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It is accepted that the amount of damage is equal to the difference in the value of the stands before and after the external impact. Hence, the task of determining damage comes down to identifying the cost of the stands. It is shown that the cost can be represented as the sum of the ecosystem (ecological and resource) functions of the stands. The calculation is performed relative to a specific function, the cost of which is known. As such a function, a wood resource was used, which, in the form of a tax rate of payment, is balanced by location, tree species, marketability classes and is widely used as a standard indicator in setting fees for forest use. The sequence of damage calculations is demonstrated using the example of the southern taiga forests of the Yenisei, Nizhne-Yenisei, and North Yenisei forest districts of Krasnoyarsk Krai. There was an outbreak of Siberian silkworm (Dendrolimus sibiricus Tschetverikov) here between 2016 and 2018. The area with varying degrees of damage to stands amounted to 803,983 hectares. The total area of forest inventory units where tree stand death was recorded is 2,034,665 hectares. To calculate the damage, mass forest survey materials were used as initial data. Descriptions of forest inventory units were analyzed separately for protective, operational and reserve forests. Calculations were made based on the predominant tree species. The cost of protective forests turned out to be more than operational ones, and the cost of ecosystem functions of the stands turned out to be an order of magnitude higher than the tax value of the wood resource. The total cost of stands before the Siberian silkworm outbreak was determined to be 70,275.2 million rubles, after the outbreak – 52,249.8 million rubles. The total damage to forests amounted to 18,025.5 million rubles – 25.7 % of the cost of stands before the Siberian silkworm outbreak.

N-polar InN/In0.61Al0.39N heterostructures are grown directly on sapphire by using metalorganic chemical vapor deposition. The thickness of Mg-doped In0.61Al0.39N is 340 nm, and the root-mean-square surface roughness of 20 nm thick InN is ∼3.2 nm. An optional AlN spike grown at 710 °C for 35 s is used either as an interlayer to separate the InAlN buffer from the InN channel or as a part of InAlN nucleation after sapphire nitridation. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy reveals approximately two monolayers of AlN if used as the interlayer. In this case, the concentration of screw and edge threading dislocations in partially strained InN decreased down to 6.5 × 109 and 38 × 109 cm−2, respectively. More importantly, the interlayer inclusion suppressed remote donor and alloy disorder scatterings, providing, at room temperature, the InN free electron mobility and concentration of 620 cm2/V s and 3 × 1013 cm−2, respectively. On the other hand, omitting the AlN spike by InAlN nucleation led to structural deteriorations while buffer resistivity increased to 1.7 kΩ/□. A current density of ∼12–16 A/mm, breakdown field of ∼75 kV/cm, and electron drift velocity of ∼2 × 107 cm/s were determined in InN by applying 10 ns voltage pulses on fabricated test resistors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It can be difficult to avoid violating the pleura during the retropleural approach to the thoracolumbar spine. In this video, the authors resect a short segment of rib to allow more room for pleural dissection during a minimally invasive (MIS) lateral retropleural approach. After a lateral MIS skin incision, the rib is dissected and removed, clearly identifying the retropleural space. The curvature of the rib can then be followed, decreasing the risk of pleural violation. The pleura can then be mobilized ventrally until the spine is accessed. Managing the diaphragm is also illustrated by separating the fibers without a traditional cut through the muscle. The video can be found here: https://stream.cadmore.media/r10.3171/2022.3.FOCVID21138.

The purpose of this study was to test the reliability and validity of the UMOVE Mobility Screen in older adults living with dementia using a Rasch analysis and hypothesis testing. The UMOVE Mobility Screen (UMOVE) focuses on nine activities: following commands, muscle strength, and basic functional mobility tasks. Trained evaluators completed assessments on 244 patients, the majority of whom were female (62%), and White (71%). Based on Rasch Analysis, there was evidence of good item and person reliability (indexes > 0.80), good INFIT statistics, and only one item fitting the model based on OUTFIT statistics. Validity was supported based on hypothesis testing. There was no evidence of Differential Item Functioning between races and genders. Item mapping raised concerns about the spread of the items across the full spectrum of mobility assessed in the UMOVE Mobility Screen. Future testing should consider adding some easier and some more difficult items. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The results of external impacts on forest ecosystems, regardless of their origin, are expressed in a certain degree of degradation of the forest ecosystem and, as a rule, involve the identification of damage. The paper shows that before the impact, the cost of stands can be represented as the sum of ecosystem (ecological and resource) functions: C = СCi, where Ci is the cost of the i-th function of the n considered. The calculation is performed relative to a certain function, the cost of which is known. As such a function, the tax rate of payment for wood is used. It is also possible to calculate the relative market price of wood. The final values of the value of ecosystem functions, at the same time, will differ in proportion to the ratio of tax and market prices. After exposure, the cost of stands is determined by adjusting the cost of each ecosystem function. The difference between before and after exposure determines the amount of damage. In accordance with the intended purpose, as well as due to the difference in forest inventory indicators of the stands, estimates of the significance of ecosystem functions may radically differ. This means that the distribution of the shares of significance for each stand is individual. The sequence of identifying the cost of stand and further damage is demonstrated by the example of a section of pine-larch forest destroyed by fire on the territory of the Lake Uchum resort. It was found that before the fire, the cost of stand was 156 700 rubles/ha, after the fire it decreased to 27819 rubles/ha; damage was determined in the amount of 128881 rubles/ha.

