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Over the past few years, screen-based usage among children and youth has increased significantly, particularly among those with autism. Yet current screen time guidelines do not address the specific needs of autistic children and youth. Therefore, the objective of this study was to develop specific and clear guidelines and strategies that caregivers and expert clinicians agree upon to support the digital citizenship of children with autism. Using the Delphi method, 30 experts, including 20 clinicians and 10 caregivers, were invited to complete a series of three surveys. The experts had to rate their agreement levels on a series of statements that included possible guidelines and strategies. The final statements to be included in the guidelines were accepted by more than 75% of the panel. The final guidelines included six sections: (1) general principles, (2) considerations for timing and content of leisure screen time use, (3) strategies for caregivers and clinicians to monitor and regulate screen time use, (4) behaviors to monitor for screen time overuse, (5) additional guidelines for clinicians, and (6) resources. The agreed-upon guidelines developed in this study could be the stepping stones for clinical interventions targeting screen time overuse of children with autism, addressing the screen time challenges that many families are experiencing.

Purpose. To analyze the state of water resources of the Podilsk region and the territorial features of water use in order to optimize their use. Methods. Methods of system-structural analysis, statistical, cartographic, modeling. Rresults. The current state and peculiarities of the use of water resources in the territory of the administrative districts of the Podilsk region were analyzed according to the indicators of total water intake from natural water bodies, the use of fresh water in general and the sectoral structure of water use. The main consumers of water resources in the region are industrial enterprises and housing and communal services. The largest share of underground water intake is in Ternopil Oblast, and the smallest in Vinnytsia, which is related to natural reserves of underground water. The largest volumes of water intake from natural water bodies and the use of fresh water are observed in the Khmelnytskyi region, and the smallest - in the Ternopil region. The analysis of the dynamics of water use indicators over the period 2020-2022 determined a decrease in the volume of water intake, especially in 2022, in all regions of the region. The largest share of water is used in the regions of the region for production needs. Conclusions. The dynamics of water consumption in all regions of the region has a tendency to decrease the volume of water intake. There are certain differences in the amount of surface and underground water intake. For many administrative districts and territorial communities, the problem of rational use of water resources is relevant.

Plasmonic nanoparticles play a pivotal role in various research areas due to their exceptional optical and thermo‐optical properties, like high spectral tunability and efficient light‐to‐heat conversion. Gold, with its biocompatibility, low cytotoxicity, and tunable resonances , makes gold nanoparticles ideal for photothermal therapies. Geometries, including spheres, core–shells, rods, disks, stars, nanocages, and nanotoroids, are extensively studied, with the gold nanodoughnut emerging as one of the most promising ones due to its ability to produce high temperatures and rotational stability. Nevertheless, the fabrication of metallic toroidal shapes remains a challenge. Recent advances in DNA‐based nanotechnology, especially DNA‐origami techniques, provide feasible route for the fabrication of this geometry through metallization reactions or attachment of metal nanoparticles. However, particles manufactured using this method possess a DNA core that influences their thermoplasmonic performance. In this work, a theoretical investigation is conducted on the thermoplasmonic response of DNA‐origami‐based core/shell toroids (CSTs) for photothermal applications. Key parameters that optimize the CST thermoplasmonic response are identified, and compared with their solid counterparts and discrete metallic coatings. Additionally, the CSTs tolerance to random rotations is assessed, providing insights into their behavior in fluidic environments and implications for its practical consideration.

