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In arid ecosystems, abiotic processes facilitate the physical and chemical degradation of plant litter to the extent that decomposition models that use climatic and litter composition variables as surrogates for microbial activity are not predictive. The purpose of this study was to estimate the potential contribution of photodegradation to the decomposition of plant litters that varies in architecture and chemical composition. Litter of Pinus edulis, Juniperus monosperma and Populus deltoides were exposed to ambient and attenuated sunlight, with and without supplemental water additions, at a riparian forest site along the Middle Rio Grande (New Mexico, USA). Mass loss, elemental composition, and microbial extracellular enzyme activities (EEA) were measured over 639 days. The composition of the fungal communities associated with the decomposing litters was compared by analyses of fungal ITS nrDNA sequences. Litter exposed to ambient sunlight had greater mass loss rates than shaded litter, independent of the water treatment: Populus increased by 100%, Pinus by 86% and Juniperus by 46%. The increases were proportional to exposed litter surface area per g dry mass. EEA potentials, particularly oxidative activities, were low in comparison to those measured in mesic ecosystems. For Populus litter, the principal driver of photoacceleration appeared to be photodegradation of cellulose; for Pinus, it was photodegradation of polyphenols; for Juniperus accelerated mass loss was associated with photodegradation of both polysaccharides and polyphenols. Fungal community composition varied by litter type, but the dominant colonizers were yeasts and dark-septate hyphal taxa; a finding consistent with the low enzymatic oxidation potential. This study shows that photochemical oxidation can supplement enzymatic oxidation and increase decomposition rates. As a result, organic matter decomposition in arid ecosystems is not restricted to periods of high moisture availability as is plant production. This decoupling may partly account for the low soil organic matter content of these ecosystems.

The broad distribution and high colonization rates of plant roots by a variety of endophytic fungi suggest that these symbionts have an important role in the function of ecosystems. Semiarid and arid lands cover more than one-third of the terrestrial ecosystems on Earth. However, a limited number of studies have been conducted to characterize root-associated fungal communities in semiarid grasslands. We conducted a study of the fungal community associated with the roots of a dominant grass, Bouteloua gracilis , at the Sevilleta National Wildlife Refuge in New Mexico. Internal transcribed spacer ribosomal DNA sequences from roots collected in May 2005, October 2005, and January 2006 were amplified using fungal-specific primers, and a total of 630 sequences were obtained, 69% of which were novel (less than 97% similarity with respect to sequences in the NCBI database). B. gracilis roots were colonized by at least 10 different orders, including endophytic, coprophilous, mycorrhizal, saprophytic, and plant pathogenic fungi. A total of 51 operational taxonomic units (OTUs) were found, and diversity estimators did not show saturation. Despite the high diversity found within B. gracilis roots, the root-associated fungal community is dominated by a novel group of dark septate fungi (DSF) within the order Pleosporales. Microscopic analysis confirmed that B. gracilis roots are highly colonized by DSF. Other common orders colonizing the roots included Sordariales, Xylariales, and Agaricales. By contributing to drought tolerance and nutrient acquisition, DSF may be integral to the function of arid ecosystems.