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An examination of collections from Japan has increased the number of Brianaria and Micarea species known from that country from eight to 19, including one new species, M. rubioides Coppins (also from Malaysia and the Philippines). Eleven species are reported as new to Japan (M. botryoides (Nyl.) Coppins, M. denigrata (Fr.) Hedl., M. erratica (Körb.) Hertel et al., M. hedlundii Coppins, M. lithinella (Nyl.) Hedl., M. micrococca (Körb.) Gams ex Coppins and M. misella (Nyl.) Hedl.) or new to Asia: M. byssacea (Th. Fr.) Czarnota et al., M. deminuta Coppins and M. xanthonica Coppins & Tønsberg (new to Asia; Japan); M. nitschkeana (J. Lahm ex Rabenh.) Harm. (new to Asia; South Korea). The presence of Micarea prasina s. str. from Japan needs to be confirmed; no collection was found in this study. Additional collections from South Korea and Sri Lanka are also reported, including the new species M. ceylanica Coppins from Sri Lanka. The identity of M. synotheoides (Nyl.) Coppins, originally described from Japan, has been resolved, resulting in the renaming of Western European material, previously under that name, as M. longispora Coppins. Micarea coreana Lőkös et al. is reported here as a synonym of M. erratica. The type of Lecidea inopinula Nyl. requires the new combination Micarea inopinula (Nyl.) Coppins & T. Sprib. to replace Micarea prasinella (Jatta) I. M. Lamb.

Numerous new taxa and classifications of Dothideomycetes have been published following the last monograph of families of Dothideomycetes in 2013. A recent publication by Honsanan et al. in 2020 expanded information of families in Dothideomycetidae and Pleosporomycetidae with modern classifications. In this paper, we provide a refined updated document on orders and familiesincertae sedisof Dothideomycetes. Each family is provided with an updated description, notes, including figures to represent the morphology, a list of accepted genera, and economic and ecological significances. We also provide phylogenetic trees for each order. In this study, 31 orders which consist 50 families are assigned as ordersincertae sedisin Dothideomycetes, and 41 families are treated as familiesincertae sedisdue to lack of molecular or morphological evidence. The new order, Catinellales, and four new families,Catinellaceae,Morenoinaceae NeobuelliellaceaeandThyrinulaceaeare introduced. Seven genera (Neobuelliella,Pseudomicrothyrium,Flagellostrigula,Swinscowia,Macroconstrictolumina,Pseudobogoriella, andSchummia) are introduced. Seven new species (Acrospermum urticae,Bogoriella complexoluminata,Dothiorella ostryae,Dyfrolomyces distoseptatus,Macroconstrictolumina megalateralis,Patellaria microspora, andPseudomicrothyrium thailandicum) are introduced base on morphology and phylogeny, together with two new records/reports and five new collections from different families. Ninety new combinations are also provided in this paper.

Lichens of theRamalina siliquosacomplex dominate seashore cliffs in Europe and South-East Asia, but their taxonomy has been vigorously debated for over a century. On many cliffs, they exhibit a bewildering zonation of chemotypes that resembles the classic zonation of organisms that occupy the littoral zone below. Do the chemotypes represent separate species, or infraspecific variation? To better understand the systematics of this group, sequences from four genetic loci (ITS, IGS,RPB1andRPB2) were obtained for 59 samples from Denmark, France, Iceland, Norway, UK, Japan and Korea, including all major chemotypes. Maximum likelihood analysis of these sequences, together with sequences from 36 otherRamalinaspecies, reveals that the complex comprises two distinct phylogenetic lineages, each including multiple chemotypes. These two putative species-level lineages correspond to the currently accepted taxaR. cuspidataandR. siliquosa. There is no evidence that these two taxa are phylogenetic sister species. Consequently, the explanation of this chemotype complex as an example of ‘sibling speciation’ is rejected. Specimens traditionally called ‘R.siliquosa’ from South-East Asia form a third clade, identified here asR.semicuspidata, with an additional, divaricatic acid chemotype. Other results include a robustly supported clade ofRamalinaspecies that produce medullary depsides and depsidones; this clade includes another well-supported clade of south-eastern United States coastal plain and tropicalRamalinaspecies. By contrast, large, strap-shapedRamalinaspecies that lack medullary depsides and depsidones occur in separate lineages. In addition, close relationships between the following groups of species are indicated:R. farinaceawithR. subfarinacea;R.fraxineawithR. leptocarpha,R. menziesiiandR. subleptocarpha;R. sinensiswithR. unifolia. Furthermore, a new, variolaric acid-only chemotype is reported forR.farinacea, and a new, acid-deficient chemotype is reported for a more broadly circumscribedR. culbersoniorum.

