9 results on '"Kylie Carville"'
Search Results
2. Mapping progress in chronic hepatitis B: geographic variation in prevalence, diagnosis, monitoring and treatment, 2013–15
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Jennifer MacLachlan, Nicole Allard, Kylie Carville, Katelin Haynes, and Benjamin Cowie
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Hepatitis B ,epidemiology ,infectious diseases ,health care access ,antiviral treatment ,Public aspects of medicine ,RA1-1270 - Abstract
Abstract Objective: To measure progress towards Australia's National Hepatitis B Strategy 2014–17 targets, and assess geographic variation in disease burden and access to care for those living with chronic hepatitis B (CHB). Methods: Data were generated from routinely collected sources, including risk‐group prevalence and population data, infectious diseases notifications, Medicare records, and immunisation registry data, and assessed nationally and according to geographic area for 2013–15. Results: CHB prevalence in 2015 was 239,167 (1.0%), with 62% of those affected having been diagnosed (target 80%). Treatment uptake was 6.1% (target 15%), and only 15.3% of people with CHB received guideline‐based care. CHB prevalence ranged within Australia's 31 Primary Health Networks (PHNs) from 1.77% (NT) to 0.56% (Grampians & Barwon South West VIC). No PHN reached the 15% treatment target, with uptake highest in South Western Sydney (13.7%). Immunisation coverage reached the 95% target in three PHNs. Conclusions: The CHB burden in Australia is significant and highly geographically focused, with notable disparities in access to care across Australia. Implications for public health: Efforts to improve progress toward National Strategy targets should focus on priority areas where the prevalence of CHB is substantial but access to treatment and care remains low. more...
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- 2018
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Catalog
3. Influenza A (H1N1) in Victoria, Australia: a community case series and analysis of household transmission.
- Author
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Clare Looker, Kylie Carville, Kristina Grant, and Heath Kelly
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Medicine ,Science - Abstract
BackgroundWe characterise the clinical features and household transmission of pandemic influenza A (pH1N1) in community cases from Victoria, Australia in 2009.MethodsQuestionnaires were used to collect information on epidemiological characteristics, illness features and co-morbidities of cases identified in the 2009 Victorian Influenza Sentinel Surveillance program.ResultsThe median age of 132 index cases was 21 years, of whom 54 (41%) were under 18 years old and 28 (21%) had medical co-morbidities. The median symptom duration was significantly shorter for children who received antivirals than in those who did not (p = 0.03). Assumed influenza transmission was observed in 63 (51%) households. Influenza-like illness (ILI) developed in 115 of 351 household contacts, a crude secondary attack rate of 33%. Increased ILI rates were seen in households with larger numbers of children but not larger numbers of adults. Multivariate analysis indicated contacts of cases with cough and diarrhoea, and contacts in quarantined households were significantly more likely to develop influenza-like symptoms.ConclusionMost cases of pH1N1 in our study were mild with similar clinical characteristics to seasonal influenza. Illness and case features relating to virus excretion, age and household quarantine may have influenced secondary ILI rates within households. more...
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- 2010
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4. A regional initiative to reduce skin infections amongst aboriginal children living in remote communities of the Northern Territory, Australia.
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Ross M Andrews, Therese Kearns, Christine Connors, Colin Parker, Kylie Carville, Bart J Currie, and Jonathan R Carapetis
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Arctic medicine. Tropical medicine ,RC955-962 ,Public aspects of medicine ,RA1-1270 - Abstract
Linked to extreme rates of chronic heart and kidney disease, pyoderma is endemic amongst Aboriginal children in Australia's Northern Territory (NT). Many of those with pyoderma will also have scabies. We report the results of a community-based collaboration within the East Arnhem Region, which aimed to reduce the prevalence of both skin infections in Aboriginal children.Commencing September 2004, we conducted an ecological study that included active surveillance for skin infections amongst children aged more...
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- 2009
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5. Estimation of influenza vaccine effectiveness from routine surveillance data.
