Search

Human sparganosis is a zoonotic disease caused by infection with larval forms (procercoid/plerocercoid) of Spirometra spp. The purpose of this study was to identify Spirometra spp. of infected snakes using a multiplex PCR assay and phylogenetic analysis of mitochondrial DNA sequence data from the spargana of terrestrial snakes obtained from Korea and China. A total of 283 snakes were obtained that included 4 species of Colubridae comprising Rhabdophis tigrinus tigrinus (n=150), Dinodon rufozonatum rufozonatum (n=64), Elaphe davidi (n=2), and Elaphe schrenkii (n=7), and 1 species of Viperidae, Agkistrodon saxatilis (n=60). The snakes were collected from the provinces of Chungbuk, Chungnam, and Gyeongbuk in Korea (n=161), and from China (n=122). The overall infection rate with spargana was 83% (235/283). The highest was recorded for D. rufozonatum rufozonatum (100%), followed by A. saxatilis (85%) and R. tigrinus tigrinus (80%), with a negative result for E. davidi (0%) and E. schrenkii (0%). The sequence identities between the spargana from snakes (n=50) and Spirometra erinaceieuropaei (KJ599680) or S. decipiens (KJ599679) control specimens were 90.8% and 99.2%, respectively. Pairwise genetic distances between spargana (n=50) and S. decipiens ranged from 0.0080 to 0.0107, while those between spargana and S. erinaceieuropaei ranged from 0.1070 to 0.1096. In this study, all of the 904 spargana analyzed were identified as S. decipiens either by a multiplex PCR assay (n=854) or mitochondrial cox1 sequence analysis (n=50).

In order to fabricate porous mullite ceramics with controlled pore structure and improved mechanical strength, a freeze casting route has been processed using camphene mixed with tertiary-butyl alcohol (TBA) and coal fly ash/alumina as the solvent and the ceramic material, respectively. After sintering, the solidification characteristics of camphene and TBA solvent were evident in the pore morphology, i.e., dendritic and straight pore channels formed along the solidification directions of camphene and TBA ice, respectively, after sublimation. Also, the presence of microcracks was observed in the bodies sintered at 1500 oC, mainly due to the difference in solidification volume change between camphene and TBA. The compressive strength of the sintered bodies was found generally to be dependent, in an inverse manner, on the porosity, which was mainly determined by the processing conditions. After sintering at 1300~1500 oC with 30~50 wt% solid loading, the resulting mullite ceramics showed porosity and compressive strength values in ranges of 83.8~43.1% and 3.7~206.8 MPa, respectively.

The aim of this study was to develop rapid screening method for the identification of Chineseherbal medicine species with similar appearance, Polygonum multiflorum, Cynanchum wilfordii and C. auriculatum,by using genetic markers. As a genetic marker, psbA-trnH gene in chloroplast was selected due to differences insequence among the three species. Species-specific primers were designed based on the sequences of the marker geneof P. multiflorum, C. wilfordii, and C. auriculatum, and the expected size of PCR products was 160, 147, and 119 bp,respectively. Under the developed conditions, cross-reaction was not detected among these three plant species. Toconfirm the efficiency of our species-specific primers, the optimized method was applied to a variety of processedproducts composed of mostly P. multiflorum and C. wilfordii, demonstrating that our method was a rapid and easyscreening assay. Our findings suggest this screening method can be utilized to prevent the distribution of economicallymotivated adulteration food and to improve consumer's right.Key words : species-specific primer, PCR (polymerase chain reaction), adulterated food

The present study was performed to compare the mitochondrial genomes between 2 Spirometra tapeworms, Spirometra erinaceieuropaei and Spirometra decipiens (Cestoidea: Diphyllobothriidae), which larval stages are important etiological agents of sparganosis in humans. For each species, the full mitochondrial genome was amplified in 8 overlapping fragments using total genomic DNA purified from a single worm as the template. The mitochondrial genomes were 13,643 bp (S. erinaceieuropaei) and 13,641 bp (S. decipiens) in length and contained 36 genes; 12 protein-coding genes, 2 ribosomal RNA (rRNA, small and large subunits), and 22 transfer RNAs (tRNAs). The 12 protein-coding genes constituted 10,083 bp (S. erinaceieuropaei) and 10,086 bp (S. decipiens) of their respective mitochondrial genomes. The tRNA genes, ranging in length from 56 to 70 bp, were identified based on putative secondary structures such as the typical cloverleaf shape. A total of 23 intergenic sequences, varying from 1 to 204 bp in size, were interspersed in S. erinaceieuropaei (total, 504 bp) and S. decipiens (total, 496 bp) mtDNA. The 12 protein-coding genes of S. erinaceieuropaei and S. decipiens differed by 12.4%, whereas the overall difference in mtDNA sequence between S. erinaceieuropaei and S. decipiens was 12.9%. Thus, from the standpoint of the mitochondrial genome, S. decipiens represents a valid species that can be distinguished from S. erinaceieuropaei.