The class Dothideomycetes is the largest and most ecologically diverse class of fungi, comprising endophytes, epiphytes, saprobes, human and plant pathogens, lichens, and lichenicolous, nematode trapping and rock-inhabiting taxa. Members of this class are mainly characterized by bitunicate asci with fissitunicate dehiscence, and occur on broad range of hosts in aquatic and terrestrial habitats. Since the last monograph of families of Dothideomycetes in 2013, numerous novel species, genera, families and orders have been discovered. This has expanded information which has led to the modern classification in Dothideomycetes. In this paper, we provide a refined updated document on families of Dothideomycetes with emphasis on Dothideomycetidae and Pleosporomycetidae. We accept three orders with 25 families and four orders with 94 families in Dothideomycetidae and Pleosporomycetidae, respectively. The new family Paralophiostomataceae is introduced in Pleosporales. Each family is provided with an updated description, notes, including figures to represent the morphology, list of accepted genera, and economic and ecological significances. We also provide an overall phylogenetic tree of families in Dothideomycetes based on combined analysis of LSU, SSU, rpb-2 and tefl sequence data, and phylogenetic trees for each order in Dothideomycetidae and Pleosporomycetidae. Family-level trees are provided for the families which include several genera such as Mycosphaerellaceae and Teratosphaeriaceae. Two new genera (Ligninsphaeriopsis and Paralophiostoma) are introduced. Five new species (Biatrisopora borsei, Comoclathris galatellae, Ligninsphaeriopsis thailandica, Paralophiostoma hysterioides and Torula thailandica) are introduced based on morphology and phylogeny, together with nine new reports and seven new collections from different families.

The rare and poorly known Northern Hemisphere old‐growth forest lichen Arthonia incarnata is reported for the first time for Asia from Japan and Korea. A detailed description and illustration is provided for the species based on the collections from Japan and South Korea. Bayesian and RAxML analyses of mtSSU, nLSU and RPB2 sequence data show A. incarnata to be only distantly related to the other Arthonia species hitherto sequenced and in particular to superficially similar species occurring in the same type of habitat such as A. didyma, A. spadicea and A. vinosa. For the analysis we generated new sequence data of A. incarnata for the mtSSU (5 specimens) and RPB2 (5) gene loci. Slight variation was observed in sequence data of the RPB2 gene between collections from eastern Asia and Sweden, but this is not substantiated by differences in morphology or ecological behaviour. Arthonia incarnata is confined to humid forests and only grows on parts of tree trunks shaded from precipitation and running water such as the lower side of leaning trunks or cavities at the base of trees. The species is found on trees with acidic bark, in eastern Asia mainly on Betula but also on coniferous trees and on dead wood. It was not found on bark of Salix (caprea), a common substrate for the species in Europe.

Aptroot, A. & Moon, K. H. 2015. New lichen records from Korea, with the description of the lichenicolous Halecania parasitica. — Herzogia 28: 193–203. New lichen records are reported from Korea, mostly from the highest mountain Mount Seorak and surrounding areas. In total, seventy-five taxa are reported, including eight species that are probably new records for Asia. In addition, the lichenicolous lichen Halecania parasitica is described as new to science.

