Search

Over the past decade, there has been an increasing number of patients infected with HIV. The disease gradually leads to a pronounced immunodeficiency and death. In the vast majority of patients, polymorbidity phenomena are noted, which leads to the need for a differentiated interdisciplinary approach to their management. The knowledge of dermatologists of other dermatological aspects of HIV-infection by dermatologists and doctors will allow timely early detection of HIV-infected patients and avoid diagnostic errors. A clinical follow - up was carried out which showed issues of diagnostics while examining patients with HIV infection in outpatient practice.

Recurrentpolyhedritis is a rare rheumatic disorder with a wave-like course, presumably ofautoimmune nature,characterizedbya widespread inflammatorylesion of the cartilaginous structures and other connective tissue of the ears, joints, nose, larynx, trachea, eyes, valvular heart, kidneys and blood vessels.The description of the own observation of recurrent polychondritis.

The aim of this work was to study the sensitivity of Chinese and Russian female consumers to androstenone and skatole and to identify their preference for pork patties from entire male pigs compared with those from castrated pigs. One-hundred-twenty women in each country were enrolled. The sensitivity of the consumers to both compounds was tested using smell strips and triangular tests. Pairwise tests were performed comparing patties from castrated male pigs with patties from boars with different levels of androstenone and skatole. Approximately 70% of the Russian and 60% of the Chinese consumers were sensitive to skatole and 37% and 32% were sensitive to androstenone, respectively. Nevertheless, a higher percentage of sensitive Russian consumers compared to Chinese consumers disliked the smell of both compounds. In Russia, the consumers' preferences were higher for patties with low levels of both compounds, while no differences were found in China. In both countries, consumers who were sensitive to skatole also preferred patties with low levels of both compounds. Thus, the levels of androstenone and skatole affect boar patty preferences., (Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

The exertion of mechanisms of cardiac rhythm control in the child is determined by the degree of his commitment, the level of claims and anxieties. Unmet needs, reducing the functional state, activate the system of negative emotions that leads to a decrease in motivation in the subject. However, the inclusion of the system of overcoming, i.e. will, can contribute to the successful achievement of the goal.

Attention processes were studied using a model based on visual searches for a specified element in grids of size 3 x 3 and 7 x 7 cm displayed on a monitor screen. Five age groups took part in the experimental studies: children of five and seven years, a group of 15-year-old adolescents, a group aged 20-35 years, and a group aged over 60 years; a total of 62 subjects took part. Statistical analysis showed that the latter three groups were not different from each other and were used as an adult control group for comparison with results from children. Five types of search were used: one difficult, in which the target was similar to the distractors, and four easy (for adults but not for children), involving seeking a red or a white element in an empty grid and seeking a target markedly different in shape or color from the distractors. The following measures were analyzed: search time, errors (false alarms and misses), and corrected search times allowing for errors. Children performed significantly worse on all measures: they found all types of search difficult, even the search for a single element. The larger number of false alarms (reactions to nonmeaningful signals) was evidence for a deficiency of inhibitory processes in children, these being controlled by the frontal lobes. The larger number of misses in children may be evidence of weakness of selective attention, which is controlled by the parietal and temporal areas of the cortex. These points may indicate that children have an immature attention system, though this would appear to mature completely by age 15 years.

This investigation was aimed at the morpho-functional evaluation of rat myocardium after isolated or combined effect of hypokinesia and 137Cs incorporation. Histological, morphometric, cytophotometric, radiometric and statistical methods were used. The histological characteristics of rat myocardium after exposure to both factors are presented, and the differences in the mechanisms of the compensatory response are shown. The incorporated radionuclides were found to cause early cellular death, which became attenuated with the extension of exposure period. The remaining cardiomyocytes underwent structural changes and hypertrophy, while the total heart mass remained unchanged. The combined action of radionuclides and hypokinesia resulted in the aggravation of the negative effects of both factors causing more profound destructive changes in the myocardium.