In this study, the detection method was developed using real-time PCR to distinguish 4 species (bovine, porcine, horse, and chicken) of raw meats. The genes for distinction of species about meats targeted at 12S rRNA and 16S rRNA parts in mitochondrial DNA. Probes were designed to have a 5' FAM and a TAMRA at the 3' end. This study is to develop 4 species-specific primer and probes about raw materials and real-time PCR on 10 strains to observe the products of non-specific signal for similar species. As a result, any non-specific signal were not detected among each other. Real-time PCR method was developed for quantitation and identification of intentional and unin- tentional mixture in ground mixed meat (The difference of C T value between intentional mixture and 100% meat: ≤ 4 cycles, The difference of C T value between unintentional mixture and 100% meat: ≥ 6 cycles). The detection and dif- ferentiation of intentional and unintentional mixture in this study would be applied to food safety management for eradication of adulterated food distribution and protection of consumer's right.

Particulate nitride composites have been fabricated by sintering the compacted powder of AlN and 5 - 64.3 mol% Al₂O₃, with a small addition of Y₂O₃ (Y₂O₃ /AlN, 1 wt%), in 1-atm nitrogen gas at 1650 - 1900℃. The composites were characterized in terms of sintering behavior, phase relations, microstructure and thermal shock resistance. AlN, 27R AlN pseudopolytype, and alminium oxynitride (AlON, 5AlN·9Al₂O₃) were found to existin the sintered material. Regardless of batch composition, the AlN-Al₂O₃ powder compacts exhibited similar sintering behavior; however, the degree of shrinkage commonly increased with increasing Al₂O₃ content, consequently giving high sintered bulk density. By increasing the Al₂O₃ addition up to ≥ 50 mol%, the matrix phase in the sintered material was converted from AlN or 27R to AlON. Above 1850℃, a liquid phase was formed by the reaction of Al₂O₃ with AlN, aided by Y₂O₃ and mainly existed at the grain boundaries of AlON. Thermal shock resistance was superior in the sintered composite consisting of AlON with dispersed AlN or AlN matrix phase.

Three-layer porous alumina-mullite composites with a symmetric gradient porosity are prepared using a controlled freeze/gel-casting method. In this work, tertiary-butyl alcohol (TBA) and coal fly ash with an appropriate addition of Al₂O₃ were used as the freezing vehicle and the starting material, respectively. When sintered at 1300-1500℃, unidirectional macro-pore channels aligned regularly along the growth direction of solid TBA were developed. Simultaneously, the pore channels were surrounded by less porous structured walls. A high degree of solid loading resulted in low porosity and a small pore size, leading to higher compressive strength. The sintered porous layered composite exhibited improved compressive strength with a slight decrease in its porosity. After sintering at 1500℃, the layered composite consisting of outer layers with a 50 wt% solid loading showed the highest compressive strength(90.8 ± 3.7MPa) with porosity of approximately 26.4%.

This study was conducted to determine the PSL and TL properties of foods irradiated with electron beam and gamma-ray. 5 kinds of food including cereal, pulse, fish powder, dried vegetable and tea were irradiated at 0 to 10 kGy by electron beam accelerator or gamma-ray irradiator. The PSL analysis showed negative results for most of the non-irradiated samples. Non-irradiated shrimp powder showed intermediate result. Irradiated samples gave negative or intermediate or positive value which presented the limitation of PSL technique. In TL analysis, there were TL glow curves at around with low intensity on non-irradiated samples. Maximum peak in the range of was appeared on irradiated samples. TL ratio obtained by re-irradiation with 1 kGy was less than 0.1 on non-irradiated samples and higher than 0.1 on irradiated samples. Therefore, in PSL measurement, electron-beam irradiated samples could obtain more clear results. TL analysis showed obvious difference between non-irradiated and irradiated samples. But the identification was impossible for the sample of rice and lemon tea. Because of it`s low contents of mineral.

The method for detection foods containing allergenic materials by PCR was developed in this study. To detect allergenic raw material from processed food, species specific primer which up to 200bp for PCR prod- uct were designed or selected from advanced research. As target materials, 14 items were selected (12 target materials for allergen in Korea, 2 target materials for allergen in foreign countries). The amplicon size for eggs, milk, buck- wheat, peanuts, beans, wheat, mackerel, crab, shrimp, pork, peach, tomato, almond, and sesame were confirmed 281, 131, 138, 120, 118, 127, 211, 174, 231, 138, 174, 132, 103, and 220bp, respectively. And any non-specific bands were not detected among each others. Detection method for allergenic material developed in this study could be used to investigate inaccurate goods for allergen labeling or non-intentional contaminant during processed foods manufactur- ing. In addition, the system will be usefully to detection accurate allergenic raw materials of export for other countries.

Identification of main ingredients in starches has been investigated using physicochemical analysis method mainly. However, physicochemical properties such as particle size have limitations in determining the differ- ences among mixed starches. Therefore, we developed a molecular biological method to identify materials used in starch, as a sample, 11 kinds of starches including sweet potato starch, potato starch, corn starch, and tapioca starch. DNeasy plant mini kit, magnetic DNA purification system, and CTAB methods were used to extract DNA from sam- ples. After gene extraction, whole genome amplification (WGA) was performed to amplify the extracted DNA. Spe- cies-specific primers were used as followings: ib-286-F/ib-286-R (105 bp), Pss 01n-5'/Pss 01n-3' (216 bp), SS11b 3- 5'/SS11b 3-3' (114 bp), and SSRY26-F/SSRY26-R (121 bp) gene for sweet potato, potato, corn, and tapioca, respec- tively. In this study, we could confirm the main ingredients using WGA and PCR method.