The article elucidates the essence of the mechanisms of electronic and phonon friction in the coupling of samples (parts) using the methods of solid state physics. It is shown that in the triboconjugation of samples made of metallic materials, the flow of fluctuation-electromagnetic and electron-phonon processes should be distinguished. Fluctuation-electromagnetic interactions have long-range effects, and electron-phonon interactions have short-range effects. Based on Lifshitz's fluctuation-electromagnetic theory, the force of friction in moving couplings of metal samples is substantiated, taking into account the frequency ratio in the atomic absorption spectrum and the plasma frequency. A formula for estimating the friction force was obtained, taking into account the dielectric function and the Clausius-Mossotti formula. The electronic friction force was estimated using the "jelly" model and the generation of electron-hole pairs in the quantum perturbation theory of solid-state physics. The mechanism of electronic friction was discovered based on the phenomenological theory of braking losses of slow ions in solids. The scheme of the model of the electronic friction mechanism is close to the Persson model, which connects the braking force with the electron scattering process. A refined formula for estimating the electronic friction force is proposed. The strength of phonon friction is justified on the basis of structural effects that can be induced by the mechanism of breaking adhesive bonds, and perturbation theory. A formula was obtained for estimating the force of phonon friction, taking into account the frequency of phonons, the inverse decay time and the function of the two-dimensional Fourier image of the force of interaction between the atoms of the conjugated surface of the triboelement. Cases of static and dynamic phonon friction are considered. Electronic and phonon frictional forces are considered at the nanolevel. The Debye low-temperature approximation and refinement of the expressions for estimating the electronic and phonon friction forces are given, taking into account the type of interatomic potential

Vertical profiles of salinity, and isotopic abundance ratios of hydrogen (δ2H ) and oxygen (@delta;18O) of 18 landfast ice cores, collected along the northeast coast of James Bay in March 2019, and one ice core collected in Belcher Islands, were used to obtain the winter timeseries of the spatiotemporal evolution of the under-ice plume of La Grande River (LGR), the dominant river in the area. Variability in the isotopic composition and salinity of the ice cores indicated changes to the water source composition at the ice-water interface when the ice layers formed. The increased presence of river water beneath the ice during January-March was marked by more negative isotopic ratios in the lower portion of the ice as river discharge was increased for hydroelectric production. River water was the source of ~43% of the ice in our ice core samples (n=320) with the interquartile range from 16% to 71%. The river water fractions incorporated into the ice indicate that LGR under-ice plume extended more than 75 km north and at least 30 km south of the river mouth for ~3 months. These findings correspond well with more challenging to obtain hydrographic observations. End-of-winter ice core sampling and analysis for isotopic abundance has potential as a tool to monitor dispersal of LGR discharge into the ice-covered coastal environment.

Indigenous-driven and community-partnered research projects seeking to develop salient, legitimate, and credible knowledge bases for environmental decision-making require a multiple knowledge systems approach. When involving partners in addition to communities, diverging perspectives and priorities may arise, making the pathways to engaging in principled research while generating actionable knowledge unclear to disciplinarily-trained natural science researchers. Here, we share insights from the Eeyou Coastal Habitat Comprehensive Research Project (CHCRP), an interdisciplinary, Cree-driven community-academic partnership. This project brought together Cree community members, regional organizations, industry (Hydro-Québec), and academics from seven universities across Canada to address the unprecedented loss of seagrass Zostera marina (eelgrass), the concurrent decline in migratory Canada geese and its impact on fall goose harvest activities in Eeyou Istchee. After describing the history and context of the project, we discuss the challenges, complexities, and benefits of the collaborative approach balancing saliency, legitimacy, and credibility of the knowledge produced. We suggest the paper may be of use to researchers and partners seeking to engage in principled and actionable research related to environmental change including impacts of past development.