Older adults continue to spend little time engaged in physical activity when hospitalized. The purpose of this study was to (a) describe activity among hospitalized older adults with dementia and (b) identify the association between specific factors (gender, ambulation independence, comorbidities, race, and hospital setting) and their physical activity. This descriptive study utilized baseline data on the first 79 participants from the Function Focused Care for Acute Care using the Evidence Integration Triangle. Multiple linear regression models were run using accelerometry data from the first full day of hospitalization. The participants spent an average of 83.7% of their time being sedentary. Male gender, ambulation independence, and hospital setting (the hospital in which the patient was admitted) were associated with greater activity. This study reports on the limited time spent in activity for older adults with dementia when hospitalized and highlights patient profiles that are particularly vulnerable to sedentary behavior in the hospital setting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: This study aimed to assess physical activity level and identify specific types of exercises by sex, race/ethnicity, and age for adults 50 years and older. Methods: Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System 2013, 2015, and 2017 data were used to study US adults 50 years and older on their specific types of exercises, stratified by sex, race/ethnicity, and age. Weighted logistic regression was used to model physical exercise level and specific types of exercises. Results: The sample included 460,780 respondents. Non-Hispanic Black and Hispanic were less likely than non-Hispanic White to meet the recommended physical activity level (Odds ratio [OR] = 0.73, P <.0001 and OR = 0.96, P =.04, respectively). Walking was the most participated type of exercise, followed by gardening, for both men and women, all racial/ethnic groups, and all age groups. Non-Hispanic Blacks were more likely to participate in walking (OR = 1.19, P =.02) and less likely to participate in gardening (OR = 0.65, P <.0001) than non-Hispanic Whites. Men were more likely to engage in strenuous exercises than women. The average number of minutes on walking was the longest among all types of specific exercises. Conclusions: The types of exercises were mostly walking and gardening for adults aged 50 and older. Non-Hispanic Black adults had less physical activity than non-Hispanic White and were less likely to engage in gardening. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The work is devoted to solving the actual problem of the dairy industry - complex processing of food raw materials, expanding the range of dairy and milk-containing products of high nutritional value due to enrichment of protein, pro- and prebiotics, rational use of production resources by reducing the the technological process duration. The aim of the research is to substantiate the composition of a new type of acidophilic-whey ice cream of high nutritional value due to enrichment with a complex of proteins, probiotic sourdough and pectin-containing vegetable paste. The main tasks of scientific work are: development of a scientifically based formulation for a new type of ice cream to expand the range of products that will improve the nutrition structure of the Ukraine`s population. The methods used to study the organoleptic and physico-chemical indicators of blends and ice cream are well known and presented in the article. The method of production of sour milk ice cream and the choice of dairy raw materials for obtaining a fermented base was theoretically substantiated, the functional and technological properties of protein concentrates and their compositions in ice cream formulations were studied, the rational content of protein in ice cream was established, also the expediency of using pectin-containing vegetable paste in acidophilic-whey ice cream was proved.