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Heath Kelly, Kylie Carville, Kristina Grant, Peter Jacoby, Thomas Tran, and Ian Barr
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Medicine ,Science - Abstract
BackgroundInfluenza vaccines are reviewed each year, and often changed, in an effort to maintain their effectiveness against drifted influenza viruses. There is however no regular review of influenza vaccine effectiveness during, or at the end of, Australian influenza seasons. It is possible to use a case control method to estimate vaccine effectiveness from surveillance data when all patients in a surveillance system are tested for influenza and their vaccination status is known.Methodology/principal findingsInfluenza-like illness (ILI) surveillance is conducted during the influenza season in sentinel general practices scattered throughout Victoria, Australia. Over five seasons 2003-7, data on age, sex and vaccination status were collected and nose and throat swabs were offered to patients presenting within three days of the onset of their symptoms. Swabs were tested using a reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) test. Those positive for influenza were sent to the World Health Organization (WHO) Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza where influenza virus culture and strain identification was attempted. We used a retrospective case control design in five consecutive influenza seasons, and estimated influenza vaccine effectiveness (VE) for patients of all ages to be 53% (95% CI 38-64), but 41% (95% CI 19-57) adjusted for age group and year. The adjusted VE for all adults aged at least 20 years, the age groups for whom a benefit of vaccination could be shown, was 51% (95% CI 34-63). Comparison of VE estimates with vaccine and circulating strain matches across the years did not reveal any significant differences.Conclusions/significanceThese estimates support other field studies of influenza vaccine effectiveness, given that theoretical considerations suggest that these values may underestimate true effectiveness, depending on test specificity and the ratio of the influenza ILI attack rate to the non-influenza ILI attack rate. Incomplete recording of vaccination status and under-representation of children in patients from whom a swab was collected limit the data. Improvements have been implemented for prospective studies. more...
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- 2009
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6. Assessment of twenty-two SARS-CoV-2 rapid antigen tests against SARS-CoV-2: A laboratory evaluation study
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Joshua M Deerain, Thomas Tran, Mitch Batty, Yano Yoga, Julian Druce, Charlene Mackenzie, George Taiaroa, Mona Taouk, Socheata Chea, Bowen Zhang, Jacqueline Prestedge, Marilyn Ninan, Kylie Carville, James Fielding, Mike Catton, and Deborah A Williamson more...
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BackgroundRapid antigen testing is widely used as a way of scaling up population-level testing. To better inform antigen test deployment in Australia, we evaluated 22 commercially available antigen tests against the currently circulating delta variant, including an assessment of culture infectivity.MethodsAnalytical sensitivity was evaluated against SARS-CoV-2 B.1.617.2 (Delta), reported as TCID50/mL, cycle threshold (Ct) and viral load (RNA copies/mL). Specificity was assessed against non-SARS-CoV-2 viruses. Clinical sensitivity and correlation with cell culture infectivity was assessed using the Abbott PanBio™ COVID-19 Ag test.ResultsNineteen kits consistently detected SARS-CoV-2 antigen equivalent to 1.3 × 106 copies/mL (5.8 × 103 TCID50 /mL). Specificity for all kits was 100%. Compared to RT-PCR the Abbott PanBio™ COVID-19 Ag test was 52.6% (95% CI, 41.6% to 63.3%) concordant, with a 50% detection probability for infectious cell culture at 5.9 log10 RNA copies/mL (95% CI, 5.3 to 6.5 log10 copies/mL). Antigen test concordance was 97.6% (95% CI, 86.3% to 100.0%) compared to cell culture positivity.ConclusionsAntigen test positivity correlated with positive viral culture, suggesting antigen test results may determine SARS-CoV-2 transmission risk. Analytical sensitivity varied considerably between kits highlighting the need for ongoing systematic post-market evaluation to inform test selection and deployment. more...
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- 2021
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7. Right sizing for vaccine effectiveness studies: how many is enough for reliable estimation?
