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International audience; Multiproxy sedimentary sequence analysis constitutes the basis for reconstructions of past paleoenvironments and climate evolution. These sequences are, for the most part, obtained by coring in lakes (maar or crater) whose waters can record volcanic activity or karstic contributions, especially in Central and Eastern Anatolia, and the Lesser Caucasus. The main consequence of such volcanic and karstic contexts is to generate a reservoir age effect and to bias the radiocarbon dates of sedimentary records from these lakes. In the same way, the halieutic resources bordering these lakes also record this reservoir effect. Ans, as they constitute the food resources of the local populations, this reservoir effect is also reflected in the skeleton of the lake human populations. We present, here, some results obtained from eastern Anatolian lakes (Van and Sevan lakes) and from archaeological sites along the river Kura and its tributaries from Lesser Caucasus.

The natural environment conditions experienced in the past are of great importance in paleogeographic and geoarchaeological researches. Diverse approaches (e.g. methods, technics) are applied in these researches, that currently examine Holocene climatic conditions and their relationships with human, climatic, geomorphological, hydrographic, soil and vegetation conditions. Studies of stalagmites, a type of secondary carbonate formed in limestone caves (speleothems), contribute to these approaches.Stalagmites are increasingly important geological archives for paleoclimate research. They present advantages such as a wide spatial distribution, a suitability for various dating methods, the presence of several climate proxies, the capacity of recording long intervals, a record continuity (including discontinuity, that expresses humidity decrease or drought). In addition, sampling cost is low, comparably to some other approaches.Methods of study of stalagmite samples comprise uranium-series aging, stable isotope analyses of oxygen and carbon, scanning electron microscope (SEM), and thin section analyzes. Dating, compared to laminae thicknesses and stratigraphic characteristics, allow calculating annual growth rates of the laminae. In addition, the number of light and dark coloured laminae calcite, provide together with spectral analyzes, important data on climatic conditions over the terrain above the cave system, such as: surface temperatures, high-frequency changes in solar activity, climate cycles and seasonal variation of soil CO2.The case study presented here aims mainly at evidencing climatic changes since the Last Glacial, their relationships with paleogeographic evolution, as well as on human life and civilizations on the regional scale. For this purpose, we identified two caves in the orogenic belt at the southern skirts of the Southeast Taurus Mountains in the north of the Diyarbakır basin: the Bozoba cave (Kulbeyn, in the Dicle district), and the Birkleyn cave (in the vicinity of Lice). The limestone massif were the caves formed, is the birth place of the Dibni Stream, one of the northern branches of the Tigris river.Our talk will expose our initial findings (especially the evaluation of time periods concerned), and a discussion about analyses projected and results expected.

