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Chemical control has become less effective for the invasive weed species horseweed (Conyza canadensis) found in tangerine (Citrus reticulate) orchards of Korea. The dose–response assays of the biotypes of C. canadensis collected in 2017 from the Jeju province of Korea demonstrated that the amount of glyphosate needed for 50% growth reduction (GR50) in the glyphosate-resistant (GR) biotype was up to 100 times greater than that in the glyphosate-susceptible (GS) biotype (0.328 kg a.e. ha−1). However, the mechanism of resistance in the GR populations of C. canadensis in Korea is unknown. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the mechanism of resistance to glyphosate in the Korean C. canadensis populations. Shikimic acid accumulation and 5-enolpyruvyl shikimate-3-phosphate synthase (EPSPS) gene expression were analyzed in a GR and a GS biotype of C. canadensis. The GR biotype showed less shikimic acid accumulation than the GS biotype. A target point mutation in the sequence encoding the Pro 106 of EPSPS1 was not found after sequencing the GR biotype. Moreover, the expression level of EPSPS1 was not altered significantly following application of glyphosate to the GS and GR biotypes, whereas the levels of M10 and M11 ABC transporter genes which play an important role in plant growth and nutrition, and the interaction of the plant with its environment were found to be slightly higher in the glyphosate-treated GS and GR biotypes than the untreated control plants. Our results show that M10 and M11 are likely to be involved in the glyphosate resistance mechanism in C. canadensis. Consequently, non-chemical control methods should be implemented to manage or slow the spread of glyphosate resistance in C. canadensis.

Weeds are notorious plant species exhibiting a harmful impact on crops. Biological weed control is an efficient and environmentally friendly technique, usually constitutes naturally derived compounds, including bioherbicidal metabolites produced by Streptomyces sp. The isolation and structural identification of phytotoxic compounds from Streptomyces have recently been proposed as an effective way to the discovery of novel bioherbicides. In the screening of bioherbicidal agents, isolated Streptomyces strain KRA17-580 demonstrated significant phytotoxic activity against Digitaria ciliaris. Phylogenetic analysis of the 16S rRNA sequence indicated that isolated KRA17-580 is similar to Streptomyces olivochromogenes. The bacterial culture conditions were optimized for temperature, agitation, and initial pH. Streptomyces strain KRA17-580 showed intense phytotoxic activity and high cell mass at an initial pH of 5.5-7.0, more than 150 rpm, and 25-30 °C. The herbicidal compounds isolated from the culture filtrate of strain KRA17-580 were purified by solvent partition, C18, Sephadex LH20 column chromatography, and high-performance liquid chromatography. By 1D-NMR, 2D-NMR, and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry analysis, the 580-H1 and 580-H2 compounds were identified as a cinnoline-4-carboxamide (MW, 173.0490; C9H7N3O2) and cinnoline-4-carboxylic acid (MW, 174.0503; C9H6N2O2), respectively. Only these two herbicidal compounds showed strong phytotoxic activity against D. ciliaris in foliar applications. However, compound 580-H2 was more phytotoxic than 580-H1 and the toxicity was dose-dependent. The herbicidal metabolite KRA17-580 produced by Streptomyces sp. is a new bioherbicidal candidate that may provide a new lead molecule for more efficient phytotoxic compounds.

Osteoporosis is a disease in which bone mineral density decreases due to abnormal activity of osteoclasts, and is commonly found in post-menopausal women who have decreased levels of female hormones. Sphingosylphosphorylcholine (SPC) is an important biological lipid that can be converted to sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) by autotaxin. S1P is known to be involved in osteoclast activation by stimulating osteoblasts, but bone regulation by SPC is not well understood. In this study, we found that SPC strongly inhibits RANKL-induced osteoclast differentiation. SPC-induced inhibitory effects on osteoclast differentiation were not affected by several antagonists of S1P receptors or pertussis toxin, suggesting cell surface receptor independency. However, SPC inhibited RANKL-induced calcineurin activation and subsequent NFATc1 activity, leading to decrease of the expression of Trap and Ctsk. Moreover, we found that bone loss in an experimental osteoporosis mouse model was recovered by SPC injection. SPC also blocked ovariectomy-induced body weight increase and Nfatc1 gene expression in mice. We also found that SPC inhibits RANKL-induced osteoclast differentiation in human macrophages. Since currently available treatments for osteoporosis, such as administration of female hormones or hormone receptor modulators, show serious side effects, SPC has potential as a new agent for osteoporosis treatment.