ObjectivesMethodsResultsConclusionsClinical ImplicationsThe purpose of this study was to explore the mediating roles of care receiver clinical factors on the relationship between care partner preparedness and care partner desire to seek long-term care admission for persons living with dementia at hospital discharge.This study analyzed data from the Family centered Function-focused Care (Fam-FFC), which included 424 care receiver and care partner dyads. A multiple mediation model examined the indirect effects of care partner preparedness on the desire to seek long-term care through care receiver clinical factors (behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia [BPSD], comorbidities, delirium severity, physical function, and cognition).Delirium severity and physical function partially mediated the relationship between care partner preparedness and care partner desire to seek long-term care admission (B = -.011; 95% CI = -.019, −.003, and B = -.013; 95% CI = -.027, −.001, respectively).Interventions should enhance care partner preparedness and address delirium severity and physical function in hospitalized persons with dementia to prevent unwanted nursing home placement at hospital discharge.Integrating care partner preparedness and care receiver clinical factors (delirium severity and physical function) into discharge planning may minimize care partner desire to seek long-term care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The occurrence of behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD) are associated with adverse outcomes but have largely been studied in populations outside of acute care. The current study examines (1) the prevalence of BPSD during acute hospitalization and (2) if BPSD are predictive of adverse patient outcomes. A secondary analysis of Family-centered Function-focused Care (Fam-FFC) data including 461 patients with dementia/care partner dyads assessed at hospital admission, discharge, 2 months, and 6 months post-discharge, was conducted. Prevalence of BPSD (Neuropsychiatric Inventory-Questionnaire total and Frontal, Hyperactivity, Mood, and Psychosis sub-categories), associations with patient and care partner characteristics, and prediction of adverse events (falls, emergency room [ER] visits, hospitalizations, injury) were examined. BPSD were highly prevalent (93.9% admission, 86.7% discharge). The most common symptom cluster at admission was Hyperactivity (76.7%) followed by Mood (72.3%) and Psychosis (71.9%), and Frontal (25.9%). Higher admission Hyperactivity was associated with ER admissions at 2 months, higher discharge Hyperactivity was associated with ER admissions and hospitalizations at 2 months, and change in Psychosis was associated with ER admissions at 2 months. These findings highlight BPSD during hospitalization as potentially modifiable risk factors of adverse outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractObjectivesMethodResultsConclusionThis study examined the mediating role of care partner burden on the relationship between patient clinical factors (i.e. cognition, physical function, and behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia [BPSD]) and care partner mental health (i.e. anxiety and depression) among dementia care partners at hospital discharge.The sample consisted of 431 patient and care partner dyads enrolled in the Family centered Function-focused Care (Fam-FFC) study; ClinicalTrials.gov identifier NCT03046121. Mediation analyses were conducted to test the role of care partner burden on the associations between patient clinical factors, and care partner anxiety and depression.Mediation models demonstrated that care partner burden partially mediated the relationship between patient physical function and care partner anxiety and depression, as well as patient BPSD and care partner anxiety and depression.Findings highlight the need for clinicians and service providers to implement comprehensive strategies that address both patient clinical factors (i.e. physical function and BPSD) and care partner burden, to optimize care partner mental health outcomes during post-hospital transition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Gliosarcoma is a variant of glioblastoma with equally poor prognosis and characterized by mixed glial and mesenchymal pathology. Metastasis is not uncommon but the involvement of the spinal cord is rare, and comprehensive genetic characterization of spinal gliosarcoma is lacking. We describe a patient initially diagnosed with a low-grade brain glioma via biopsy, followed by adjuvant radiation and temozolomide treatment. Nearly 2 years after diagnosis, she developed neurological deficits from an intradural, extramedullary tumor anterior to the spinal cord at T4, which was resected and diagnosed as gliosarcoma. Whole-exome sequencing (WES) of this tumor revealed a hypermutated phenotype, characterized by somatic mutations in key DNA mismatch repair (MMR) pathway genes, an abundance of C>T transitions within the identified somatic single nucleotide variations, and microsatellite stability, together consistent with temozolomide-mediated hypermutagenesis. This is the first report of a hypermutator phenotype in gliosarcoma, which may represent a novel genomic mechanism of progression from lower grade glioma.