Geçmişte yaşanan doğal ortam koşulların ortaya konması, paleocoğrafya araştırmalarında, özellikle jeoarkeolojik çalışmalarda büyük önem taşımaktadır. Bu amaçla, daha çok Holosen çevre koşulları ve insana etkilerini ele alan ve ortamın klimatik, jeomorfolojik, hidrografik, toprak ve bitki örtüsü özelliklerinin belirlenmesinde birçok yöntem ve teknik uygulanmaktadır. Bunlardan biri de kireçtaşı mağaralarında bulunan speleotemler (dikitler = stalagmite) üzerinde yapılan çalışmalar, eski paleo-iklim araştırmak amaçlı için önemli bir arşivdir. Avantajları arasında: (a) geniş mekânsal dağılımı vermesi; (b) tarihleme teknikleri için uygun olması; (c) iklim proksileri açısından zengin olması; (e) süreklilik gösterebilmesi, uzun zaman aralığı ve karşılaştırılabilirlik özelliklerine sahip olması sayılabilir. Araştırma için kullanılan metotlar ve teknikler şunlardır: -Yaşlandırma: dikit örneklerinden Uranyum-Toryum serileri; - Paleo-iklim şartları: (1) oksijen izotopları (sıcaklık için) ve (2) karbon izotopları (nemlilik için) duraylı analizleri -İç yapısını (yıllık?) anlamak için: (1) taramalı elektron mikroskop (SEM) ve (2) ince kesit analizleri. Bunun yanı sıra laminalar, içlerindeki yıllık büyüme oranları açık / koyu renkli kalsit laminalarının sayısı ve kalınlıkları, spektral analizleri kullanılarak, yüzey iklim koşulları, yüzey sıcaklıkları, güneş aktivitesindeki yüksek frekanslı değişiklikler, iklim döngüler ve toprak CO2'nin mevsimsel değişimi gibi konularda önemli veriler sağlayabilir. Diyarbakır havzasında paleo-coğrafik koşulların insan yaşamı ve uygarlıklarla ilişkisini belirleme konusunda söz konusu teknik ve yöntemlerin uygulanması için bir vaka çalışması yapılmıştır. Bu amaçla Diyarbakır havzasının kuzeyinde Güneydoğu Torosların güney eteklerindeki orojenik kuşakta yer alan iki mağara tespit edilmiştir. Bunlar; Diyarbakır ili Dicle ilçe merkezi civarındaki Bozoba (Kulbeyn) mağarası ile Lice civarındaki, Dicle Nehri’nin kuzey kollarından biri ve ikinci kaynağı olan Dibni Çayı’nın bulunduğu Birkleyn mağarasıdır. Bu bildiride her iki mağaradan alınan ve oluşumu devam eden dikit örneklerine ilişkin ilk bulgu ve değerlendirmeler ele alınmış ve sunulmuştur. Natural environment conditions experienced in the past are of great concern in paleogeographic and geoarchaeological researches. Diverse approaches (methods, technics) are applied in these researches, that currently examine Holocene climatic conditions and their relationships with human, geomorphological, hydrographic, soil and vegetation conditions. Among these paleoenvironmental researches, the study of stalagmites, a type of secondary carbonate formed in limestone caves (where speleothems grow), is a performing approach. Among palaeoclimatic researches, stalagmites have become increasingly important among other geological archives. Stalagmites present indeed advantages such as a wide spatial distribution, a suitability for various dating methods, the presence of several climate proxies, the capacity of recording long intervals, a continuity in the record growth or/and discontinuities expressing humidity increase/decrease, or even drought. In addition, sampling cost is low comparably to some other approaches. Methods and technics for the study of stalagmite samples, comprise: (a)uranium-series dating, (b) analyses of oxygen and carbon stable isotopes of, (c) scanning electron microscope (SEM), and (d) thin section analyses (morphology; structure; grains). Compared with laminae thicknesses and stratigraphic characteristics, high resolution U-Th dating allows calculating annual growth rates of stalagmites in-between the dated points. In addition, the number of light and dark coloured laminated calcite provides, when completed with spectral analyzes, important data on climatic/environmental conditions for the formation of lamination such as: (a) surface temperatures, (b) drip rate related to effective infiltration, (c) seasonal variation of soil actitivty and CO2 concentration. The case study presented here aims mainly at evidencing climatic changes since the Last Glacial, their relationship with the sub-regional to regional paleogeographic evolutions, as well as providing data fort the study of the relationships between climate and human life and civilizations on the regional scale. In the frame of these aims, we identified two caves in the orogenic belt at the southern skirts of the Southeastern Taurus Mountains, north of the Diyarbakır sedimentary basin. These caves are: * the Bozoba cave system (Kulbeyn, in the Dicle district) * the Birkleyn cave system (in the Lice district). The limestone massif where the caves formed, is the birth place of the Dibni Stream, one of the northern branches of the Tigris river. In this presentation, our aim is to expose our initial findings, especially the evaluation of the time periods concerned, as well as the presentation of projected analyses and expected results. Keywords: Paleogeography, Speleothem, Stalagmite, Birkleyn Caves, Bozoba Cave.

