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The cerebellum, a major feature of the hindbrain, lies posterior to the pons and medulla and inferior to the posterior part of the cerebrum. It lies beneath the tentorium cerebelli in the posterior cranial fossa and consists of two lateral hemispheres connected by the vermis. The cerebellum is primarily supplied by three arteries originating from the vertebrobasilar system: the superior cerebellar artery (SCA), the anterior inferior cerebellar artery (AICA), and the posterior inferior cerebellar artery (PICA). However, variations of the cerebellar arteries may occur, such as duplication of the SCA, SCA creating a common trunk with the posterior cerebral artery, triplication of the AICA, and agenesis of PICA, amongst others. Knowledge of the arterial anatomy of the cerebellum is crucial, as inadequate blood supply to this region can result in diminished motor functioning, significantly impacting the quality of life for patients. The present study demonstrated the importance of adequate anatomical knowledge of the arteries supplying the cerebellum. The PubMed and Embase databases were searched to gather articles on the anatomical characteristics and variations of the arterial supply of the cerebellum. It is the most comprehensive and up-to-date review available in the literature. The possible variations of these vessels may be clinically silent or present with clinical symptoms such as neurovascular compression syndromes of the cranial nerves and aneurysms. With a comprehensive understanding of the cerebellar arterial system, physicians can enhance their diagnostic and treatment capabilities, ultimately leading to more effective management of cerebellar vascular-related issues and other neurological deficits.

Background: The objective of this meta-analysis was to investigate the anatomical variations of the mandibular lingula (ML) and its relationship with surrounding anatomical structures. Understanding such variations is crucial to help determine the site and depth of a successful inferior alveolar nerve (IAN) anaesthetic block as well as a safe area for oral and maxillofacial invasive procedures to minimise the risk of neurological or haematological damage to the inferior alveolar nerve., Materials and Methods: A systematic search was conducted in which all studies were searched on the anatomy of ML. Major medical databases such as PubMed, Scopus, Embase, Web of Science, Google Scholar, and Cochrane Library were searched., Results: All the results were based on a total of 4694 subjects. The overall height of the ML was found to be 8.17 mm (SE = 0.22). The triangular type of ML was found to be the most common. The pooled prevalence of this variation was found to be 29.33% (LCI = 23.57%; HCI = 35.24%). The pooled prevalence of the nodular type was found to be 27.99% (LCI = 22.64%; HCI = 33.67%)., Conclusions: The present meta-analysis provides clinically relevant information regarding the shape, location, and height variations of the ML. Understanding such variations of the ML is crucial when performing malocclusion correction procedures that require the ML as a landmark, namely sagittal split ramus osteotomy, and intraoral vertical ramus osteotomy. Furthermore, effective anaesthetic blocks during oral and maxillofacial procedures can be accomplished with a higher success rate if the correct site of injection is identified. The possible locations of the ML should be considered to determine the location of the mandibular foramen and, therefore, the inferior alveolar bundle to prevent motor, sensory, or perfusion pathology during maxillofacial and oral procedures of the lower jaw.

The objective of the present meta-analysis was to evaluate recent and applicable data regarding the location and variation of the atrioventricular nodal artery (AVNA) in relation to adjacent structures. In order to minimize postoperative risks and maintain physiological anastomosis for proper cardiac function, understanding such possible variations of vascularization of the AV node is of immense importance prior to cardiothoracic surgery as well as ablations. In order to perform this meta-analysis, a systematic search was conducted in which all articles regarding, or at least mentioning, the anatomy of the AVNA was searched. In general, the results were based on 3919 patients. AVNA was found to originate only from the RCA in 82.41% (95% CI: 79.46%-85.18%). The pooled prevalence of AVNA originating only from LCA was found to be 15.25% (95% CI: 12.71%-17.97%). The mean length of AVNA was found to be 22.64 mm (SE = 1.60). The mean maximal diameter of AVNA at its origin was found to be 1.40 mm (SE = 0.14). In conclusion, we believe that this is the most accurate and up-to-date study regarding the highly variable anatomy of the AVNA. The AVNA was found to originate most commonly from the RCA (82.41%). Furthermore, the AVNA was found to most commonly have no (52.46%) or only one branch (33.74%). It is hoped that the results of the present meta-analysis will be helpful for physicians performing cardiothoracic or ablation procedures., (© 2023 American Association of Clinical Anatomists and British Association of Clinical Anatomists.)

Most of collected hematopoietic stem cell (HSCs) products need processing in order to isolate stem cells, squeeze out of plasma and erythrocytes. There are two main aims for bone marrow (BM) enrichment: reduction of immunogenicity of AB0 incompatible transplants and/or preventing toxicity of hemolysis during cryopreservation. In our center we have implemented two methods for BM enrichment: manual technic using 10 % HAES (hydroxyethyl starch) and automatic cell separator. In order to optimize the process, we examined retrospectively the parameters which could have a great impact on final efficiency of engraftment, such as reduction of hematocrit, CD34 + , WBC recovery and cell viability. This study was a retrospective analysis of 46 pediatric patients (pts) who underwent autologous or allogeneic HSCT. There were performed 27 procedures using cell separator and 19 with HAES technique. This study showed that cell separator processing is significantly less damaging for stem cells than widely longer, manual HAES technique. Comparing RBC depletion and WBC recovery both used techniques are same efficient and good enough but we found out a significant difference in the efficiency of CD34 + recovery which was much higher in a technique of cell separator. We examined also the effect of addition of packed red blood cells (PRBCs) to the BM on purifying and efficiency of HSCs isolation. Doing so it decreased only the WBC recovery during sell separator processing. To sum up after series of analyzes we found out that cell separator is more convenient than HAES technique in most of considered aspects. Furthermore, cell separator use is cheaper and needs less time for processing., Competing Interests: Conflict of interests The Authors declare no conflicts of interest., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