In this study, we investigated the applicability of the photostimulated luminescence (PSL), ther- moluminescence (TL), electron spin resonance (ESR) and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) methods for 5 seeds which are not allowed to be irradiated in Korea. All 5 seeds including evening primrose seed, safflower seed, rape seed, sunflower seed and flax seed were analyzed. Samples were irradiated at 1~10 kGy using a 60 Co gamma-ray irradiator. In PSL study, the photon counts of all the unirradiated samples showed negative (lower than 700). The photon counts of irradiated (1, 5, 10 kGy) samples showed positive (higher than 5,000). In TL analysis, results showed that it is possible to apply TL method to all foods containing minerals. In ESR measurements, the ESR signal (single-line) intensity of irradiated foods was higher than non-irradiated foods. The hydrocarbons 1,7-hexadec- adiene (C 16:2 ) and 8-heptadecene (C 17:1 ) from oleic acid were detected only in the irradiated samples before and after the treatment at doses ≥ 1 kGy, but they were not detected in non-irradiated samples before and after treatment. These two hydrocarbons could be used as markers to identify irradiated safflower seed, rape seed, Sunflower seed and flax seed. And then, the hydrocarbons 1,7,10-hexadecatriene (C 16:3 ) and 6,9-heptadecadiene (C 17:2 ) from linoleic acid were detected in the evening primrose seed, safflower seed and sunflower seed. According to the results, PSL, TL and GC/ MS methods were successfully applied to detect the irradiated foods. It is concluded that PSL, TL and GC/MS meth- ods are suitable for detection of irradiated samples and a combined method is recommendable for enhancing the reli- ability of detection results.

Since 1 June 2012, it is prohibited to sell oilfish as a food material but there are still many illegal cases of selling oilfish as if it is tuna or grilled Patagonian toothfish. So it is absolutely crucial to construct the system to distinguish the real food material from oilfish. There are two sorts of oil fish called Ruvettus pretiosus and Lepi- docybirium flavobrunneum involved in Percifomes order and Gempylidae class. 16S DNA gene region in mitochon- dria was selected to design the specific primers. For design species-specific primer, the theoretical experiment were performed for the sequences of R. pretiosus, L. flavobrunneum, Thunnus thynnus, Thunnus albacores, Makaira mit- sukurii and Xiphias gladius, registered at the Gene bank from the National Centre for Biotechnology Information, using BioEdit 7.0.9.0. program. Through the analysis of the result from experiments, it was possible to design the 4 kinds of primers to distinguish R. pretiosus and L. flavobrunneum. As a comparison group, 3 kinds of tuna and 4 kinds of billfishes were selected and experimental verification was performed. As a result, for R. pretiosus and L. flavobrun- neum, R.P-16S-006-F/R.P-16S-008-R and L.F-16S-004-F/L.F-16S-006-R primers were selected eventually and PCR condition was established. In addition, 178bp and 238bp of PCR products were confirmed from the established con- dition and non-specific band was not amplified among similar species. Therefore, the species-specific primers devel- oped in this study would be very useful and used in various ways such as internet shopping mall and illegal distributions with fast and scientific results.

Food Standardization Division, Food & Drug AdministrationAbstract Niphon spinosus, Epinephelus bruneus, and Epinephelus septemfasciatus are involved in the Perciformes Orderand Serranidae Family. When E. bruneus and E. septemfasciatus are fully grown, the striped pattern on the body graduallydisappears. Therefore, morphological classification of adult fishes is quite difficult to identify the differences to N. spinosus.In this study, we investigate the method to differentiate those using PCR. To design the primers, 16S rRNA region of N.spinosus, E. bruneus, and E. septemfasciatus registered in the GeneBank (www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov) have been used and forthe analysis, Bio Edit ver. 7.0.9.0 was used. As a result, it was design NS-003-F/NS-005-R (136 bp), EB-001-F/EB-002-R (181 bp), and ES-001-F/ES-001-R (123 bp) primers for the differentiation of each 3 different fishes. Therefore, thespecies-specific primer sets would be a useful tool for scientific and speedy differentiation against the illegal distributionfor consumer protection.Keywords: Niphon spinosus, Epinephelus bruneus, Epinephelus septemfasciatus, PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction), species-specific primer, 16S rRNA

In this study, ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase (rbcL), RNApolymeraseC (rpoC1), intergenicspacer (psbA-trnH), and second internal transcribed spacer (ITS2) as identification markers for discrimination of P.mirifica in foods were selected. To be primer design, we obtained 719 bp, 520 bp, 348 bp, and 507 bp amplicon usinguniversal primers from selected regions of P. mirifica. The regions of rbcL, rpoC1 , and psbA-trnH were not proper fordesign primers because of high homology about P. mirifica, P. lobata, and B. superba. But, we had designed 4 pairsof oligonucleotide primers from ITS2 gene. Predicted amplicon from P. mirifica were obtained 137 bp and 216 bpusing finally designed primers SFI12-miri-6F/SFI12-miri-7R and SFI12-miri-6F/SFI12-miri-8R, respectively. Thespecies-specific primers distinguished P. mirifica from related species were able to apply food materials and processedfoods. The developed PCR method would be applicable to food safety management for illegally distributed productsin markets and internet shopping malls.Key words: PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction), Pueraria mirifica, species-specific primer