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While ice and sea cores provide global data (earth-wide or wide regions of the earth), continuous records in lake sediments are complementary, regional-scaled, records of regional-scaled climate changes. Records from deep lakes rarely suffer from chronological ruptures, with some exceptions caused by droughts, tectonism eruptions (intrusive gas, chemicals, and pyroclasts), inflow captures or karstic underground circulations… In the driest part of Central Anatolia however, lake sequences are rather shallow, thus possibly suffering from uncertain chronology. This is why using these lake records is delicate, although they present an extreme sensitivity to humidity depletion or changes (i.e. sensitive record trends), while human societies developed in plateaus and plains since the earliest Neolithic at the beginning the Holocene. The presentation will show how aridification phases can be evidenced, in timing and intensity, thanks also to a high quantity of 14C dates (> 100 dates) spanning the Late Glacial to the Middle Ages. We use these dates with the greatest care about possible reworking, length of time range, and possible wind or runoff erosion. Our data contribute, not only to downscaling global and regional palaeoclimatic reconstructions into a human-scaled area, but also to stress and discuss: (1) the “humidity” element of the climate on the local scale (e.g. aridity increase/decrease; types of water-related ecosystems and associated resources), and (2) its connection with the “global/regional temperature data” provided by an abundant literature from ice, marine and deep (i.e. permanent) lake systems. Results also point to the prior importance of the locality of sequences studied in key-sectors of a composite terrestrial ecosystem, and of the multiplicity of records allowing evidence of time- and space-related connections between the records. In particular, the complementary nature and behaviors of these areas in the system, generate an apparent contradiction between results from the upper and lower parts of the system. For example, the center of the Bor plain has been rarely –if any- under water during the Late Holocene. In this context, results also enlighten discussions about linkages between archaeological sites and historical records on the one side, and environment/climate past records and local resources on the other side.Finally, the results point to the necessity to set the word “collapse” in perspective of (a) the initial context of environment-human societies relationships (techniques, management, politics and policies ie. resilience) and possible pre-existing tensions within the society (stress accumulations), (b) the social, cultural and economic mechanisms (processes) giving birth and expansion to the so-called “collapse”, (c) the ways and timing of how the climatic change has impacted the society, and/or the various components of the society.

This presentation on the “3.2 ka event” (i.e. the 1300-1000 BC period) in Central Anatolia, uses genuine data recording the environmental responses of hydrogeomorphologic systems to the climatic alternations composing the 3.2 ka cal BP event, part of which is contemporaneous, in Anatolia, with the expansion and vanishment of the Hittite Empire. Main results show that the “3.2” ka cal BP “event” is not a replica of the peaks forming the preceding “4.2” ka cal BP event. On the global scale the ice cores, and on the regional scale the “Bond curve” (western Atlantic Ocean record, also expanding in the Mediterranean area) evidence a timing and composition of the event parted in two or three sub-phases at least.In the NGRIP curve, three warm sub-periods are centered on 1250-1200 BC, 1100-1080 BC (the weakest), and 950-850 BC (the warmest). In the GISP2 curve, two warm spikes occur, with the earliest starting after the Hittite Empire collapse (1080 BC), and the following one, less intensive, peaking between 890 and 840 BC. In the Bond curve, a first peak occurs around 1250 BC, and is followed by another peak spanning 1080-800 BC;In our results, there is no intensive warm “event” on the global scale lasting neither “one year” nor a decade, but there is a series of repetitive heat stresses peaking c. 1500-1350 BC, c. 1280-1200 BC, c.1080-1000 BC, and c. 950 BC. For this reason, the presentation shall span a period wider than the sole “1200-1000 BC years”, and try to define the succession of environments recording precipitation vs temperature (i.e. water depletion, drought) during the 1500 – 800 BC period in central Anatolia, on the basis of our findings in the Bor Plain. In addition, these results will be discussed in light the relationships between climate and the history of the Hittites in central Anatolia, as known from archaeological and historical elements.

