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Radio-frequency identification (RFID) is the wireless non-contact use of radiofrequency electromagnetic fields to transfer data, for the purposes of automatically identifying and tracking tags attached to objects. Most important technical issue in radio frequency identification (RFID) is to correctly and quickly recognize a number of tag IDs in the reader’s communication range. At present, a reasonable solution is the

The Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) system is a newemerging technology used to identify a tag attached to an object. To make RFID systems practical, the cost of RFIDtags is very important. Further, an interrogator should be able to identify thenumber of tags in the reading range in a short time. The most important technical issue in radio frequency identification (RFID) is to correctly and quickly recognize the number of tag IDs in the reader’s communication range. Unlike the probabilistic RFID tag identification schemes, a query tree(QT)-based protocol guarantees the identification of all the tags, where the distribution of tag IDs is assumed to be uniform. In this paper, we proposed an extended M-ary QT protocol, which effectively reduces unnecessary query-response cycles by using a non-sequential m-bit recognition method. The simulation results show that the proposed scheme significantly outperforms M-ary QT schemes in terms of identification time, efficiency and communications overhead.

Network Coding(NC) is a new paradigm for network communication. In network coding, intermediate nodes create new packets by algebraically combining ingress packets and send it to its neighbor node by broadcast manner. Network Coding has rapidly emerged as a major research area in information theory due to its wide applicability to communication through real networks. Network coding is expected to improve throughput and channel efficiency in the wireless multi-hop network. Prior researches have been carried out to employ network coding to wireless ad-hoc network. In our study, intermediate nodes identify one-hop bidirectional flows for network coding decision. We expect that the proposed scheme shall improve decoding success rate of network coded packet. From the simulation, the proposed network coding scheme achieved better performance in terms of coding gain and packet delivery rate than traditional network coding scheme.

Network Coding (NC) is a new paradigm for network communication. In network coding, intermediate nodes create new packets by algebraically combining ingress packets and send it to its neighbor node by broadcast manner. NC has rapidly emerged as a major research area in information theory due to its wide applicability to communication through real networks. Network coding is expected to improve throughput and channel efficiency in the wireless multi-hop network. Many researches have been carried out to employ network coding to wireless ad-hoc network. In this paper, we proposed a dynamic queue management to improve coding opportunistic to enhance efficiency of NC. In our design, intermediate nodes are buffering incoming packets to encode queue. We expect that the proposed algorithm shall improve encoding rate of network coded packet and also reduce end to end latency. From the simulation, the proposed algorithm achieved better performance in terms of coding gain and packet delivery rate than static queue management scheme.

As inexhaustible clean energy, solar energy will be the most ideal green energy in the 21st century. The effective method to convert solar energy into electrical energy is by solar photovoltaic power generation technologies. LED Emitting Diode is a kind of component which can transform electricity into visible light. As the smart current control system for photovoltaic street lights, the proposed system has improved the battery charging and discharging mechanism to extend the lifespan and effectively controls the LED discharge current according to battery charge state and lighting.

In this paper we develop a method to observe faults in semiconductor devices and transmission lines by calculating the variation of the reflection function in a dielectric microstrip line that has an open-ended termination containing an optically induced plasma region. It is analyzed with the assumption that the plasma is distributed homogeneously in laser illumination. With the non linear material of degradation, the concentration of the carrier in the part of the material has changed. Since the input wave has produced the phenomenon of reflection, the input signal to the open-ended microstrip lines can be observed on reflection to identify the location of the fault. The characteristic impedances resulting from the presence of plasma are evaluated by the transmission line model. The variation of the reflection wave in the microwave system has been calculated by using an equivalent circuit model. The transient response has been also evaluated theoretically for changing the phase of the variation in the reflection. The variation of characteristic response in differentially localized has been also evaluated analytically.

In this study, we designed the OTA circuit for Gm-C active filter using the direct transform method that has capable of various frequency tuning. The OTA make it enable filter design that can be used in various frequency bands due to control trans-conductance by using external voltage control. Our OTA circuit can be used for active filter of CDMA also other device that use other frequency bands. From HSPICE simulation, the external voltage from 0.5V to 1.5V, Trans-conductance varies from 2uS to 222uS. The filter is suitable for any kind of application involving low frequency ranges, and requiring very low power consumption, such as WCDMA products.

Marking policy for the AF service of TCP traffic in the Diffserv network has no sufficient consideration on the effect of RTT and target rate of TCP connections. In this paper, in order to improve fairness index of TCP flows, we propose the modified TSW3CDM (Time Sliding Window Three Color Dynamic Marker) based on average transfer rate estimation. The proposed algorithm is based on dynamic marking policy that allocates band- width in proportion to transmission rate of flows. We implement the proposed marking policy and evaluate the performance of the proposed marking policy by a computer simulation using NS2. From simulation results, the modified TSW3CDM algorithm improves fairness index by comparison with TSW3CM.