The KRA18-249 strain, isolated from a natural recreational forest near Jeongseon, Gangwon-do, when applied to plants induced signs of wilting within 24 h, leading to plant death. The isolated actinomycete was identified as Streptomyces gardneri based on 16S rRNA gene homogeneity analysis. The culture filtrate was solvent fractionated to obtain the active substance, and the active compound 249-Y1 was isolated from the purified fractions via a herbicide activity test using Digitaria ciliaris. NMR and ESI-MS analyses revealed that the molecular formula of 249-Y1 is C

이 연구는 스포츠용품 브랜드 SNS 이용자의 특성, 관여도 및 온라인 구전의도를 기준으로 시장을 세분화하고 향후 한국스포츠용품 기업의 해외진출과 관련한 마케팅전략 수립을 위한 기초자료를 제공하는데 그 목적이 있다. 연구의 목적을 달성하기 위해 중국 웨이보 이용자 중 휠라 웨이보를 팔로우하거나 이용한 경험이 있는 일반인들에게 총 320부의 설문지를 온라인으로 배포하였다. 자료처리는 SPSS 25.0과 AMOS 20.0을 활용하여 빈도분석, 신뢰도분석, 탐색적 요인분석, 확인적 요인분석, 계층적 군집분석, K-means 군집분석, 판별분석, 교차분석 및 일원변량분석을 실시하였다. 연구결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 군집분석을 수행하여 통계적으로 유의한 차이를 나타내는 4개의 군집으로 분류되었다. 둘째, 4개의 군집에 대한 인구통계학적 특성을 파악하기 위해 교차분석 및 χ²검증을 실시하였다. 성별, 연령, 직업, 하루 평균 웨이보 이용시간에서 모두 유의한 차이가 나타났다. 셋째, 각 군집에 따른 관여도 및 온라인 구전의도에 대한 차이를 파악하기 위해 일원변량분석을 실시하였다. 모든 요인에서 유의한 차이가 나타났다. 넷째, 각 군집의 특성을 파악하여 ‘내향적 남성 집단’, ‘저관여 남성 집단’, ‘고관여 여성 집단’, ‘외향적 여성 집단’으로 명명하였다. 다섯째, 분류된 4개의 군집을 통해 한국 스포츠용품 기업의 해외마케팅을 위한 시장세분화 전략을 제시하였다.

The purpose of this study was to explore sports fans’ hashtags usage for information sharing over social media on the basis of the theory of interpersonal behavior. We collected data from 323 social media users who have employed hashtags to exchange sports-related information during the past 12 months. The structural equation modeling confirmed affect, perceived usefulness, perceived reciprocity, and social factors as motivators of the intention to share information. Other motivators, including habit and facilitating conditions, function as predictors of actual hashtags posting among sport fans. In deriving empirical evidence and novel insights into the role of hashtags, this research elevated our understanding of information circulation among sport fans over social media and serves as a foundation for inquiries into hashtag adoption in sport domains.

Pest control by biological means is an effective, eco-friendly, and promising method that typically involves compounds naturally derived from actinomycetes. Thus, the present study aimed to screen, characterize, and identify the structure of insecticidal compounds from Streptomyces sp. KR0006 and increase the activity through mutagenesis. In the examination of the insecticidal activity level of the isolates, Streptomyces sp. KR0006 metabolite showed significant activity against larvae and moths of Plutella xylostella. Taxonomic analyses of the 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that the isolated KR0006 strain tended to be 99% consistent with Streptomyces cinereoruber strain NBRC 12756. Three active compounds isolated from the culture filtrate of KR0006 were purified by solvent partition, mid-pressure liquid chromatography (MPLC), Sephadex LH20 column chromatography, and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). By performing 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, and 2D-NMR experiments, and high-resolution electrospray ionization mass spectrometry analysis, the 316-HP2, 316-HP3, and 316-HP5 compounds were inferred as antimycin A3a (MW, 519.; C26H36N2O9), antimycin A8a (MW, 534; C27H38N2O9), and antimycin A1a (MW, 548; C28H40N2O9) respectively. Mutant U67 obtained from exposure to ultraviolet (UV) irradiation (254 nm, height 17 cm) for 70 seconds resulted in a 70% more larval mortality than that of the initial wild culture. The second mutation of the culture broth enhanced insecticidal activity by 80 and 100% compared with the first mutation and initial medium, respectively. Our study found that Streptomyces sp. KR0006 strain produces insecticidal active compounds and could be used for practical pest management.