The purpose of the work are assess of the current state of protected areas of the Ternopil region territorial communities and comparison of these parameters with the environmental standards of the European Union. Methods. Generalisation and systematisation of information, evaluation, comparison, method of analogies and typologies, statistical, mathematical, cartographic and geoinformation. Scientific novelty. The main geoecological, economic and legal problems related to the prospects for the development of nature conservation at the national and regional levels are identified. These include the lack of motivation in management structures, low environmental culture of the population, insufficient funding for environmental protection, and the existence of different forms of land ownership. The level of conservation of territorial communities and new administrative districts of the Ternopil region is determined. Results. Analysed by national and international environmental legislation and identifies the main causes of Ukraine's environmental problems, including military operations. Based on the comparative analysis, the authors compares the basic environmental parameters of Ukraine and the European Union, which demonstrate their significant differences. The level of conservation and the number of protected areas of the Ternopil region territorial communities are determined. The data obtained showed that 36.5% of the region's territorial communities have a conservation level of less than 1%. The situation with the low level of conservation is unsatisfactory in sixteen communities in the Ternopil district and four communities in the Kremenets and Chortkiv districts. Typological groups have been created and a corresponding map of the reserve status of the Ternopil region territorial communities has been constructed. It is proposed to create fifty-three new protected areas in twenty-five communities of the Ternopil region with a total area of 39358 hectares. The expediency of creating thirteen regional landscape parks, twenty-three hydrological natural monuments of local significance, six parks of landscape art monuments, four landscape reserves, four botanical natural monuments of local significance and three protected tracts is substantiated. Conclusions. It has been established that the level of conservation of the Ternopil region territorial communities does not meet the current requirements of the European Strategy for the Conservation of Landscape and Biotic Diversity. In order to achieve international standards of protected areas and waters, the region needs to create both large protected areas – regional landscape and national nature parks – and local protection zones for hydrological objects, individual trees or landscapes. For this purpose, it is necessary to intensify scientific research of local and regional natural complexes. And the administrative staff of territorial communities should include a position responsible for landscaping, sustainable development and nature protection.

The article elucidates the essence of nanotribological processes in the materials of conjugation of samples of parts by the methods of the surface force apparatus, scanning tunneling and atomic force microscopy. The substantiation of the mechanisms of their occurrence is given by the methods of molecular dynamics and classical contact mechanics. Attention is paid to dry adhesive and contactless dynamic friction of conjugated samples, physical processes in "sticking-sliding" tribocontacts, adhesive effects, etc. The values of the lateral and normal forces acting on the probe were analyzed. The probe was considered as a collection of point particles of concentrated mass with a multiatomic structure of the material. The contact and movement of the probe with the surface of the sample was considered in the "probe-surface" system with minimal potential energy and lateral load and taking into account conservative and dissipative forces. The effect of "sticking-sliding" is substantiated with the help of the apparatus of surface forces. The atomic periodicity of the effect is explained on the basis of the model of the formation and breaking of adhesive bonds and the "atom-magnet" model. It is shown that the patterns of "sticking-sliding" processes can be determined by using the parameters of shear stress and specific work of adhesion. It is advisable to use the Johnson-Kendall-Roberts theory to explain the elastic adhesive contacts, and the Deryagin-Mullier-Toporov theory for the residual friction force and probe separation force. It is shown that there is a significant connection between friction and adhesion processes. The correlation between the macroscopic value of the surface energy of materials and their shear modulus for homogeneous contacts was determined. On the basis of adhesive effects and the effect of "sticking-sliding", it is possible to control frictional forces and create favorable conditions for their absence, which gives grounds for obtaining high wear resistance of tribo-joints of parts, their reliability and maximum efficiency of the functioning of machines and mechanisms

The model of the semiconductor quantum dot with a multilayer shell and the quantum dot-human serum albumin bionanocomplex, which are contained in a living cell, was constructed. The regularities of changes in deformation of materials of the CdSe-core / ZnS/CdS/ZnS-shell quantum dot with changes in cell elasticity (comprehensive modulus) at different core radii, thicknesses of individual shell layers, and surface concentration of albumin molecules were investigated. It is shown that the presence of human serum albumin on the surface of the quantum dot significantly increases its sensitivity to pressure caused by the surrounding medium (living cell). The obtained results indicate the prospect of using the core-shell quantum dot-human serum albumin bionanocomplexes for the diagnosis of cancer diseases in the early stages. This is due to the fact that such diseases are accompanied by a sharp change in the elasticity of the cell (its elastic constants).