Cyanidin-3-glucoside (C3G) is one of the major components of anthocyanin, a water-soluble phytochemical. Recent studies demonstrated the chemopreventive and chemotherapeutic activities of C3G in various conditions, including cancer, although the precise effects of C3G on osteoclast and osteoblast differentiation remain unclear. Here, we investigated the role of C3G in the differentiation of bone-associated cells and its underlying mechanism. C3G inhibited receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand (RANKL)–mediated osteoclast differentiation and formation in a dose-dependent manner and downregulated the expression of osteoclast differentiation marker genes. Pretreatment with C3G considerably reduced the induction of extracellular signal–regulated kinase, c-Jun N-terminal kinase, and p38 mitogen-activated kinases activation by RANKL in osteoclast precursor cells. Furthermore, C3G dramatically inhibited the expression of c-Fos and nuclear factor of activated T-cells, cytoplasmic 1, which are important transcription factors for osteoclast differentiation and activation. The formation of osteoclasts in coculture of bone marrow cells and calvaria-derived osteoblasts was also inhibited by C3G treatment, although the expression of macrophage colony-stimulating factor and RANKL (master factors for osteoclast differentiation and formation) and osteoprotegerin (a decoy receptor for RANKL) on osteoblasts was unaffected. The inhibitory effect of C3G on osteoclastogenesis is therefore targeted specifically to osteoclasts but not osteoblasts. Moreover, analysis of the expression levels of osteoblast differentiation marker genes and alizarin red staining showed that osteoblast differentiation and matrix formation increased after C3G treatment. Taken together, these results strongly suggest that C3G has a dual role in bone metabolism, as an effective inhibitor of osteoclast differentiation but also as an activator of osteoblast differentiation. Therefore, C3G may be used as a potent preventive or therapeutic agent for bone-related diseases, such as osteoporosis, rheumatoid arthritis, and periodontitis.

We propose a fuzzy logic-based buffer management algorithm to improve internet traffic over ATM-GFR service. The proposed algorithm employs the strategies of early congestion detection and selective packet discard to achieve its design goals. A key feature of proposed algorithm is its ability to accept or drop a new incoming packet dynamically based on buffer condition and load rate of VCs. This is achieved by using fuzzy logic controller for the production of a drop factor. Simulation results show that proposed scheme significantly has improved fairness and TCP throughput compared with previous schemes.

Guaranteed Frame Rate (GFR) service category is one of the most recent ATM service categories. The GFR specification was recently finalized by the ATM Forum and is expected to become an important service category which can efficiently support TCP/IP traffic in ATM network. In GFR switch implementation, it is important to guarantee MCR (minimum cell rate) and improve fairness. In this paper, we propose a new scheduling algorithm for the GFR service. Proposed algorithm provides priority to VC (virtual circuit)s and high Priority given to a VC which has fewer untagged cells in buffer. High priority VCs are serviced before low priority VCs. Proposed algorithm can guarantee MCR and improve fair sharing of the remaining bandwidth between GFR VCs. From computer simulation results, we demonstrate the proposed scheduling algorithm provide much better performance in TCP goodput and fairness than previous schemes.

Generally, in network coding, relay nodes mix the content of different packets to a single coded packet and broadcast the coded packet on the wireless medium. Network coding is expected to improve throughput and channel efficiency in the wireless multi-hop network. Prior researches have been carried out to employ network coding to wireless ad-hoc network. In this paper, we proposed an enhanced practical network coding scheme for wireless ad-hoc network. In our design, intermediate nodes identify one-hop bidirectional flows for network coding decision. It could make decoding failure probability to zero at neighbor nodes. We expect that the proposed algorithm shall improve decoding success rate of network coded packet. From the simulation, the proposed network coding scheme achieved better performance in terms of coding gain and packet delivery rate than traditional network coding scheme.

We analyze the MAC performance of the IEEE 802.15.4 non-beacon mode where both uplink and downlink traffic flows are executed simultaneously and downlink data packets are transmitted by piggyback method. To build the mathematical model of the stochastic behavior of a device with both uplink and downlink traffic flows, we combine the Markov chain model for the uplink transmission in T.O. Kim et al (2006) and one for the downlink transmission in T.O. Kim et al (2006), so that performance measures (e.g., uplink packet delay and downlink packet delay) are influenced each other. We obtain performance measures such as throughput, packet delay, packet loss probability and average energy consumption per one slot of a device. Numerical results and simulation results show that the piggyback method can reduce the packet delay, packet loss probability and energy consumption compared with those of backoff method.

In a multi-hop wireless ad hoc network, broadcasting is an elementary operation to support many applications. Broadcasting by flooding may cause serious redundancy, contention, and collision in the network, which is referred to as the broadcast storm problem. Many broadcasting schemes are proposed to give better performance than simple flooding in wireless ad hoc network. How to decide whether rebroadcast or not also poses a dilemma between reachability and efficiency under different host densities. In this paper, we propose enhanced broadcasting schemes, which can reduce rebroadcast packets without loss of reachability. Simulation results show that proposed schemes can offer better reachability as well as efficiency as compared to other previous schemes.

A Mobile Ad hoc Network can be considered as an autonomous distributed system that consists of a set of identical mobile nodes that move arbitrarily and use wireless links to communicate with other nodes that reside within its transmission range. In our work, we analyze the performance of the original IEEE 802.1 1 b wireless local area networks and we present an efficient load-balancing scheme in MAC for support QoS over MANET. Simulation results aimed to highlight the capability of our algorithm to reduce packet lose rate and to increase throughput in the MAC layer are provided.

This paper presents a new design of fuzzy neural networks (FNNs) based on individual scatter partition using particle swarm optimisation (PSO). The proposed FNNs are expressed by the scatter partition of input space generated by fuzzy c-means clustering algorithm. The partitioned local spaces indicate the fuzzy rules of the FNNs that have the individual regions in the different size. The consequence part of the rule is represented by polynomial functions. The back propagation algorithm is used to estimate the coefficients of the polynomial functions. The optimisation to find individual regions and parameters of learning is conducted by PSO. The performance of the proposed FNNs is demonstrated with the non-linear process.