Osteoclasts (OCs) play important roles in bone remodelling and contribute to bone loss by increasing bone resorption activity. Excessively activated OCs cause diverse bone disorders including osteoporosis. Isovaleric acid (IVA), also known as 3‐methylbutanoic acid is a 5‐carbon branched‐chain fatty acid (BCFA), which can be generated by bacterial fermentation of a leucine‐rich diet. Here, we find that IVA suppresses differentiation of bone marrow‐derived macrophages into OCs by RANKL. IVA inhibited the expression of OC‐related genes. IVA‐induced inhibitory effects on OC generation were attenuated by pertussis toxin but not by H89, suggesting a Gi‐coupled receptor‐dependent but protein kinase A‐independent response. Moreover, IVA stimulates AMPK phosphorylation, and treatment with an AMPK inhibitor blocks IVA‐induced inhibition of OC generation. In an ovariectomized mouse model, addition of IVA to the drinking water resulted in significant decrease of body weight gain and inhibited the expression of not only OC‐related genes but also fusogenic genes in the bone tissue. IVA exposure also blocked bone destruction and OC generation in the bone tissue of ovariectomized mice. Collectively, the results demonstrate that IVA is a novel bioactive BCFA that inhibits OC differentiation, suggesting that IVA can be considered a useful material to control osteoclast‐associated bone disorders, including osteoporosis.

Weeds are notorious plant species exhibiting a harmful impact on crops. Biological weed control is an efficient and environmentally friendly technique, usually constitutes naturally derived compounds, including bioherbicidal metabolites produced by

Purpose The purpose of this study was to analyze the propensity to consume the consumer of the baseball equipments who have difference of the product preference by regulatory focus, and who have construal level and suitable message framing. Methods Populations are consumers who have purchased the baseball equipments before, and the sampling groups, five different society baseball group’ league from Seoul and Kyeongi-do, were distributed, 318 copies, by convenience sampling. The questionnaire proceeded by three-way completely randomized design with stimulated sentences of four different advertisement compartmentalized by the regulatory focus, construal level and message framing. The analysis utilized SPSS 21.0 to perform the frequency analysis, manipulation check, independent t-test, two-way ANOVA, and Scheffe was used to post-hoc. Therefore, the result of this study is as below. Results First, after analyzing the distinction of the regulatory focus of the consumers of baseball equipments, the preference of the consumer who has improving focus was higher than that of consumer who has the prevention focus. Second, preference differentiation analyzed by construal level and the message framing of the consumer of the improving focus, the preference was higher when the message framing was positive, and the construal level was in short time. Third, preference differentiation analyzed by construal level and the message framing of the consumer of the prevetnion focus, there was no difference of the preference of the equipments followed by the construal level and message frame for prevention focus consumers.

[Purpose] The purpose of this study was to examine acceptance intentions of Sports O2O Service Potential consumers using the revised model of goal-directed behavior. [Methods] The 330 surveys were distributed to potential consumers through convenience sampling method for pilot study. Due to the reliability of data, 42 samples were discarded and 288 samples were put to actual analysis. Then data were analyzed for frequency analysis, reliability analysis, correlation analysis and structural equation modeling technique via SPSS 23.0 and AMOS 22.0. [Results] The results of this study were as follows. First, attitude and subjective norm had a positive effect on desire. Second, perceived behavior control did not affect on desire but had a positive affect on acceptance intention. Third, positive anticipated emotions had a positive effect on desire but negative anticipated emotions did not effect on desire. Fourth, desire had a effect on acceptance intention. [Conclusions] According to the result, sports O2O service operators should do best to improve consumers positive attitude. Especially, they have to establish marketing strategies of introducing strong aspects of sports O2O services. Also, providing easy processes and intuitive interface are needed to consumers. To promote sports O2O services to potential consumers which is unfamiliar to that services, it is important to induce easy ways for potential consumers to experience sports O2O services.

This study was performed to identify how the different levels of nitrogen application affected the variances of gluten properties and end-use qualities and the differences of variances among Korean wheat cultivars. Protein and dry gluten content, SDS sedimentation volume and water absorption of Mixolab increased as nitrogen application increased. This ratio of the increase was higher in Korean wheat cultivars for bread than in Korean wheat cultivars for noodles and cookies. The proportion of (α+β)-gliadin measured by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) increased, but the proportion of ω- and γ-gliadin decreased as the protein content increased. The Korean wheat cultivars for bread showed a high proportion of (α+β)-gliadin increase, the Korean cultivars for noodles had a high proportion of γ-gliadin decrease and the Korean wheat cultivars for cookies had a high proportion of ω-gliadin decrease. However, there was no variation of the component in the proportion of glutenin component measured by RP-HPLC, even though the protein content was increased, but all of the protein fractions measured by size exclusion (SE)-HPLC were increased. The soluble monomeric protein showed a high proportion of Korean wheat cultivars for bread by the increase of protein content. Bread loaf volume increased by the increase of protein content but there were no variances in the ratio of increase among Korean wheat cultivars. The cookie diameter decreased with the increase of protein content, and this ratio of decrease was the highest in Korean wheat cultivars for cookies. The hardness of cooked noodles also increased by the increase of protein content but there were no variations in springiness and cohesiveness. The decrease proportion of ω-gliadin affected the increase of bread loaf volume, the hardness of cooked noodles, and the decrease of cookie diameter.