Using a mathematical model that includes the influence of bottom sediments, we conducted a comprehensive study of the migration of benzene as a result of its continuous release into a mountain river. Our migration model consists of two equations that accurately describe the movement of pollutants within the river system, considering crucial factors such as flow velocity, diffusion, sorption, and desorption by river sediments. Through meticulous laboratory experiments, we have successfully determined the distribution parameters that govern the behavior of benzene within the water-sediment system. Leveraging advanced computer modeling techniques, we have generated intricate spatiotemporal profiles illustrating benzene concentrations in both water and sediments. Furthermore, we have identified consistent patterns in the fluctuations of benzene concentrations that exhibit strong correlation with the specific composition of river sediments. Importantly, these foundational relationships can be extrapolated to diverse river systems and various categories of pollutants.

Student Evaluations of Teaching (SETs) are an integral part of evaluating course outcomes. They are routinely used to evaluate teaching quality for the purposes of reappointment, promotion, and tenure (RPT), annual review, and the rehiring of adjunct faculty and lecturers. These evaluations are often based almost entirely on the mean or proportion of the ordinal overall score with no regard to statistical noise. This study examines the distribution of the statistic (mean or proportion) when SETs are administered online and in-person. Using non-parametric procedures, we show that the size of the 95% confidence interval of the statistic is a function of response rates. Prior to COVID-19, online administration of SETs resulted in significantly more uncertainty than in-person administration because the in-person response rates were higher. Due to a decrease in in-person response rates in the post-COVID vaccine period, both methods result in significant levels of uncertainty of the true statistic value. In classes of fewer than 30 students, the 95% confidence interval of the statistic is wide enough for instructors to be considered for a teaching award in one semester or below average in another semester, while holding teaching quality constant.

Contaminants, such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), heavy metals, and per and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs), primarily reach the Arctic through long-range atmospheric and oceanic transport. However, local sources within the Arctic also contribute to the levels observed in the environment, including legacy sources and new sources that arise from activities associated with increasing commercial and industrial development. The City of Iqaluit in Frobisher Bay, Nunavut (Canada), has seen rapid population growth and associated development during recent decades yet remains a site of interest for ocean protection, where Inuit continue to harvest country food. In the present study, seven dated marine sediment cores collected in Koojesse Inlet near Iqaluit, and from sites in inner and outer Frobisher Bay, respectively, were analyzed for total mercury (THg), major and trace elements, PAHs, PCBs, and PFASs. The sedimentary record in Koojesse Inlet shows a period of Aroclor 1260-like PCB input concurrent with military site presence in the 1950–60s, followed by decades of input of pyrogenic PAHs, averaging about ten times background levels. Near-surface sediments in Koojesse Inlet also show evidence of transient local-source inputs of THg and PFASs, and recycling or continued slow release of PCBs from legacy land-based sources. Differences in PFAS congener composition clearly distinguish the local sources from long-range transport. Outside Koojesse Inlet but still in inner Frobisher Bay, 9.2 km from Iqaluit, sediments showed evidence of both local source (PCB) and long-range transport. In outer Frobisher Bay, an up-core increase in THg and PFASs in sediments may be explained by ongoing inputs of these contaminants from long-range transport. The context for ocean protection and country food harvesting in this region of the Arctic clearly involves both local sources and long-range transport, with past human activities leaving a long legacy insofar as levels of persistent organic pollutants are concerned.

The role of entropy in the processes of friction and wear of tribocoupling materials of moving parts is clarified. The implementation of the effect of self-organization of materials depending on the production of entropy is theoretically substantiated. The conditions of self-organization with negative entropy production were obtained. The relationship between the rate of volumetric wear of tribocoupled parts and the production of excess entropy and its flow is determined. Expressions for the intensity of wear of tribocoupling parts were obtained, taking into account thermal processes in the friction zone. The trends of changes in the characteristics and properties of tribocouplers of components, systems and machine aggregates with a change in entropy have been clarified.