In order to determine an authenticity of food ingredient, we used DNA barcode method by univer-sal primers. For identification of animal food ingredients, LCO1490/HCO2198 and VF2/FISH R2 designed for ampli-fying cytochrome c oxidase subunit1 (CO1) region and L14724/H15915 for cytochrome b (cyt b) region onmitochondrial DNA were used. Livestock (cow, pig, goat, sheep, a horse and deer) was amplified by LCO1490/HCO2198, VF2/FISH R2 and L14724/H15915 primers. Poultry (chicken, duck, turkey and ostrich) was amplified byLCO1490/HCO 2198 and VF2/FISH R2 primers. But, Fishes (walleye pollack, herring, codfish, blue codfish, trout,tuna and rockfish) were only amplified by VF2/FISH R2 primers. For plant food ingredients, 3 types of primers (trnH/psbA, rpoB 1F/4R and rbcL 1F/724R) have been used an intergenic spacer, a RNA polymerase beta subunit and aribulose bisphosphate carboxylase region on plastid, respectively. Garlic, onion, radish, green tea and spinach wereamplified by trnH/psbA, rpoB 1F/4R and rbcL 1F/724R. The PCR product sizes were same by rpoB 1F/4R and rbcL1F/724R but, the PCR product size using trnH/psbA primer was different with others for plants each. We establishedPCR condition and universal primer selection for 17 item's raw materials for foods and determine base sequences aimto PCR products in this study. This study can apply to determine an authenticity of foods through making an compar-ison between databases and base sequences in gene bank. Therefore, DNA barcode method using universal primerscan be a useful for species identification techniques not only raw materials but also processed foods that are difficultto analyze by chemical analysis.Key words: Universal primer, PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction), DNA barcode, raw material

In this study, we investigated the applicability of the photostimulated luminescence(PSL), ther- moluminescence(TL) and electron spin resonance(ESR) methods for various foods which are not allowed to be irra- diated in Korea. All 15 foods including sesame, almond, peanut, cocoa powder etc. were analyzed. Samples were irradiated at 1~10 kGy using a 60 Co gamma-ray irradiator. In PSL study, the photon counts of all the unirradiated sam- ples showed negative(lower than 700). The photon counts irradiated(1 kGy) dried shrimp, roasted peanut and sea- soned peanut showed positive(higher than 5,000) and the other samples were negative or intermediate(> 700 and < 5,000). In TL analysis, results showed that it is possible to apply TL method to all foods containing minerals. In ESR measurements, the ESR signal(single-line) intensity of irradiated foods was higher than non-irradiated foods. In par- ticular, the specific ESR signals of irradiation-induced crystalline sugar, cellulose and bone radical were detected in dried plum, raisin, dried cherry, mango(dried, frozen), rambutan, cocoa(powder), cinnamon, parsley, carrot, broccoli, dried arrow squid, dried pollack and dried shrimp. According to the results, PSL, TL and ESR methods were success- fully applied to detect the irradiated foods because TL method is not able to detect the irradiated foods rarely com- posed of minerals. ESR is also a difficult method to detect the changes of ESR signal patterns of food. It is concluded that TL analysis or ESR assay is suitable for detection of irradiated samples and a combined method is recommend- able for enhancing the reliability of detection results.

In this study, effective gene extraction methods were compared to identify raw materials of pro-cessed meat products through molecular biological methods. Species specific primers were used to identify ingredi-ents of processed foods and, as a sample, 13 kinds of processed meat products including beef, pork and chicken.According to the type of sample, 13 kinds of samples were classified into liquid type, source type and powder type.The samples were pre-treated (centrifugation) and (or) performed Whole Gene Amplification (WGA) kit for amplifi-cation of the extracted DNA. As a result, it was possible to identify the raw material of products through the centrifu-gation of sample 1 ml for liquid type of processed meat products. For source type of products after gene extraction, itwas required to perform WGA for the identification of ingredients. For powder type products did not required anyfurther pre-treatment and WGA. In this study, it was an opportunity to confirm the possibility of identification of rawmaterial from the gene extraction of processed meat products and this method could be used to examine the authen-ticity of raw material of products. Key words: Gene extraction method, PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction), Processed meat product, Species-specific primer

In this study, the experimental method has been investigated using molecular biological way to identify raw materials from seasoned red-pepper sauce which is one of the most popular spices in Korea. 6 kinds of seasoned red-pepper sauces were chosen as a sample containing chilli pepper, garlic, onion as a major ingredient and species specific primers were used for the identification of the raw material of processed food. Selected samples were pre-treated to remove salt (samples were washed with distilled water 3~4 times for desalting), after that, to amplify the extracted genes, whole genome amplification (WGA) kit was performed. Afterwards, PCR products were con- firmed through the electrophoresis. As a result, 102, 180, 280 bp of specific PCR products were confirmed for each major ingredients such as chilli pepper, garlic, onion. From this study, the gene extraction method was validated for the identification of ingredients from the spices and it would be applied to distinction of low quality chilli pepper pow- der including seasoned red-pepper sauce illegally.

