruses - Abstract
During surveillance programs in Korea between January 2006 and March 2011, 31 H7 avian influenza viruses were isolated from wild birds and domestic ducks and genetically characterized using large-scale sequence data. All Korean H7 viruses belonged to the Eurasian lineage, which showed substantial genetic diversity, in particular in the wild birds. The Korean H7 viruses from poultry were closely related to those of wild birds. Interestingly, two viruses originating in domestic ducks in our study had the same gene constellations in all segment genes as viruses originating in wild birds. The Korean H7 isolates contained avian-type receptors (Q226 and G228), no NA stalk deletion (positions 69-73), no C-terminal deletion (positions 218-230) in NS1, and no substitutions in PB2-627, PB1-368, and M2-31, compared with H7N9 viruses. In pathogenicity experiments, none of the Korean H7 isolates tested induced clinical signs in domestic ducks or mice. Furthermore, while they replicated poorly, with low titers (10(0.7-1.3)EID(50)/50 mu l) in domestic ducks, all five viruses replicated well (up to 7-10 dpi, 10(0.7-4.3)EID(50)/50 mu l) in the lungs of mice, without prior adaptation. Our results suggest that domestic Korean viruses were transferred directly from wild birds through at least two independent introductions. Our data did not indicate that wild birds carried poultry viruses between Korea and China, but rather, that wild-type H7 viruses were introduced several times into different poultry populations in eastern Asia.
- Published
- 2014
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