Aptroot, A. & Moon, K. H. 2014. 114 New reports of microlichens from Korea, including the description of five new species, show that the microlichen flora is predominantly Eurasian. — Herzogia 27: 347–365. New microlichens are reported from Korea. In total, 114 species are reported, including eleven new records for Asia. Most microlichen species have an Eurasian distribution. The following species are described new to science: Gyalecta ancistrospora, Hymenelia grossa, Septotrapelia multiseptata, Splanchnonema lichenisatum, and Strigula bispora. The Splanchnonema is the first species that is lichenized known in the genus. Strigula pallidocarpa is a new name for the illegitimate S. pallida. The following eleven species are reported new to Asia: Catillaria atomarioides, Circinaria leprosescens, Eopyrenula leucoplaca, Fellhanera subtilis, Fellhaneropsis myrtillicola, Fuscidea austera, F. intercincta, Hymenelia ceracea, Psilolechia clavulifera, Strigula brevis, and Verrucaria simplex.

Yakovchenko, L., Davydov, E. A., Paukov, A., Frisch, A. Galanina, I., Han, J. E, Moon, K. H. & Kashiwadani, H. 2018. New lichen records from Korea – I. Mostly arctic-alpine and tropical species. – Herzogia 31: 965–981.

The efficacy of Koretrel © , a biocide used in south-eastern Asia to remove epilithic photoautotrophic organisms, was tested in the field and laboratory using lichens as target organisms. In situ observations were carried out at increasing time intervals for 6 month on 15 vegetation plots and 21 saxicolous species representative of the lichen flora of Italian monuments, selected according to their different ecology, growth-form and distribution. Change in chlorophyll fluorescence was monitored in three species for 32 day after biocide treatment. The effects of the biocide on the substratum was studied by monitoring changes in capillary water absorption and surface colorimetry of two CaCO 3 -containing rocks (Aurisina limestone and Muggia sandstone), and a grey granite. Rock crystal integrity was monitored by SEM. The results show that Koretrel © is very efficient in killing the lichens. Pronounced effects were observed in all species after 1–2 weeks, with chlorophyll fluorescence reduced to zero in 4 day in the case of Lecanora muralis and Neofuscelia loxodes and in 8 days for Caloplaca saxicola . The biocide considerably decreases capillary water absorption, and alters the surface colour of the substrata, particularly for Aurisina limestone. However, no corrosion features were observed in the rock minerals.

Korean species of the genus Myelochroa are revised taxonomically and the following eight species are recognized: M. aurulenta (Tuck.) Elix & Hale, M. entotheiochroa (Hue) Elix & Hale, M. galbina (Ach.) Elix & Hale, M. hayachinensis (Kurok.) Elix & Hale, M. irrugans (Nyl.) Elix & Hale, M. leucotyliza (Nyl.) Elix & Hale, M. metarevoluta (Asahina) Elix & Hale and M. perisidians (Nyl.) Elix & Hale. Myelochroa ibukiensis K.H. Moon et al. is reduced to a synonym for M. aurulenta. Myelochroa denegans (Nyl.) Elix & Hale, M. indica (Hale) Elix & Hale and M. xantholepis (Mont. & Bosch) Elix & Hale are excluded from the lichen of Korea. In addition, a key for the species of the Korean Myelochroa is provided.

In his pioneering work on the genus Aspicilia, Hue (1910) described among others 23 species on a basis of specimens collected by Urbain Jean (Abbé) Faurie in Korea and Japan in 1899–1906. Hue provided his descriptions with carefully made characteristics of thalli as well as measurements of spores and conidia. However Hue’s systematic arrangement of species, which used only anatomical characteristics such as branching of cortical hyphae, form of cells in paraphyses and presence or absence of lateral cortex, gained criticism from Magnusson (1939) for neglecting morphology. Nevertheless, both Hue and Magnusson used very narrow species concept in Aspicilia s.l. (Nordin 2015). Moreover, some species were described on a basis of a single collection and are only known from the type locality. Therefore, critical assessment of Aspicilia species described that time is necessary.