На сьогодні понад 300 млн осіб у світі страждають на одне або кілька рідкісних (орфанних) захворювань. Бульозний епідермоліз (БЕ) - гетерогенна група спадкових захворювань, що характеризується генетичною схильністю до надчутливої реакції організму на незначне пошкодження шкіри утворенням пухирів і ерозій на шкірних і слизових покривах із наступним утворенням рубців. Є одним із найтяжчих спадкових дерматозів. При БЕ патологічні стани виникають і в ротовій порожнині. Отже, пацієнти з БЕ потребують особливого «атравматичного» підходу до виконання медичних маніпуляцій, а також проведення гігієнічного догляду, санації порожнини рота тощо. Мета - на прикладі клінічного випадку систематизувати клінічні рекомендації з догляду за порожниною рота в пацієнтів із БЕ. Клінічний випадок. Наведено клінічний випадок пацієнта з дистрофічною формою БЕ та діагнозом «Загострення хронічного гранулюючого періодонтиту». Під час огляду порожнини рота виявлено мікростомію, множинний карієс, ерозії та виразки на слизовій оболонці порожнини рота, ознаки хронічного катарального гінгівіту, а також зубощелепні аномалії. Після досягнення задовільного ступеня відкривання рота шляхом міогімнастики проведено лікування загострення хронічного гранулюючого періодонтиту зуба 23. У результаті клінічного спостереження та аналізу літературних джерел систематизовано практичні рекомендації, метою яких є полегшення лікування захворювань порожнини рота в пацієнтів із БЕ. Висновки. Лікування захворювань порожнини рота в пацієнтів із БЕ полягає насамперед у попередженні болю та запобіганні вторинного інфікування елементів ураження. Лікування карієсу зубів сприяє правильному положенню язика, удосконаленому ковтанню та фонетиці. Поліпшується харчовий статус, а також естетичний вигляд. Санована ротова порожнина зменшує ризик травмування слизової оболонки порожнини рота та глотки. У лікуванні хворих із БЕ важливе значення має мультидисциплінарний підхід із залученням фахівців різних спеціальностей. Виконання простих, але дієвих рекомендацій дитячих стоматологів дає змогу підвищити ефективність профілактики захворювань порожнини рота в цих дітей. Дослідження виконано відповідно до принципів Гельсінської декларації. На проведення досліджень отримано інформовану згоду батьків та дитини. Автори заявляють про відсутність конфлікту інтересів.

Purpose. Assess the intangible ecosystem services of forests in the Ternopil region. Methods. Descriptive, statistical, assess and geoenvironmental analysis. Results. The article assess intangible ecosystem services forests of the Ternopil region: recreational capacity, oxygen production, carbon dioxide assimilation, greenhouse gas absorption. The region is dominated by operational forests, the average age of forests is 62 years. The main forest-forming species are oak, beech, hornbeam and ash. Ecologically permissible recreational capacity of forests of the Ternopil region is 824 400 people for all lands of the forest fund and 112 500 people for recreational-health forests. It is established that the average daily volume of oxygen production by forests of the region is 36,6 thousand tons, the volume of carbon dioxide assimilation – 45,8 thousand tons. Forests of Ternopil region, during the year, absorb 875 700 tons of greenhouse gases. The development of integrated use of forest resources and the expansion of the use of intangible forest resources remain priority areas for the forestry in the region. Conclusions. This area of research is promising and relevant, especially in the context of current global and regional climate change. Such studies should be detailed at the level of individual state forestry enterprises, administrative districts and territorial communities. The results of such research contribute to the monetization of forest ecosystem services and the rational management of forest ecosystems on the basis of sustainable development.