The changes in passive ion permeability of the red blood cell membrane after peroxynitrite action (3 microM-3 mM) have been studied by biophysical (using radioisotopes of rubidium, sodium and sulphur (sulphate)) and electrophysiological methods. The enhancement of passive membrane permeability to cations (potassium and sodium ions) and the inhibition of anion flux through the anion exchanger in peroxynitrite-treated red blood cells were revealed. In patch-clamp experiments the whole-cell conductance after peroxynitrite (80 microM) treatment of red blood cells increased 3-3.5-fold with a shift in the reversal potential from -7.0+/-1.5 mV to -4.3+/-0.9 mV (n=7, p=0.005). The addition of cobalt and nickel ions to red blood cell suspensions before peroxynitrite treatment had no effect on the peroxynitrite-induced cation flux but zinc ions in the same condition decreased cation flux about 2-fold. Using atomic force microscopy methods we revealed an increase in red blood cell membrane stiffness and the membrane skeleton complexity after peroxynitrite action. We conclude that the peroxynitrite-induced water and ion imbalance and reorganization in membrane structure lead to crenation of red blood cells.

The visual search performance was investigated in two children (5 and 7-years-old) and three adult groups (15, 20--and 35 and up to 60-years-old). The results of adults were similar among themselves and therefore were taken as a control set for children group results. We used 5 sorts of visual tasks, one difficult task and four easy tasks for adults with a target differing from counter-irritation. Children's results were worse than adults' those: the search time was longer and children made plenty of errors (false alarms end misses of targets). We suggest that children's attention system was less effective than adults' one in result of frontal, parietal and temporal cortical structure activation deficit. It follows that attention system is completely developed by 15 years of age in humans.

The morphology and structure of erythrocyte cytoskeleton and local mechanical characteristics in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and donors were studied by atomic force microscopy. Poikilocytosis and anisocytosis, spatial reorganization of the cytoskeleton (loosening and condensation of the actin-spectrin network), and modification of local mechanical properties of erythrocytes were characteristic of diabetics. These results indicate significant heterogeneity of erythrocyte population in the patients, most likely due to the presence of erythrocytes of different age groups, which can promote the development of diabetes complications (angiopathy).

The kinetics of 18O/16O isotopic exchange over CeO2-ZrO2-La2O3 and Pt/CeO2-ZrO2 catalysts have been investigated under the conditions of dynamic adsorption-desorption equilibrium at atmospheric pressure and a temperature range of 650-850 degrees C. The rates of oxygen adsorption-desorption on Pt sites, support surface, oxygen transfer (spillover) from Pt to the support as well as the amount of oxygen accumulated in the oxide bulk, and oxygen diffusion coefficient were estimated. The nanocrystalline structure of lanthana-doped ceria-zirconia prepared via the Pechini route with a developed network of domain boundaries and specific defects guarantees a high oxygen mobility in the oxide bulk (D = (1.5 / 2.0).10-18 m2 s-1 at 650 degrees C) and allows accumulation of over-stoichiometric/excess oxygen. For Pt/CeO2-ZrO2, oxygen transfer from Pt to support (characteristic time < 10-2 s) was shown to be responsible for the fast exchange between the gas-phase oxygen and oxygen adsorbed on the mixed oxide surface. The rate of direct exchange between the gas phase and surface oxygen is increased as well due to the increased concentration (up to 2 monolayers) of surface/near subsurface oxygen species accumulated on the oxygen vacancies (originated from the incorporation of highly dispersed Pt atoms). The characteristic time of diffusion of the oxygen localized in the subsurface layers is about 1 s. The overall quantity of over-stoichiometric oxygen and/or hydroxyl groups accumulated in the bulk can reach the equivalent of 10 monolayers, and characteristic time of oxygen diffusion within the bulk is about 20 s. All these kinetic data are required for the further step of modeling partial oxidation of hydrocarbons under steady- and unsteady-state conditions.

Atomic force microscopy showed that treatment of human whole blood with peroxynitrite modified local mechanical and physical characteristics of erythrocyte membranes, specifically, increased their rigidity.

Atomic force microscopy (AFM) has recently provided the great progress in the study of micro- and nanostructures including living cells and cell organelles. Modern AFM techniques allow solving a number of problems of cell biomechanics due to simultaneous evaluation of the local mechanical properties and the topography of the living cells at a high spatial resolution and force sensitivity. Particularly, force spectroscopy is used for mapping mechanical properties of a single cell that provides information on cellular structures including cytoskeleton structure. This entry is aimed to review the recent AFM applications for the study of dynamics and mechanical properties of intact cells associated with different cell events such as locomotion, differentiation and aging, physiological activation and electromotility, as well as cell pathology. Local mechanical characteristics of different cell types including muscle cells, endothelial and epithelial cells, neurons and glial cells, fibroblasts and osteoblasts, blood cells and sensory cells are analyzed in this paper.