Interested in the debate about climate and human societies relationships during the mid-Holocene in the Eastern Mediterranean (EM), this paper discusses climatic and cultural data for one territory in the EM (Anatolia), and one human society (Hittites) on embedded time scales (the IInd mill. BC, with a focus on its end) and space scales (central Anatolia, with a focus on southern Cappadocia). Results demonstrate the importance of such a multi-scaled approach, and of local-scaled data when studying the role of climate in man’s history. First, data on global and regional scales evidence that the second half of the IInd mill. BC was a generally dry period, dryness increasing after 1350-1300 BC, ending in a drought ca 1250-1100 BC. A regional presentation of sequences illustrates well that all environmental signals recorded in central Anatolia and surrounding regions parallel this global climatic trend. However, it also evidences a highly variable number of short alternations, intensities and timings when comparing the “small” environmental/ climatic regions forming central Anatolia. Comparison evidences the importance, beyond global climate and for the human societies, of the environmental variability and variety providing natural resources, all the more reason when a territory is constituted of neighbored “small” environmental systems multiplying resource availability in times of cultural or climatic stress. Besides, management of regular stress in fragile “small” territories may have preserved practices and production from drought accentuation, thus possibly explaining sub-regional cultural continuities and rapid neo-Hittite renewal in such territories (eg. in southern Cappadocia). Finally, archaeological/historical state of the art during the last 150 years of the Hittite Empire (1320-1170 BC) evidences that (i) internal tensions, whether political, religious, dynastic, military, and consequently economic, appear early, ca 1300-1280 BC; (ii) the Empire seems to have performed successful deeds at the end of the 2nd mill. BC; (iii) the narrative of its end between 1190-1170 BC remains veiled by archaeological and historical silence (eg. no “destruction by the Sea People”, as still too often read in the literature). In conclusion, climate degradation which paralleled cultural disorders in the EM acted in Anatolia as an external element allowing, in the context of the disruption of the EM ‘world’ trade, the end of a very (too much?) centralized system and the birth of new cultural (innovative, eg. The Beyşehir Occupation Phase) systems.

Il y a environ 25 ans, Olivier Pelon organisait à l’Institut Français d’Études Anatoliennes d’Istanbul un colloque destiné à faire l’état des recherches sur la Cappadoce méridionale jusqu’à la fin de l’époque romaine. Un quart de siècle après ce premier colloque, il était intéressant de faire un nouveau point sur l’avancée des recherches dans cette Cappadoce méridionale, de la préhistoire à la période byzantine. Ce nouveau colloque, placé cette fois encore sous l’égide de l’Institut Français d’Études Anatoliennes et intégré à la série des Rencontres d’archéologie de l’IFEA réunit vingt-trois communications. Si les périodes néolithique et chalcolithique ont été particulièrement bien représentées, ce qui témoigne bien de l’importance de cette phase de la préhistoire cappadocienne, liée aux gisements d’obsidienne des Melendiz Dağları, on soulignera en revanche l’absence presque totale du Bronze Ancien. Cette phase est en effet peu représentée dans l’archéologie locale. La même remarque peut s’appliquer au Bronze Moyen. La fin du Bronze Moyen, fort heureusement, est représentée à Porsuk, de même que le Bronze Récent qui bénéficie, depuis peu, tout comme l’Âge du Fer, du démarrage fructueux des fouilles de Kınık Höyük. Enfin, l’Antiquité tardive et Byzance ont pu être représentées, principalement autour de Tyane, ce qui n’avait pas pu être le cas lors du premier colloque. En octobre 2012, quelques semaines avant la tenue de la Rencontre, on apprenait malheureusement le décès brutal et inattendu d’Olivier Pelon, ancien directeur de la mission de Porsuk (jusqu’en 2002) et organisateur de ce premier colloque cappadocien. C’est bien en hommage à sa mémoire que notre Rencontre cappadocienne de 2012 et sa publication ont été naturellement dédiées.