On the example of the Azas State Natural Reserve, the potential productivity of forest stands is considered depending on the indicators of forest growth conditions. Multiple regression equations are formed. The class of productivity (bonitet) is used as a function. Initial information for drawing up the equations - materials of forest planning and data of digital elevation model. Soil, moisture and heat are the main factors affecting the development of the stands. The heat supply of locations is considered as a derivative of relief parameters. Soil moisture and fertility indicators of locations are constructed based on the characteristics of forest inventory indicators. The Siberian larch and the Siberian stone pine forests are found throughout almost the entire high-altitude profile of forests in the reserve: the range of absolute heights of larch about 1600 m, the Siberian stone pine – 2200 m, Scotch pine – 700 m, the Siberian spruce – 500 m. It turns out that the vertical temperature gradient significantly affects the representation of tree species in the high-altitude zones of the reserve, but practically does not affect the productivity of the stands. A significant decrease in the class of bonitet as the climb is observed only in larch stands. The effect of slope on productivity is not observed. The ranked number of soil moisture is demonstrated relative to the generalized qualitative indicator of forest-growing conditions of the forest type. There is a statistically significant relationship between the index of forest growth conditions and soil types. It is revealed that the class of bonitet of Scotch pine stands is determined mainly by soil moisture; in larch stands there is a dependence of the class of bonitet on the absolute height of the terrain, humidity and soil fertility; the productivity of the Siberian stone pine and the Siberian spruce stands naturally depends on soil moisture and fertility. Mapping of the potential productivity of stands is made by the values of the absolute height, soil moisture, and soil fertility of forest inventory compartments. Visual analysis of the map shows: on the best mode of moisture and soil fertility, located on the heated areas, can potentially grow more productive stands; it is established that within the reserve the most favorable forest conditions have developed on the terraces of the Azas river, meadows, forest-steppe areas; as elevation increases, forest conditions deteriorate.

Values of forest inventory indicators are the result of cause­effect relationships of stands with environmental factors. Forest soils, along with the amount of heat and moisture, are the main components of forest vegetation conditions. The fertility of forest soils therefore can be evaluated (measured) by means of forest inventory parameters. The regression equations are formed. As a function, the site productivity class (bonitet) of the stand is used, as an independent variable, the indicator that quantifies forest vegetation conditions. The data of mass forest inventory – the description of forest inventory compartments­­contain all the information necessary for the formation of equations. The description of the section also contains soil characteristics, including the soil name (type). We can write down: Bs = f(S), where: Bs is the bonitet class of the stand, depending on soil fertility; S is an indicator of forest vegetation conditions. As an indicator of forest conditions, the d/d0 ratio was previously proposed, where: d0 = f(h); d, h – diameter and height of the main tree species of the stand (Farber, 1997). In general, the advantage is of an indicator that varies less than the others. Therefore, as a measure of forest vegetation conditions in the work, the ratio of heights S = h/h0 is used. In this case, the averaged growth line in height (regression equation, h0 = f(A), where A is the stand age, years) is used as a reference point. By introducing an additional argument, the accuracy of determining h0 increases. The diameter is used as an argument of this kind, then h0 = f(d, A). The two­factor equation defines the origin in the form of a plane. The ratio of heights S = h/h0 is determined for each forest inventory compartment of coniferous tree stands. Next, the average Si values for the tree species and soil names, and the total weighted average S0 for coniferous tree species and soil names are calculated. Thus, each soil type receives a quantitative measure. With the name of the soil in the description of the forest inventory compartment, regardless of the stand species composition and land category (stand, burn, logged area), we obtain a quantitative assessment of forest soils fertility with the ability to determine the potential tree species productivity. The paper demonstrates a map where, for the test site, the fertility of forest soils is shown by means of the values of S0, and the potential productivity of coniferous trees is shown by means of yield classes.

Abstract Background Non-specific immunotherapeutics have been evaluated previously in dogs, primarily for cancer treatment. However, there remains a need for a more broadly targeted, general purpose immunotherapeutic capable of activating innate immune defenses for non-specific protection or early treatment of viral and bacterial infections. To address need, our group has developed a liposomal immune stimulant (liposome-TLR complexes, LTC) containing TLR 3 and 9 agonists specifically designed to activate mucosal immune defenses in sites such as nasal cavity and oropharynx, following topical delivery. In this study, we evaluated the local immune stimulatory properties of LTC in vitro and in healthy purpose-bred dogs, including activation of cellular recruitment and cytokine production. The ability of LTC treatment to elicit effective antiviral immunity was assessed in dogs following a canine herpesvirus outbreak, and the impact of LTC treatment on the local microbiome of the oropharynx was also investigated. Results These studies revealed that LTC potently activated innate immune responses in vitro and triggered significant recruitment of inflammatory monocytes and T cells into the nasal cavity and oropharynx of healthy dogs. Administration of LTC to dogs shortly after an outbreak of canine herpesvirus infection resulted in significant reduction in clinical signs of infection. Interestingly, administration of LTC to healthy dogs did not disrupt the microbiome in the oropharynx, suggesting resiliency of the microflora to transient immune activation. Conclusions Taken together, these results indicate that LTC administration mucosally to dogs can trigger local innate immune activation and activation of antiviral immunity, without significantly disrupting the composition of the local microbiome. Thus, the LTC immune stimulant has potential for use as a non-specific immunotherapy for prevention or early treatment of viral and bacterial infections in dogs.