Atomic force microscopy (AFM) was used to study surface layers of fixed intact erythrocytes. Advantages of simultaneous analysis of surface topography and lateral force maps in the investigation of cytoskeleton structure were shown. Fractal analysis was applied to the lateral force maps of erythrocyte surfaces to evaluate the complexity of the cytoskeleton. Peroxynitrite was used as an oxidant to induce changes in the cytoskeleton structure of intact erythrocytes. Peroxynitrite action on whole blood leads to local abnormalities in the erythrocyte cytoskeleton structure, as well as cytoskeleton reorganization in protruded regions of crenated erythrocytes.

The authors studied efficiency of chondroxide and phinalgel phonophoresis in osteoarthritis patients with roentgenologic stages I and II, aged 40 to 66. Recommendations are to use these treatment modalities in accordance with severity of joints inflammation.

Chimpanzees with the help of reconstruction and the "step-by-step" analysis of a figure--sample can plan a circuit of actions, forming an image of an end result. Ability to such actions proves at them an opportunity of cogitative operations, allowing to collect multielement figures on a sample. Generalization of concrete operations with concrete elements creates the precondition for the generalized understanding of a principle of actions--knowledge--in general to collect separate elements in complex designs. In it the powerful conceptual potential chimpanzees is covered. It allows to use chimpanzees as model preverbal a level of thinking.

Reaching the goals moving with different speed (from 1 to 400 mm/sec), the chimpanzee revealed respective behavioural, emotional, instrumental, and cardiovascular responses. When obscuring the goal for a certain time, the chimpanzee nevertheless managed to reach it, the relations between the speed of approaching goal and behavioural or instrumental responses being preserved. Thereupon, the chimpanzee are able to reach the goal provided the latter's trace exceeds 5-10-fold the time of really acting stimulus.

80 15-min tests using toys were carried out with 4 juvenile chimpanzees who, to obtain the toys, used 4 strategies: (1) taking by force, (2) snatching and fleeing, (3) begging, (4) hysterics. Sharing toys was a normal strategy of high-ranking animals. Begging and hysterics were mainly used in contacts with the latters. A strong negative correlation was found between hysterics and friendly behaviour.

The analysis of behavioral reactions and cardiac rhythm of 9-30 days old chimpanzees is given. It has been found that the active emotionally negative reaction with signs of avoidance and the passive defensive reaction of fading appear first. This behavioral reactions are reflected in the mechanisms of the cardiovascular system regulation. The active defensive reaction is accompanied by tachycardia growing from the beginning up to realization, and the passive defensive reaction is accompanied by bradycardia. The emotional reactions influence the tonus of floating nerve even at this age.

With the help of light and scanning microscopy the receptive apparatus of two acoustic papillas (papilla basilaris and p. amphibiorum) of brown frog has been compared. It has been shown that the hair cells of p. amphibiorum are more numerous and some of them differ from those of p. basilaris by the character of arrangement, number of stereocilia and surrounding them supporting cells--by their greater size and density of microvilli.

It has been established that the necessary conditions for rapid formation of experience in chimpanzees are creation of the interspecific functional system experimenter-chimpanzee in which the mechanisms of imitation and refreshment and creation of situational conditional reflex may be equally used. The neurophysiological basis of the latter is the stage activity when each stage is the signal for the following and refreshment for the previous one. In the presence of these factors the possibility of formation of aim generalized reflex appears, that is the basis for creation of optimum conditions for perception and learning the given information.

The performed study allowed to observe in two chimpanzees both common and individual changes of the heart rate under the action of human voice with emotionally positive or negative intonation, as well as under the action of preferred (sweet) or rejected (quinine solution) natural stimulus. The common property consists in a significant slowing down of the heart rate in response to negative vocal signal and rejected natural stimulus and in only slight change of the heart rate in response to positive signals. Individual properties comprise differences in reactions of the cardiovascular system of both animals to negative action: a greater efficiency of the vocal signal for one chimpanzee and of the direct (natural) stimulus for the second one.