International audience; The present volume brings together some of the papers presented in a session organized in the 18th World Congress of the UISPP, under the title 'Different Times? Archaeological and Environmental Data from Intra-Site and Off-Site Sequences'. A common characteristic of these papers, besides their theme broadly speaking, is their connexion with the activities of the Working Group 'Environmental and Social changes in the Past' (Changements environnementaux et sociétés dans le passé), animated in the frame of the Cluster of Excellence 'Dynamite' (Territorial and Spatial Dynamics) of the University Paris 1-Panthéon-Sorbonne. This Cluster of Excellence, funded by the French State (ANR-11-LABX-0046, Programme d'Investissements d'Avenir), was created in 2012 as part of a public policy aiming at favouring interaction between researchers and disciplines that do not usually work together-or not enough. 'DynamiTe' (http:// labex-dynamite.com/fr/) was conceived as a consortium of laboratories representing different disciplines-geography mainly, but also anthropology, history, sociology, archaeology-susceptible to investigate issues around the key-concept of Territory, in the present, past and future. The Group 'Environmental and Social changes in the Past' focuses on evidenced landscape changes that affected human societies and the perception of these changes by the same societies. Its members are mostly archaeologists and physical geographers, many of them being further specialized in analytical techniques deriving from natural sciences (zoology, paleobotany, palynology, geology, sedimentology, malacology, anthracology). This small community-ca. 65 active members at the time of the Congress-handles and/or produces every day substantial quantities of data in relation with past events in the four corners of the earth (see also Giligny and Tsirtsoni 2015). And like most of their colleagues around the world, they give particular attention to the recording of time scales and interpretation of time records. Time is indeed an essential parameter to be taken into account in any research dealing with the past, since all our hypotheses lay on that. If the reading of time is not right, if an event that we place at a time A happened actually at a time B, several years, decades or centuries after the presumed time A, all the narratives that we may build are wrong. Anyone who ever read a detective novel is aware of how important this factor is for the solution of the mystery and the arrest of the guilty! The gravity of the mistake becomes bigger as we pile up narratives or we try to combine evidence in order to explain things. Thus, if we presume causality between an environmental change and a societal event, either positive (e.g. emergence of a new way of living) or negative (e.g. shrinkage or abandonment of a settlement or settlements in a region), we have to make sure at least that

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International audience

International audience; Aşıklı Höyük is a unique site in the archaeological network of early sedentary societies in the Eastern Mediterranean. Located in Central Anatolia, it is with Kaletepe, Boncuklu and Balıklı, one the oldest Neolithic sites of Turkey west of the Taurus. The occupation spans the whole Pre-Pottery Neolithic (PPN) in Central Anatolia, from c. > 8350 to 7300 BC (> 10.3 to 9.25 ka cal BP). Excavated since 1989, the site is composed of five cultural levels. It is located in a flood valley environment that was widely filled by Late Glacial deposits, and that showed environmental variability before, during and after the settling of PPN population. Today, the remains of the Late Glacial terrace are positioned c. 4m above the present river bed below Aşıklı mound. Although not seen in today’s landscape of the valley because of active lateral erosion during the Holocene, the terrace is also well preserved below colluvium east of the mound. Six cores and four soundings performed around the site between 2010 and 2015 have revealed an unexpected spatial growth of the site during Level 2 (the latest PPN level). The results of this palaeoenvironmental program, produced in connection with the archaeological project, evidence entangled relationships between the site’s occupation and the environment, which ultimately modified both the landforms and the settlement remains after the abandonment of the site.

Introduction For several decades, the relationships between climate and human history and their consequences on past societies have been a key subject in the scientific literature of geoarchaeology, palaeoclimatology and archaeology. This debate is particularly vivid and productive regarding the Neolithic to Bronze Age periods in the Fertile Crescent and the Eastern Mediterranean. After direct correspondence was proposed between climate (wet/dry) and cultural (Early, Middle, Late) phases (e.g...