This study examines how internal research and development (R&D), external knowledge acquisition, and R&D contracted with other companies interact in local and foreign-owned enterprises in post-communist economies. A large sample of firm-level data from the Business Environment and Enterprise Performance Survey (BEEPS) across 26 post-communist countries (including European Union (EU) members and non-EU states of Eastern Europe, Caucasian countries, and Central Asian countries) and country-level data from the Global Innovation Index and the International Property Rights Index were used. The findings show that enterprises with majority foreign ownership are relatively more likely to acquire external R&D. We demonstrate that the R&D behavior of enterprises with majority foreign ownership and local firms are interrelated, that is, we find a synergy effect. According to the results, decisions on internal R&D and the purchase of external knowledge for enterprises with majority foreign ownership are similar to those of local firms. However, enterprises with foreign ownership contract R&D with other companies more often if local firms conduct internal R&D. These results indicate the presence of knowledge spillover and cross-learning effects in both types of enterprises in post-communist countries. Finally, we find that the national innovation environment is not significant for the R&D intensity of enterprises with majority foreign ownership, which suggests their high dependence on the parent structures of multinational enterprises.

Мета дослідження полягає в ідентифікації оптимальних цифрових маркетингових технологій, які будуть найбільш привабливими для інвестицій, на основі аналізу тенденційного перехресно-пріоритетного ранжування. У цьому дослідженні створено та протестовано механізм для виявлення тенденцій розвитку цифрових технологій у галузі маркетингових комунікацій і глобального маркетингу. Цей механізм базується на аналітичних принципах та використовує дані від 25 релевантних експертних організацій. На основі індивідуальних рейтингів цих організацій було сформовано множину цифрових рішень у кількості 32 пропозицій. За допомогою розробленої методології цей набір цифрових рішень було ранжовано з виділенням 6 оптимальних технологічних рішень, що мають найбільший потенціал для цифрової трансформації маркетингових комунікацій. Різниця між відносним ранжуванням за частотою згадування (з домінуючим Social Commerce (Influencer Marketing)) і відносним рейтингом за пріоритетом (з домінуючим AI & ML) указує на вплив досвіду маркетингових організацій. Ця різниця пояснюється тим, що на сьогодні платформи соціальних медіа, включаючи інфлюєнс-маркетинг, тісно інтегруються у сферу електронної комерції. Однак перехресний рейтинг виявив актуальні тенденції розвитку цифрового маркетингу, які визначаються впровадженням технологій ШІ в процеси маркетингових комунікацій. Установлено, що залучення кредитних коштів для розгортання модернізованих сучасних маркетингових кампаній і стратегій упливає на фінансову безпеку таких організацій. При цьому застосування оптимальних конверсійних цифрових інструментів маркетингу дозволяє значно знизити фінансові ризики та підвищити прибутковість компаній. Установлено основний напрям майбутнього розвитку глобального маркетингу ‒ імерсивні стратегії, що ґрунтуються на глибокій інтеграції та широкому використанні ШІ-технологій і спрямовані на підвищення зацікавленості та залученості споживачів. Практичність дослідження полягає у формуванні інструмента редукції ризиків хибно спрямованих інвестицій, воно є корисним для широкого загалу стейкхолдерів. У подальшому доцільно дослідити практичні механізми імплементації визначених цифрових рішень у процеси глобального маркетингу з формуванням відповідної деталізованої стратегії.

Building on existing national census geographies and high-quality local bottom-up data, the Ecological Footprint is calculated for high GIS resolution Census Villages. The Calgary Urban Region case study is compared with the Kootenay Towns and Rural Region in the adjacent province. Top-down Statistics Canada villages surveyed across Canada on a five-year cycle function as the primary consumption data source. Building utilities energy, and registered vehicles fuel consumption add accuracy in quantification of Ecological Footprint housing and transportation components. Urban data is extrapolated outside the core city to evaluate regional Census Villages. This hybrid model proposes the national survey Census Villages function as the optimal Ecological Footprint geography. Top-down surveyed data supports municipal decision-making and bottom-up data extrapolated outside the core city allows precision climate action analyses and policy communications. Median household income remains a proxy and functions as the only footprint estimation for some components. Precision bottom-up data results in increased communications capabilities. The gamification of Villages is proposed to influence action on unsustainability in the promotion of thinking globally when messaging locally. This hybrid method proposes to inform and influence global sustainability via Canadian or other national similar sized survey geographies. Replication in other nations and urban contexts has potential.