Purpose There is a growing number of potential demand on experiential horse riding tourism due to the expand of tourism and sports industries, however the experiential horse riding clubs are operating inefficiently. Therefore the purpose of this study is to investigate implicity importance of horse riding club’s selection attributes and analyze factors affecting positive effect on market share thereby find the way to improve operating system Methods The survey was done among 258 horse riding tourism customers of Jeju, Gyeonggi, and Gyeongbuk provinces, and conjoint analysis to figure out the relative importance of selection attributes, and simulation to predict the market share of experiential horse riding were conducted Results The results are as follows. Cost was the most important factor when selecting horse riding club and program, location, staff were followed by. Also, “The club that serves various activities with horse riding program at 10,000won where the condition of road and parking lot are good” had the best market share Conclusion This study suggested the effective and efficient manners to operate the horse riding club and the political implication.

Purpose The purpose of this study was to verify the importance and satisfaction of service quality of visitors to screen baseball using the Importance-Performance Analysis. Methods Selected visitors who participated in screen baseball using convenience sampling of non-probability sample method from January 26 to May 27, 2017, and conducted a questionnaire survey to a total of 213 data were used in this study except 17 data which were untrustworthy responses or non-responses. SPSS 21.0 statistical program were used to exploratory factor analysis, reliability analysis, frequency analysis and IPA. Results The results were as follows. first of all,Ⅰquadrant derives 7 items including modernized facilities and equipments. Next, Ⅱ quadrant, there are 5 credibility of the program and continuous service provision. Also, in the quadrant Ⅲ, the service promised to the customer and the interest and effort of the staff in case of trouble were confirmed.. In the quadrant IV, four items were analyzed such as the interest in the members and the matching of the members' use time. In the analysis of Slack's(1994) diagonal model, twelve kinds of improvements such as costumes, appearance, internal facilities and services promised to customers were derived. In addition, there are 5 appropriately provided properties such as modern facilities and equipment, and facilities suitable for enjoying baseball. Finally, in the attributes that are provided in excess, four attributes are indicated, attention to members and matching of members' use time. Conclusion Based on the results of this study, it is meaningful to be a marketing and management practice data for operating the screen baseball.

The purpose of this study is to verify the structural relationship among social Media Marketing of Taekwondo gym, gym image and intention for re-registration. A survey was conducted through convenient sampling method aiming at customer’s parents of Taekwondo gym located in Gyeonggi, Chungcheong, Jeolla province. A total 273 data were analyzed through frequency analysis, reliability analysis, confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation modeling techniques using SPSS 23.0 and AMOS 22.0. The results are as follows. First, social media marketing of Teakwondo gym has a positive influence on the image of gym. Second, the image of gym has a positive influence on intention for re-registration. Third, social media marketing of Taekwondo gym does not have a significant influence on intention for re-registration. Fourth, the image of Taekwondo gym has mediation effect between social media marketing of Taekwondo gym and intention for re-registration. Based on the above mentioned, Taekwondo gym owners should use social media marketing strategies.

Purpose The purpose of this study was to investigate the factor that influence the using behavior of online sport media by university students applying Unified theory of acceptance and use of technology 2(UTAUT 2). Methods The study performed a research survey using convenient sampling method. The sample was 235 university students who had experience with online sport media. The data were analyzed through frequency analysis, reliability analysis, correlation analysis, confirmatory factor analysis, and structural equation model using SPSS Windows ver . 20.0 and AMOS 20.0. Results The results showed that, firstly, performance expectancy and effort expectancy had a positive effect on intention to use, however, no significant influence on social effect on intention to use. Secondly, facilitating condition had positive effect on usage behavior. Thirdly, hedonic motivation had positive effect on intention to use. Fourthly, Habit had positive effect on the intention to use and usage behavior. Lastly, intention to use had positive effect on usage behavior. Conclusion Based on the conclusion of this study, online sports media companies should provide useful and convenient viewing experience by providing personalized services, and should apply various attraction strategies to habitually use sports online media.