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The subject of this study is the essence and characteristics of the order and process of digitalization of national newspapers in Spain from the point of view of readers' opinions. The purpose of the study is to systematize the most relevant characteristics of the electronic versions of the leading Spanish newspapers from the standpoint of their attractiveness to the reader. The methodology of this study is based on a systematic approach and includes the following methods: analysis of scientific literature on the research topic; content analysis of electronic publications of leading Spanish newspapers; the method of sociological questioning (mini-survey); the method of statistical analysis; the method of comparative analysis for subsequent systematization of the results of empirical research. As a result of the study, the following results were obtained: the level of digital comfort of each publication for readers was revealed based on the data obtained from a mini-survey according to the criteria selected by the author. The scope of application of the research results includes such areas as political journalism, international journalism, digital journalism. The novelty of the research lies in the methodology proposed by the author for analyzing and systematizing the characteristics of national Spanish newspapers. The author of the article came to the following conclusions: the electronic editions of modern Spanish newspapers are characterized by an average level of digital comfort, which is due to the lack of adequate feedback and a differentiated subscription system.

The subject of this study is the implementation of the principles of journalistic ethics in modern Spanish newspapers. The purpose of the study is to identify the level of compliance with journalistic ethics in the publications of the newspapers "ABC", "El Pais", "El Mundo", "La Vanguardia". The author notes that the greatest compliance with the principles of professional ethics is noted by readers of the newspaper "ABC". The research methodology is based on a systematic approach and includes the following methods: analysis of scientific literature on the research topic; content analysis of publications "ABC", "El Pais", "El Mundo", "La Vanguardia"; method of sociological questioning (mini-survey); method of statistical analysis; method of comparative analysis of the obtained results. As a result of this study, we obtained the following results: the level of compliance with the principles of journalistic ethics of each newspaper was revealed based on the data obtained from a mini-survey among Spanish-speaking readers. The areas of application of the results can be such as "ethics of professional activity", "political journalism", "international journalism". The novelty of this study lies in the methodology proposed by the author for analyzing the level of compliance with the principles of journalistic ethics. The author of the article came to the following conclusions: modern Spanish newspapers are characterized by a high level of compliance with journalistic ethics, except for the newspaper "La Vanguardia" (average level according to readers).

It in has been found in the course of studying the phase transformations of X-ray amorphous titanium hydroxide during its mechanical activation in the presence of additives in the form of zinc compounds that finely ground powders can polymorphically transform into other nonequilibrium crystalline phases. Judging by the increase in the intensity of the peaks in the diffraction patterns, one can state that the amorphous phase crystallizes in the form of anatase and brookite as a result of high-energy exposure. It is shown that the lower the degree of hydration of titanium hydroxide, the higher the efficiency of the mechanical effect of the additive on the phase transformations. The following trend in the effect of the introduced modifier is observed: ZnSO4⋅7H2O > Zn(NO3)2⋅6H2O > ZnO. This dependence is determined by the combination of physical and chemical transformations of the material located in the field of intense mechanical influence, confirmed by the calculated data on the crystallite size and microstrains. The conversion of excess mechanical energy into thermal energy initiates chemical processes resulting in the formation of solid titanium-zinc solutions that accelerate the restructuring of the crystal structure upon calcination of the modified titanium hydroxide according to the scheme anatase–brookite–rutile. The obtained results can find practical applications in the production of the so-called “rutile” nuclei used in the industrial production of multipurpose titanium dioxide.

В работе реализован метод асимптотического расщепления и получены асимптотические решения применительно к динамическим задачам пространственной теории упругости, уравнения которых содержат малый параметр. Возникающие в ходе асимптотического расщепления двумерные и одномерные краевые задачи допускают получение аналитических решений в некоторых частных случаях, а в общем случае они решаются численно при помощи метода коллокаций, метода наименьших квадратов и метода конечных элементов.

It was found that finely ground powders can polymorphically transform into other nonequilibrium crystalline phases in the study of phase transformations of X-ray amorphous titanium hydroxide (TH) in the process of mechanical activation in the presence of additives in the form of zinc compounds. Judging by the increase in the intensity of the peaks in the diffraction patterns, it can be stated that amorphous phase crystallizes in the form of anatase and brookite as a result of high-energy exposure. It is shown that the lower the degree of hydration of titanium hydroxide, the efficiency of the mechanical effect of the additive on phase transformations is higher. The following trend for the effect of the introduced modifier is observed — ZnSO4·7 H2O > > Zn(NO3)2·6 H2O > ZnO. This dependence is due to the combination of physical and chemical transformations of the material located in the field of intense mechanical influence, confirmed by data on the calculation of crystallite size and microstrains. The conversion of excess mechanical energy into thermal energy initiates chemical processes with the formation of solid titanium-zinc solutions, which accelerate the restructuring of the crystalline structure upon calcination of the modified titanium hydroxide according to the scheme: anatase-brookite-rutile. The obtained results have the prospects of practical application in the production of the so-called “rutile” nuclei used in the industrial production of titanium dioxide for various purposes.