For the conjugation of samples and parts of the "shaft-sleeve" type, from the theoretical and experimental points of view, the laws of the change of the coefficient of friction for the combined polymer-metal material and coating were considered. Based on the law of energy conservation and transformation in the friction zone, expressions for estimating friction coefficients for polymer coatings and combined polymer-metal materials were obtained, taking into account the properties of thermal conductivity and elasticity and the geometric dimensions of the polymer and metal components. The consistency of the patterns of change in the friction coefficient has been clarified in tribocouplings of samples and parts from load and sliding speed in modes without lubrication and at extreme friction. To substantiate the effective operation of tribocoupling of parts made of combined polymer-metal materials, a criterion was introduced - the coefficient of wear, which is used to evaluate the tribological efficiency. It is shown that the obtained experimental results do not contradict the theoretical justification

Sedimentary assemblages of biogenic sea-ice proxies incorporate limited representation of the diverse sea-ice connected communities, according to direct springtime observations in the Belcher Islands Archipelago, Hudson Bay, Canada.

We propose a theoretical method for the deterministic shaping of quantum light via photon number state selective interactions. Nonclassical states of light are an essential resource for high-precision optical techniques that rely on photon correlations and noise reshaping. Notable techniques include quantum enhanced interferometry, ghost imaging, and generating fault-tolerant codes for continuous variable optical quantum computing. We show that a class of nonlinear-optical resonators can transform many-photon wavefunctions to produce structured states of light with nonclassical noise statistics. The devices, based on parametric down conversion, utilize the Kerr effect to tune photon-number-dependent frequency matching, inducing photon-number-selective interactions. With a high-amplitude coherent pump, the number-selective interaction shapes the noise of a two-mode squeezed cavity state with minimal dephasing, illustrated with simulations. We specify the requisite material properties to build the device and highlight the remaining material degrees of freedom which offer flexible material design.

Basing on the mathematical model developed with the account of influence of bottom sediments, the parameters of benzene migration in the river caused by one-time discharge into the Stryi River were investigated,. The mathematical model of migration consists of two equations that describe the movement of pollutants in the river system, taking into account the flow rate, diffusion, sorption and desorption of the pollutant by the bottom sediments of the river. The parameters of benzene distribution in the "water-bottom sediments" system were experimentally determined under laboratory conditions. With the help of computer modeling, the temporal and spatial distributions of benzene in water and bottom sediments were obtained. The regularities of benzene concentration change depending on the composition of the bottom sediments of the river have been established. The dependencies can be extrapolated to other river systems and pollutants.

Economic development of the territories of small river basins, high anthropogenic load, and flow regulation is correlated with the number of ponds and reservoirs on the river or in its basin. In order to optimize use of natural resources and rational use of water resources in the basin of small rivers, regulation of economic activities on ponds and reservoirs is a relevant task. Since there are 3 reservoirs and more than 80 ponds in the Nichlava river basin, the problem of regulating their economic use is important and urgent from the point of view of revitalizing the water flow and ensuring balanced environmental management in the river basin. Purpose. To assess the geoecological condition of ponds and reservoirs in the Nichlava River basin, to justify optimization measures for the regulation of their economic use and exploitation. Methods. Expeditionary, generalization and systematization, statistical, evaluation, geoecological analysis, system-structural, geo-informational, descriptive, landscape-ecological Results.The peculiarities of the use of artificial water bodies (ponds and reservoirs) in the Nichlava River basin have been considered. Attention to the lack of complex use of resources of water bodies and coastal areas, their pollution and contamination has been drawn. The main sources of pollution and the risks associated with their activities have been indicated. The influence of communal enterprises of the city of Borshchiv on the ecological state of the Borshchiv reservoir during 2010-2020 has been analyzed. The results tend to decrease compared to previous years, although the level of pollution is still significant. The cut-off of part of the Tsyhanka river valley by the Mushkativ reservoir is the result of a malfunction of the locks. Plowing of the coastal areas and contamination of part of the catchment with poisonous chemicals from the fields is observed around the Kotiv reservoir. Ways to restore resources in the basins of small rivers and their effective use by local communities have been substantiated. Conclusions.The processes of economic activity on ponds and reservoirs are becoming more active. Interrelationships between human activity and the geoecological state of ponds and reservoirs in the Nichlava River basin have been revealed. Among the key recommendations substantiated in the work, first of all, there is keeping to the rules of the operation of ponds and reservoirs, defined by the current legislation; restoration of coastal protective strips and water protection zones around reservoirs; reducing of the amounts of dumping of contaminated and insufficiently cleared wastewater into surface water bodies of the Nichlava River basin.