In this study, a method was developed using molecular biological technique to distinguish anauthenticity of meats for processed meat products. The genes for distinction of species about meats targeted at 12S or16S genes in mitochondrial DNA and the species-specific primers were designed by that PCR products' size wasaround 200bp for applying to processed products. The target materials were 10 species of livestock products and itchecked whether expected PCR products were created or not by electrophoresis after PCR using species-specificprimers. The results of PCR for beef, pork, goat meat, mutton, venison, and horse meat were 131, 138, 168, 144, 191,and 142 bp each. The expected PCR products were confirmed at 281, 186, 174, and 238 bp for chicken, duck, turkey-meat, and ostrich. Also, non-specific PCR products were not detected in similar species by species-specific primers.The method using primers developed in this study confirm to be applicable for composite seasoning including beefsand processed meat products including pork and chicken. Therefore, this method may apply to distinguish an authen-ticity of meats for various processed products. Key words: EMA (Economically Motivated Adulteration), PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction), processed meat product,species-specific primer

Fast developments of broadcasting technologies since 1990s enabled not only High Definition Television service providing high quality audiovisual contents at home but also mobile broadcasting service providing audiovisual contents to high speed moving vehicle. Terrestrial Digital Multimedia Broadcasting (T-DMB) is one of the technologies developed for mobile broadcasting service, which has been successfully commercialized. One of the major technical breakthroughs achieved by T-DMB in addition to robust vehicular reception is an adoption of framework based on MPEG-4 System. It naturally enables integrated interactive data services by using Binary Format for Scene (BIFS) technology for scene description and representation of graphics object and Object Descriptor Framework representing multimedia service components as objects. T-DMB interactive data service has two fundamental limitations. Firstly, graphic data for interactive service should be always overlaid on top of a video not to be rendered out of it. Secondly, data for interactive service is only received by broadcasting channel. These limitations were considered as general in broadcasting systems. However, they are being considered as hard limitations for personalized data services using location information and user characteristics which are becoming widely used for data services of smart devices in these days. In this paper, the architecture of T-DMB hybrid data service is proposed which is utilizing broadcasting network, wireless internet and local storage for delivering BIFS data to overcome these limitations. This paper also presents hybrid BIFS technology to implement T-DMB hybrid data service while maintaining backward compatibility with legacy T-DMB players.

In order to rapidly screen for the virulence factor that produces pathogenic Escherichia coli in food, we have developed multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays. The multiplex PCR assays detect 4 pathogenic genes of enterohaemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC), enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC), enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC), and enteroinvasive E. coli (EIEC). This allows for the generation of specific fragments 150, 179, 218, 401, 465, 584, and 881 bp for VT1, ST, LT, 16S rRNA, inV, VT2, and eaeA genes, respectively. The detection limit of 3 log CFU/mL for eaeA, LT, VT1, VT2, 4 log CFU/mL for inV, 6 log CFU/mL for ST by single PCR, while 5 log CFU/mL for VT1, VT2, 6 log CFU/mL for eaeA, LT, 7 log CFU/mL for ST, inV by multiplex PCR. This optimized detection method of pathogenic E. coli can be used as supportive data to revise the microbiological analytical manuals for the Korean Food Code.

In this paper we show the performance of the network-adaptive high-definition scalable video streaming using QWLAN board with IEEE 802.11e MAC monitoring and control. Realtime collected MAC parameters are used to determine which video data is extracted for the predicted available bandwidth. To achieve performance, extraction through R-D is proposed instead of the standard video packet extraction. It is shown through experiments that streaming video quality can be enhanced by fast adaptation to network conditions by using the proposed method.

This paper defines QoE (Quality of Experience) for multi-view video streaming service over WiBro and proposes the CLO (Cross-Layer Optimization) algorithm can maximize this. Proposal CLO algorithm contains from physical layer to video layer. Under the time-varying wireless channel condition, the CLO technique takes view-wise and the temporal priority of the multi-view video into consideration in order to decide the transmission of frames and its FEC level. At the handover situation, it is shown through computer simulation that the optimal quality of the multi-view video can be achieved using the minimum amount of resources if the proposed CLO technique is applied.

Distributed video coding is a new video coding paradigm based on Slepian-Wolf and Wyner-Ziv`s information theory Distributed video coding whose decoder exploits side information transfers its computational burden from encoder to decoder, so that encoding with light computational power can be realized. RD performance is superior than that of standard video coding without motion compensation process but still has a gap with that of coding with motion compensation process. This parer introduces basic theory of distributed video coding and its structure and then shows RD performances of DVCs whose coding style is different from each other and of a DVC as a spatial scalable video coder.

In this paper, we propose a method to select motion vector predictor by considering prediction structure of a multi view content for coding efficiency of multi view coding which is being standardized in JVT. Motion vector of a different tendency is happened while carrying out temporal and view reference prediction of multi-view video coding. Also, due to the phenomena of motion vectors being searched in both temporal and view order, the motion vectors do not agree with each other resulting a decline in coding efficiency. This paper is about how the motion vector predictor are selected with information of prediction structure. By using the proposed method, a compression ratio of the proposed method in multi-view video coding is increased, and finally dB PSNR(Peak Signal-to-Noise Ratio) improvement was obtained compared with the case of JMVM 3.6 method.