Self-propagating high-temperature synthesis, discovered by Soviet scientists A.G. Merzhanov, I.P. Borovinskaya and V.M. Shkiro is a process with significant scientific and technological potential. It is used in industries to produce goods that have properties that cannot be reproduced by other methods. Self-propagating high-temperature synthesis may be used to obtain products of different geometric parameters and functional properties. The paper presents the results of studies on the production of a foil from Ni–Al powders for the subsequent implementation of the self-propagating high-temperature synthesis. In preliminary experiments, the properties of the initial aluminum and nickel powders were determined. Based on the results of the experiments, an assumption was made about the possibility of their use for foil production. The foil can be used for local heating of third-party products. It was proposed to obtain foil in two ways. The first method involves the powders mixture rolling in specialized powder rolling mills. The second method provides preliminary pressing of workpieces and their subsequent rolling. The study showed the rationality of the second method application. The initiation of the self-propagating high-temperature synthesis process was next performed. The most rational way to initiate the combustion process has been proposed. The analysis of the compositions of the reaction products was made.

Brittle fracture resistance of RPV 15H2NMFA grade 1 steel is investigated. Sets of small-sized testing samples and a set of standard-sizes samples were used in the study. It was demonstrated that application of sets of small-sized specimens in mechanical tests for determining the brittle fracture resistance of RPV 15H2NMFA grade 1 steel makes possible the following: increasing the volume of tests in each batch by 8 times without significant changes in the design of irradiation facility thus ensuring maintaining the initial irradiation parameters during testing; substantially expanding the database of test results for statistical processing. The need for large-scale modeling of process conditions arising in weld joint zones inaccessible for direct testing, such as: (1) the welding zone between the base metal and the corrosion-resistant coating metal, (2) the welding area between the weld metal and the corrosion-resistant coating metal, and (3) the fusion area between the base metal, the weld metal, and the anticorrosive cladding metal, is demonstrated in the paper. Process modeling of the metal in fusion areas up to 0.5 mm wide (each is 100 μm in size) with an experimental electroslag refined (ESR) ingot of up to 300 mm long with similar microstructure and variable chemical composition allows the following: (1) examining not less than 1000 small-sized impact testing samples with continuous distribution of concentrations of chemical elements in accordance with a certain law; and (2) testing these samples and identifying brittle fracture dangerous zones across fusion areas between the base metal and the anti-corrosive padding metal in the initial state or after subsequent irradiation at a given fluence rate and temperature.

The paper considers the issues of studying method of geometric properties of metric spaces. These questions arise when students learn the basic concepts of the metric spaces theory. Difficulty in the concepts understanding arises due to the lack of the geometric interpretation or appropriate visualization. To build a geometric interpretation of rectilinear and flat placement of points of metric space, it is proposed to build the appropriate analogues in two-dimensional and three-dimensional arithmetic Euclidean spaces. To visualize these concepts, it is proposed to use a dynamic geometric environment GeoGebra 3D. This approach allows to demonstrate both the similarity of individual geometric concepts of metric space with the corresponding concepts of Euclidean geometry, and cases of the “non-Euclidean”. The study is useful for teachers and students of higher education institutions majoring in physics and mathematics. Some examples can be used in the study of basic geometric concepts by students of secondary education, in-depth study of mathematics and in various types of informal education.

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to consider a procedure of water-water energetic reactor (WWER) reactor pressure vessel (RPV) lifetime prediction at the stages of design and lifetime extension using the standard irradiation embrittlement parameters as defined in regulatory documents. A comparison is made of the brittle fracture resistance (BFR) values evaluated using two criteria: shift in the critical brittleness temperature ΔTc or shift in the brittle-to-ductile transition temperature ΔTp and without shifts (Tc and Tp). Design/methodology/approach The radiation resistance was determined using the following three approaches: calculation based on standard values ΔTc and Tc0 or ΔTp and Tp0 (a level of excessive conservatism); calculation based on standard value ΔTc and actual value Tc0 or actual values ΔTp and Tp0 (the level of realistic conservatism); or calculation based on actual values of Tc and Tc0 or Tp and Tp0 (the level of actual conservatism). The BFR was evaluated based on the results of testing the specimens subjected to irradiation in research reactors as well as surveillance specimens subjected to irradiation immediately under operating conditions. Findings The excessive conservatism in determining the actual lifetime of nuclear reactor vessel materials can be eliminated by using the immediate values of critical brittleness temperature and ductile-to-brittle transition temperature. Originality/value Obtained results can be applied to extend WWER vessel operating time at the stages of designing and operation due to substantiated decrease in conservatism. And it will allow carrying out a statistical substantiated assessment of the resistance to brittle fracture of the RPV steels.