The occipital artery arises as one of the main branches of the external carotid artery. The goal of the present meta-analysis was to provide a detailed analysis of the complete anatomy of the occipital artery using the available data in the literature. The main online medical databases such as PubMed, Embase, Scopus, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, and Google Scholar were used to gather all studies on anatomical variations, course, branches, and the close anatomical area of the occipital artery. A total of 65 studies were indicated, evaluated, and included in this meta-analysis. The occipital artery was found to run in the groove with a prevalence of 83.93% (95% confidence intervals: 50.53-100.00%). The occipital artery forming a common trunk with another artery had a prevalence of 13.91% (95% confidence intervals: 9.15-19.47%). The mean maximal diameter of the occipital artery was set to 2.26 mm (standard error = 0.15). The mean maximal diameter of the occipital segment of the occipital artery was found to be 1.24 mm (standard error = 0.15). The mean occipital artery length was set to 131.93 mm (standard error = 3.02). In conclusion, the authors of the present study believe that this is the most accurate and up-to-date meta-analysis regarding the anatomy of the occipital artery. Knowledge about this structure can be of great use when performing revascularization procedures, such as the occipital artery-posterior inferior cerebellar artery bypass, or reconstructive procedures, such as the occipital artery fascial flap., (© 2022. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Japanese Association of Anatomists.)

Introduction: Bacillary angiomatosis (BA) is a rare, opportunistic infectious disease caused by the aerobic Gram-negative bacilli Bartonella henselae or Bartonella quintana. The main reservoir for those microbes are cats. The disease mostly affects immunocompromised patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection, after organ transplantation, undergoing corticosteroid and methotrexate therapy or with oncological history., Case Report: We represent the case of a 65-year-old man who reported to the Department of Dermatology with a high fever and numerous nodular skin lesions on the 5th month of kidney transplantation. At that time, his immunosuppressive therapy consisted of tacrolimus 6 mg/day, mycophenolate mofetil 2 g/day, and prednisone 5 mg/day. Laboratory tests revealed an increased leukocyte count and elevated values of acute-phase proteins, but blood cultures were negative. Skin biopsy was performed and BA was diagnosed. The patient was given oral doxycycline 100 mg twice a day. During antibiotic therapy, his body temperature normalized and skin lesions began to resolve. The patient continued the above treatment for the next 3 months with good tolerance, and no relapse occurred in 1 year., Conclusion: BA should be listed among possible opportunistic infections in organ transplant recipients., (Copyright © 2020 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Aim of Study: To define to what degree time and the way of delivery cause changes in CD3+ lymphocytes and their subpopulations CD4+, CD8+, CD25+ and CD19+ lymphocytes and their subpopulations CD5+, CD23+., Material and Methods: 49 healthy neonates born in the years 1998-2003 in the Clinical Ward of Perinatology and Gynecology of Silesian Medical University in Zabrze were examined. Taking into account the time of pregnancy and the way of delivery the children were divided into the following groups: Group Ib--23 full-term neonates born by Cesarean section, including 15 neonates with elective indications (Ibe), 8 with emergency indications (Ibn). Group IIb--26 pre-term neonates born by Cesarean section, including 18 with elective indications (IIbe) and 8 with emergency indications (IIbn). Our study applied a method of umbilical blood sampling with the following red blood cells lysis., Results: Statistically significant lower mean number of B CD5+ lymphocytes was found in full-term neonates born by Cesarean section in comparison to pre-term neonates born by the same method. Similar differences concern full-term and pre-term neonates born by elective Cesarean section. Statistically significant lower mean number of CD3+, CD4+ and CD25+ lymphocytes was found in pre-term neonates born by elective Cesarean section in comparison to pre-term neonates by emergency Cesarean section., Conclusions: Time of pregnancy termination in a mother by Cesarean section can be related to the occurrence of statistically significant changes in B CD5+ lymphocytes quantities in her neonate. Emergency Cesarean section in a mother can be related to the increased quantity of T lymphocytes, helper T lymphocytes, activated T lymphocytes in her pre-term born neonate. No statistically significant differences were found in mean values of other immunological parameters among study groups.

Aim of Study: To define a relationship between emergency and elective indications for cesarean section and quantitative changes of percentage and quantity of T and B lymphocytes and their subpopulations in healthy full-term neonates., Material and Methods: The study included 43 healthy neonates born in the years 1998 - 2003 in the Department of Perinatology and Gynecology of Silesian Medical University in Zabrze, Taking into account operative delivery, a group of 43 full-term neonates born by cesarean section were examined, including 25 neonates with elective indications [Ibe] and 18 with emergency indications (Ibn). Immunological studies included evaluation of the percentage of T and B lymphocytes and of their subpopulations in umbilical blood. Our study applied a method of umbilical blood sampling with the following red blood cells lysis., Results: The study showed that mean number of CD3+, CD23+, CD25+ lymphocytes and mean percentage and number of CD8+ lymphocytes in full-term neonates born by elective Cesarean was statistically significantly lower than in neonates born by emergency Cesarean section. No statistically significant differences were found in mean values of other parameters among the study groups., Conclusions: Cesarean section performed in a mother with emergency indications can favor an increase of mean quantity of T lymphocytes, cytotoxic - suppressor T lymphocytes, activated T lymphocytes, B CD23 lymphocytes in full-term neonates.