The complete sequence of the Taenia saginata mitochondrial genome was determined, and its organization and structure were compared to other human-tropic Taenia tapeworms for which complete mitochondrial sequence data were available. The mitochondrial genome was 13,670 bp long, contained 12 protein-coding genes, two ribosomal RNAs (rRNAs, a small and a large subunit), and 22 transfer RNAs (tRNAs). It did not encode the atp8 gene. Overlapping regions were found between nad4L and nad4, nad1 and trnN, and cox1 and trnT. The ATG initiation codon was used for 10 protein-coding genes, and the GTG initiation codon was used for the remaining 2 genes (nad4 and atp6). The size of the protein-coding genes of the three human Taenia tapeworms did not vary, except for Taenia solium nad1 (891 aa) and nad4 (1212 aa) and Taenia asiatica cox2 (576 aa). The tRNA genes were 57–75 bp long, and the predicted secondary structures of 18 of these genes had typical clover-leaf shapes with paired dihydrouridine (DHU) arms. The genes in all human Taenia tapeworms for the two mitochondrial rRNA subunits rrnL and rrnS are separated by trnC. The putative T. saginata rrnL and rrnS are 972 and 732 bp long, respectively. The non-coding regions of the mt genome of T. saginata consisted of 2 regions: a short non-coding region (SNR, 66 nucleotides) and a long non-coding region (LNR, 159 nucleotides). The overall sequence difference in the full mitochondrial genome between T. saginata and T. asiatica was 4.6%, while T. solium differed by 11%. In conclusion, the complete sequence of the T. saginata mitochondrial genome will serve as a resource for comparative mitochondrial genomics and systematic studies of the parasitic cestodes.

In this paper, the stroke-based text extraction algorithm for digital video is proposed. The proposed algorithm consists of four stages such as text detection, text localization, text segmentation and geometric verification. The text detection stage ascertains that a given frame in a video sequence contains text. This procedure is accomplished by morphological operations for the pixels with higher possibility of being stroke-based text, which is called as seed points. For the text localization stage, morphological operations for the edges including seed points ate adopted followed by horizontal and vortical projections. Text segmentation stage is to classify projected areas into text and background regions according to their intensity distribution. Finally, in the geometric verification stage, the segmented area are verified by using prior knowledge of video text characteristics.

Hox genes are important in forming the anterior-posterior body axis pattern in the early developmental stage of animals. The conserved nature of the genomic organization of Hox genes is well known in diverse metazoans. To understand the Hox gene architecture in human-infecting Taenia tapeworms, we conducted a genomic survey of the Hox gene using degenerative polymerase chain reaction primers in Taenia asiatica. Six Hox gene orthologs from 276 clones were identified. Comparative analysis revealed that T. asiatica has six Hox orthologs, including two lab/Hox1, two Hox3, one Dfd/Hox4, and one Lox2/Lox4. The results suggest that Taenia Hox genes may have undergone independent gene duplication in two Hox paralogs. The failure to detect Post1/2 orthologs in T. asiatica may suggest that sequence divergence or the secondary loss of the posterior genes has occurred in the lineage leading to the cestode and trematode.

We determined the nucleotide sequence of the complete mitochondrial genome of the nematode species Anisakis simplex. The genome is circular, 13,916 bp in size and conforms to the general characteristics of nematode mitochondrial DNAs. The gene arrangement of A. simplex is the same as that of Ascaris suum and almost identical to those of rhabditid species with a minor exception concerning the relative position of the AT-rich and non-coding regions and radically different from those of spirurid species. Along with comparisons of gene arrangement, phylogenetic analyses (maximum parsimony, neighbour joining and maximum likelihood methods) based on concatenated amino acid sequences of 12 protein-coding genes from 13 nematode species provided strong support for the sister-group relationship between Ascaridida and Rhabditida. The Shimodaira-Hasegawa and Templeton's tests both rejected the alternative hypothesis of a closer relationship between Ascaridida and Spirurida. These results contradicted the traditional view of nematode classification and a recent molecular phylogenetic study of 18S rDNA data that assigned Ascaridida and Spirurida as being a sister-group. Mapping of gene arrangement across the phylogenetic tree lead to the assumption that the conserved gene arrangement found in Ascaridida-Rhabditida members might have been acquired after the most recent common ancestor of ascaridid/rhabditid members branched off from the basal stock of the rhabditid lineage.

Coal fly ash with the addition of Al2O3 was recycled to produce mullite/alumina composites and the camphene-based freeze casting technique was processed to develop a controlled porous structure with improved mechanical strength. Many rod-shaped mullite crystals, formed by the mullitization of coal fly ash in the presence of enough silicate, melt. After sintering at 1300-1500 degrees C with the initial solid loadings of 30-50 wt.%, interconnected macro-sized pore channels with nearly circular-shaped cross-sections developed along the macroscopic solidification direction of camphene solvent used in freeze casting and a few micron-sized pores formed in the walls of the pore channels. The macro-pore size of the mullite/alumina composites was in the range 20-25 mu m, 18-20 mu m and 15-17 mu m with reverse dependence on the sintering temperature at 30, 40 and 50 wt.% solid loading, respectively. By increasing initial solid loading and the sintering temperature, the sintered porosity was reduced from 79.8% to 31.2%, resulting in an increase in the compressive strength from 8.2 to 80.4 MPa.