The article deals with the main trends in the restoration and development of the medical and sanitary service in the territory of Northern Bukovyna in 1918-1928, during which martial law continued here, after which the territory became part of the Kingdom of Romania. In the first post-war period the population of the region found itself almost entirely without healthcare. Collapsed health system could not fight the spread of epidemic diseases through the region that also led to a complicated demographic situation in the post-war Bukovyna. The enduring spread of diseases among the population and, to a certain extent, the wish of Romanian authorities to use medicine for propaganda purposes forced the start of a comprehensive work to improve health and sanitary conditions in the region. The primary task that had to be urgently solved by the health service in the early post-war years has become the overcoming of the epidemics of infectious diseases that at the end of World War I led to great mortality among the population. Quite common among the residents of the region were dysentery, typhoid, typhus, relapsing fever, tuberculosis, and a number of pediatric respiratory infections – scarlet fever, measles, whooping cough, diphtheria, contagious parotitis, varicella and others. Some years there was an urgent need for the establishment of health centres, dispensaries. According to the law of 1923, the Health Service was divided into two parts: sanitary and hospital. The Sanitary Service was engaged in supervision, control and study of the health status of the settlements, the use of general and special preventive measures and prevention of epidemics, to provide medical care outside hospitals, educate the population about prevention and treatment of social diseases etc. The Hospital Service was responsible for hospital treatment and medical supervision of patients in hospitals. Bukovyna along with Khotyn district and the northern part of Moldova was included in the VIII sanitary region under the guidance of General Sanitary Inspectorate. For the operation of health service, Bukovyna was divided into five health areas, each headed by a Chief Physician. Areas were divided into sanitary districts. At the head of each one was the district doctor who had assistants, district midwives, and health agents. The duty of medical personnel was to countercheck social diseases. In this regard, 9 infirmaries and 27 dispensaries were founded in Bukovyna within 10 years (1918-1928). To avoid the spread of infectious diseases from abroad – an official centre «Grigore Ghica Vodӑ» was created to examine travellers at the border at the railway station in Nepolokivtsi. Also, in the first post-war decade for health services of the land the Sanitary Inspectorate has founded in Chernivtsi: Regional warehouse of medical instruments and devices; Regional warehouse of drugs, serums, vaccines and bandages, and the Institute of Hygiene. Compulsory preventive vaccination against smallpox and other infectious diseases was introduced. Doctors held free consultations in towns and villages both at home and in hospitals. At the same time, in the first post-war decade a decrease of doctors and paramedical staff is observed. Taking into consideration the shortage of a sufficient number of hospitals, clinics, doctors, nurses, lack of medicines, vaccines, therapeutic sera in Bukovyna, it should be ascertained that the state of epidemic diseases in the region in the early post-war years remained extremely hard. Only in the mid-20s such diseases as smallpox, typhus, and dysentery had been largely overcome thanks to vaccination, organizational and educational measures taken by the authorities. However, there remained high death rate from heart diseases, pneumonia, tuberculosis, due to difficult living conditions and inaccessibility of health care to the most.