Introduction Depuis quelques décennies, les conséquences des relations entre le climat et les sociétés humaines anciennes sont un sujet très présent dans les publications scientifiques géoarchéologiques, paléoclimatiques et archéologiques. Le débat est particulièrement abondant et fructueux pour la période qui s’étend du Néolithique à l’Âge du Bronze dans le Croissant Fertile et la Méditerranée orientale. Après de premières interprétations établissant des relations directes entre périodes cli...

International audience; In the frame of Turkish-French research cooperation in geo-archaeology, palaeo-environment and palaeoclimate projects, 19 cores and 6 sections in lake/marsh/river sediments have been studied in relation to archaeological researches in south-central Anatolia. The cores and sections have been studied in four different locations: (1) The Melendiz river valley terraces and nearby marshes (Aksaray Prov.); (2) Çiftlik and (3) Bor Plains (Niğde Prov.); and (4) the Ereğli Plain (Konya Prov.).These geosystems belong to the southern part of the Volcanic Cappadocian Province (Melendiz river system and Çiftlik plain) and to the endorheic depressions lying north of the Taurus karstic highlands(Bor and Ereğli plains).In the sequences presented, tephra layers of various thickness, grain size and lithic composition have been identified, characterized and dated. The results highly enrich our knowledge of the LGM to Holocene activity of volcanoes in the region. In the Hasandağ, researches have evidenced eruption occurrences at 35, 29, 15 7 ± 0.6 and 3 to 0 kyrs ago (Pastre et al. 1997; Kuzucuoğlu et al. 1998; Schmitt et al., 2014; Guillou, pers. information) whereas the hypothetic sketched of an eruption over the wall of a Neolithic house dated 8.8-8.5 kyrs ago (Mellaart, 1968; Hodder, 2006) is still under discussion. In the Erciyes dağ, a rhyolitic activity is dated 9.5 kyrs ago (Aydar et al. in Hamann et al.,2010; Sarıkaya et al. 2018). In the Acıgöl caldera, recent activity is dated 25 to 18 kyrs ago (Kuzucuoğlu et al., 1999;) and Late Glacial to Early Holocene tephra layers have been trapped in Eski Acigöl maar (Kuzucuoğlu et al., 1998; Roberts et al., 2001; Mouralis et al., 2003). No pytoclastite has yet been dated in the Karadağ (between Ereğli and Konya). Sequences presented enlighten our knowledge about Cappadocian eruptions and their impacts on populations, as some of them are closely associated with archaeological sites. Eruptions -from different volcanoes (?)- occurred quite regularly within 2 to 1 kyr intervals between at least 19.6 and 7.4 kyrs cal BP. Also identified both in a core and in an archaeological site, a pumice fall has been dated ca 2 kyrs ago. Such results are of tremendous importance as they show that:- not only populations lived together with eruptions from LGM to Mid-Holocene,- but this remarkably regular magmatic activity in the region has been widely ignored until now.As a result, it is clear that eruption risk must be considered seriously in the region, with monitoringinstalled over at least two volcanoes, the Hasan Dağ and the Erciyes Dağ.Authors are most thankful for support from Profs. M. Özbaşaran (Aşıklı Höyük exc.), E. Bıçakçı(Tepecik-Çiftlik exc.), M. Godon (Melendiz project), L. d’Alfonso (Kınık Höyük exc.), Ç. Maner (KEYARarch. survey, Koç Univ.), and financial contribution from Artemis/INSU, ArchéoMed (INEE)/PaléoMex,Halis Demir Univ. at Niğde (Project A. Gürel), MAE’s Melendiz archaeologic mission (project M.Godon), Labex DynamiTe of Paris 1 University, and LMC14 14C preparation Lab at Gif and measuringArtemis AMS facility at Saclay.

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