Taeniasis has been known as one of the prevalent parasitic infections in Korea. Until recently, Taenia saginata had long been considered a dominant, and widely distributed species but epidemiological profiles of human Taenia species in Korea still remain unclear. In order to better understand distribution patterns of human Taenia tapeworms in Korea, partial nucleotide sequences of mitochondrial cox1 and ITS2 (internal transcribed spacer 2) were determined, along with morphological examinations, on 68 Taenia specimens obtained from university museum collections deposited since 1935. Genomic DNA was extracted from formalin-preserved specimens. Phylogenetic relationships among the genotypes (cox1 haplotype) detected in this study were inferred using the neighbor-joining method as a tree building method. Morphological and genetic analyses identified 3 specimens as T. solium, 51 specimens as T. asiatica, and 14 specimens as T. saginata. Our results indicate that all 3 Taenia tapeworms are sympatrically distributed in Korea with T. asiatica dominating over T. saginata and T. solium.

We sequenced and characterized the complete mitochondrial genome of the Japanese fish tapeworm D. nihonkaiense. The genome is a circular-DNA molecule of 13607 bp (one nucleotide shorter than that of D. latum mtDNA) containing 12 protein-coding genes (lacking atp8), 22 tRNA genes and two rRNA genes. Gene order and genome content are identical to those of the other cestodes reported thus far, including its congener D. latum. The only exception is Hymenolepis diminuta in which the positions of trnS2 and trnL1 are switched. We tested a PCR-based molecular assay designed to rapidly and accurately differentiate between D. nihonkaiense and D. latum using species-specific primers based on a comparison of their mtDNA sequences. We found the PCR-based system to be very reliable and specific, and suggest that PCR-based identification methods using mtDNA sequences could contribute to the study of the epidemiology and larval ecology of Diphyllobothrium species.

The completeTaenia asiaticamitochondrial genome was amplified by long extension polymerase chain reaction (long PCR) to yield overlapping fragments that were then completely sequenced. The whole mitochondrial genome was 13703 bp long and contained 12 protein-encoding, 2 ribosomal RNA (small and large subunits), 22 transfer RNA genes and a short non-coding region. Thus, its gene contents are like those typically found in metazoan animal mitochondrial genomes (apart from the absence ofatp8). All the genes were transcribed from the same strand. The 3′ end 34 bp region ofnad4Loverlapped with the 5′ end portion ofnad4. The tRNA genes were 61–69 bp long, and the secondary structures of 18 tRNAs had typical clover-leaf shapes with paired DHU arms. However,trnC,trnS1,trnS2andtrnRhad unpaired DHU arms that were 7–12 bp in length. The tRNAs that transferred serine lacked a DHU arm, as is also observed in a number of parasitic platyhelminths and metazoans. However, the trematodetrnRs have paired DHU arms. TheT. asiaticamtDNA non-coding region was like that in other cestodes since it was composed of a short non-coding region of 72 nucleotides and a long non-coding region of 176 nucleotides separated by atrnL1/,trnS2/,trnL2/,trnR/,nad5gene cluster. The sequences of thecox1genes betweenT. asiaticaandT. saginatadiffer by 4·6%, while theT. asiatica cobgene differs by 4·1% and 12·9% from thecobgenes ofT. saginataandT. solium, respectively. In conclusion, theT. asiaticamitocondrial genome should provide a resource for comparative mitochondrial genomics and systematic studies of parasitic cestodes.

We propose the extended MPEG-4 for augmented stereoscopic video. Augmented stereoscopic video is a stereoscopic synthetic video. Natural stereoscopic video and virtual CG object are synthesized. MPEG-4 has a scene graph, BIFS. BIFS is based on VRML. Augmented stereoscopic video is thought of as an off-line AR. Thus, there are some mismatch problems when augmented stereoscopic video is presented in MPEG-4. VR is based on the virtual environment. AR is based on real environment. A user can move view-position in VR. It's not possible in AR. In AR, the registration is a key technology. MPEG-4 does not support that. We introduce registration mechanism to MPEG-4. We also, propose new nodes for stereoscopic and camera information stream. Some nodes are needed for stereoscopic in MPEG-4, because MPEG-4 BIFS can't handle the stereoscopic scene. BackgroundSS and StereoTexture nodes are the new nodes for natural stereoscopic visual object and CameraViewpointSS and CameraInfoSS nodes are the new nodes for natural video camera information. Those are used for registration task in our MPEG-4 extension.

We propose a way to find corresponding points of a stereoscopic image by applying an algorithm of a generalized symmetry transform. A stereoscopic image entails the acquisition of a left image and right image simultaneously. Firstly, by using corner detection for the edge of both left and right images, feature points are analyzed, a square domain on the center of each feature point is found, and symmetry magnitude is such that edges within this domain have cumulated to positions of a feature point. Points are selected below the threshold value to correspond by executing a comparison of symmetry magnitude between edges of the right image and results of the left image. A more subdivided comparison of these corresponds in reserve through symmetry magnitude comparison of the radius unit within the domain, and if point correspondence could not be obtained in this way, corresponding points can be analyzed by measuring color correspondence rate of corresponding points in reserve. As for calculating correspond points, the proposed algorithm is more accurate than execution with feature points.

Interactive broadcasting is now considered as a next generation broadcasting service, which covers territorial, mobile and wireless terminals. In interactive broadcasting, viewers not only watch the broadcasting programs but also pass their requirements to program providers. In order to represent this interactivity, it is considered that the MPEG-4 is a well-adopted standard because of its object-based scene description scheme, which is in the binary (BIFS) and textual (XMT) formats. We describe the XMT tools that can generate, manipulate and translate an XML document for the interactive broadcasting content description, and also introduce an authoring system based on the provided XMT tools. Since the XMT is a textual format, content authors can easily exchange contents with other creators, applications and tools. This exchangeability of the XMT enables the authors to create interactive broadcasting contents more efficiently and rapidly. Therefore, our XMT tools become core component modules for developing interactive broadcasting contents.