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Olivia, Price, Kylie, Carville, and Sheena, Sullivan
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Adult ,Male ,Adolescent ,Vaccination ,Middle Aged ,Young Adult ,Logistic Models ,Influenza A virus ,Influenza Vaccines ,Case-Control Studies ,Child, Preschool ,Sample Size ,Influenza, Human ,Outcome Assessment, Health Care ,Odds Ratio ,Humans ,Female ,Child ,Sentinel Surveillance ,Aged - Abstract
The precision of vaccine effectiveness (VE) estimates is dependent on sample size and sampling methods. In Victoria, participating general practitioners (GPs) are not limited by the number of influenza-like illness (ILI) patients they collect respiratory samples (swabs) from in sentinel surveillance. However, in the context of scarce resources it is of interest to determine the minimum sample size needed for reliable estimates.Following the test-negative design, patients with ILI were recruited by GPs and tested for influenza. Descriptive analyses were conducted to assess possible selection bias introduced by GPs. VE was calculated by logistic regression as [1 – odds ratio] x 100% and adjusted for week of presentation and age. Random 20% and 50% samples were selected without replacement to estimate the effect of swab rates on VE estimates.GPs swabbed a smaller proportion of patients aged ≥65 years (45.9%, n=238) than those5 (75.6%, n=288), 5–17 (67.9%, n=547) and 18–64 (75.6%, n=2662) years. Decreasing the swab rate did not alter VE point estimates significantly. However, it reduced the precision of estimates and in some instances resulted in too small a sample size to estimate VE.Imposing a 20% or 50% swabbing rate produces less robust VE estimates. The number of swabs required per year to produce precise estimates should be dictated by seasonal severity, rather than an arbitrary rate. It would be beneficial for GPs to swab patients systematically by age group to ensure there are sufficient data to investigate VE against a particular subtype in a given age group. more...
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- 2019
8. High proportion of influenza B characterises the 2008 influenza season in Victoria
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Kristina A, Grant, Kylie, Carville, James E, Fielding, Ian G, Barr, Michaela A, Riddell, Thomas, Tran, and Heath A, Kelly
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Adult ,Aged, 80 and over ,Male ,Time Factors ,Adolescent ,Victoria ,Infant, Newborn ,Infant ,Middle Aged ,World Health Organization ,Disease Outbreaks ,Influenza B virus ,Young Adult ,Age Distribution ,Child, Preschool ,Influenza, Human ,Humans ,Female ,Seasons ,Child ,Disease Notification ,Aged - Abstract
The 2008 influenza season in Victoria was distinctive because of the increased proportion of influenza-like illness (ILI) cases due to influenza B infection and the lateness of the season compared with preceding years. Influenza activity fell within the bounds of normal seasonal activity thresholds. The average rate of ILI reported by general practitioners participating in sentinel surveillance was 5.5 cases per 1,000 consultations, peaking at 13.4 cases per 1,000 consultations. The average ILI rate reported by the Melbourne Medical Deputising Service was 5.1 cases per 1,000 consultations over the season peaking at 16.2 cases per 1,000 consultations at the same time as peak rates were reported by rural geneal practitioners (GPs), with a secondary peak observed 2 weeks later (10.9 cases per 1,000 consultations). Metro GP rates peaked in week 35 (week beginning 25 August) at 15.2 cases per 1,000 consultations. Influenza B cases notified directly to the Victorian Department of Human Services (DHS) from other sources peaked in the 1st week of September with peak numbers of influenza A notifications occurring the following week. Overall 56% of notifications of laboratory confirmed influenza to DHS and 56% of influenza positive swabs from sentinel surveillance were influenza type B. more...
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- 2010
9. Evaluation of a short interspersed nucleotide element in the 3′ untranslated region of the defective dystrophin gene of dogs with mascular dystrophy
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Fletcher, S., Kylie Carville, Howell, J. M., Mann, C. J., and Wilton, S. D.
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