We present an MP4 file streaming system over IP networks. Using the proposed system, the user can access MP4 contents in a server and interact with the selected content via IP networks. The MP4 contents contain the media data, and information of spatio-temporal relationship and behavior of the media data based on MPEG-4. The presented streaming server system consists of GUI, server management layer, sync layer, and delivery layer. The GUI shows the streaming status such as delay, loss and jitter. The server management layer controls creating and closing sessions. The sync layer was designed to generate SL packets, and the delivery layer sends each object of MP4 contents to clients. In addition, we have implemented a client system based on the IM1-2D player developed by AHG of MPEG. The client system can receive and play MP4 contents and send user's message to the server via IP networks. The presented streaming system was designed to use real-time transport protocol (RTP) for media data requiring real-time streaming, RTP control protocol (RTCP) for QoS management and transmission control protocol (TCP) for essential data such as initial object descriptor (IOD), object descriptor (OD), binary format for scene (BIFS), and for loss-sensitive media data such as still images.

Flexible polyurethane/clay porous nanocomposite foams were synthesized using natural and organically modified montmorillonite clays such as bentonite, closite 10A and closite 30B. The content of nanoclays was varied from 1 to 5 wt% of polyol. Dispersion of clay in Polyurethane(PU) matrix was investigated by X-ray diffraction(Cu-Kα rays of wavelength 1.54A) using an X-ray diffractometer. Also, we determined that the thermal resistance of PU foam increased with added clay, compared to that of pure PU foam. The cell size and the fraction of open cells of the precursor foam were controlled by the addition of clay to the polyurethane foam. Modified clays were found to be more efficient cell openers than the unmodified clay. In addition, the tensile strength and elongation of the polyurethane/clay porous nanocomposites were examined. Increasing clay content increased the mechanical properties of the composites, such as tensile strength, and elongation at break. However, increasing the content over 5 wt% deteriorated the properties of the composites. We found that the nanofillers(bentonite, closite 10A and closite 30B) improved the thermal stability of the nanocomposite foam. The nanocomposite foam containing 3 wt% of closite 30B exhibited the best tensile strength and thermal stability.

Diphyllobothrium nihonkaiense was first described by Yamane in 1986 but the taxonomical features have been obscure due to lack of critical morphologic criteria in its larval and adult stages. In Korea, this tapeworm had long been known as Diphyllobothrium latum. In this study, we observed 62 specimens collected from Korean residents and analyzed them by morphological features and nucleotide sequences of mitochondrial cox1 gene as well as the ITS1 region. Adult tapeworms were examined after carmine or trichrome stain. Longitudinal sections of the gravid proglottids showed an obtuse angle of about 150 degree between the cirrus sac and seminal vesicle. This angle is known as a major differential point compared with that of D. latum. Nucleotide sequence differences between D. latum and the specimens from Koreans represented 17.3% in mitochondrial DNA cox1 gene. Sequence divergence of ITS1 among 4 Korean isolates was 0.3% and similarity was 99.7% with D. nihonkaiense and D. klebanovskii. All of the Korean specimens analyzed in this study were identified as being D. nihonkaiense (n = 62). We propose its Korean name as "Dong-hae-gin-chon-chung" which means 'long tapeworm of the East Sea' for this newly analyzed diphyllobothriid tapeworm in Korea.

The parasitic Platyhelminthes (Neodermata) contains three parasitic groups of flatworms, each having a unique morphology, and life style: Monogenea (primarily ectoparasitic), Trematoda (endoparasitic flukes), and Cestoda (endoparasitic tapeworms). The evolutionary origin of complex life cyles (multiple obligate hosts, as found in Trematoda and Cestoda) and of endo-/ecto-parasitism in these groups is still under debate and these questions can be resolved, only if the phylogenetic position of the Monogenea within the Neodermata clade is correctly estimated. To test the interrelationships of the major parasitic flatworm groups, we estimated the phylogeny of the Neodermata using complete available mitochondrial genome sequences and a newly characterized sequence of a polyopisthocotylean monogenean Microcotyle sebastis. Comparisons of inferred amino acid sequences and gene arrangement patterns with other published flatworm mtDNAs indicate Monogenea are sister group to a clade of Trematoda+Cestoda. Results confirm that vertebrates were the first host for stem group neodermatans and that the addition of a second, invertebrate, host was a single event occurring in the Trematoda+Cestoda lineage. In other words, the move from direct life cycles with one host to complex life cycles with multiple hosts was a single evolutionary event. In association with the evolution of life cycle patterns, our result supports the hypothesis that the most recent common ancestor of the Neodermata giving rise to the Monogenea adopted vertebrate ectoparasitism as its initial life cycle pattern and that the intermediate hosts of the Trematoda (molluscs) and Cestoda (crustaceans) were subsequently added into the endoparasitic life cycles of the Trematoda+Cestoda clade after the common ancestor of these branched off from the monogenean lineage. Complex life cycles, involving one or more intermediate hosts, arose through the addition of intermediate hosts and not the addition of a vertebrate definitive host. Additional evidence is required from monopisthocotylean monogeneans in order to confirm the monophyly of the group.