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Polylactic acid (PLA) was modified with three types of MVOs, which are the epoxidized soybean oil (ESBO), maleinized sunflower oil (MSO) and maleinized olive oil (MOO), at different weight fractions. A co-rotating twin screw extruder was used to produce composite materials by melt mixing process. The effect of MVOs content, from 2.5% to 10%, on the morphology, mechanical properties, density and water absorption were investigated in detail. Addition of ESBO and maleinized vegetable oils leads to a slight decrease in density of PLA from 1.252 to 1.231 g/cm3. As the concentration of MVO in PLA increases, the amount of water absorption also increased and the highest water absorption value was observed in P10MSO. In general, the elastic modulus (EM) was slightly changed by the addition of MVO to PLA, while the tensile strength (TS) decreased. Due to the plasticizing effect of MVOs, an increase in the Izod impact strength was obtained.

In this research, artichoke stem particles (AS) and wollastonite (W) were used as an organic and inorganic fillers in order to improve the mechanical properties of polypropylene (PP). In this regard, PP-matrix composites containing AS and W were produced as non-hybrid and hybrid using a high speed thermo-kinetic mixer. Mechanical properties of polymer composites were investigated by the tensile test. Experimental results reveal that the highest modulus of elasticity was obtained in PP-W and the highest tensile strength was obtained in raw PP while the lowest ultimate strain value was obtained in PP-W-AS. Then, multiple-nonlinear regression analysis was employed to determine the effect of weight ratios of W and AS in PP on modulus of elasticity, tensile strength and ultimate strain. Experimental results were expressed with polynomial, rational and trigonometric models. The results show that the proposed models have well fitted with the experimental results. The coefficient of determination (R2) values were found between 0.95 and 1 in all models. Also, boundedness check control of the proposed models which gives information about whether models are realistic or not was carried out by calculating the maximum and minimum values produced by the relevant model.

In this study, the performance of sandalwood (SW), as an efficient potential filler material for high-density polyethylene (HDPE), was investigated in detail. Firstly, the characterization of SW was conducted by the determination of chemical composition with chemical and thermal analysis methods. The distribution of SW particles, which were used in composite fabrication, was obtained by using a dynamic light scattering analyzer. Then, the composites of SW, whose weight fractions varied from 5% to 20%, with HDPE were produced in a high-speed thermokinetic mixer. The detailed characterization of composites was made by using thermogravimetric analysis, scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction analysis, differential scanning calorimetry, dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), Fourier transform infrared, thermal conductivity measurements, and tensile and three-point bending tests. From DMA, storage modulus and loss modulus values of the HDPE matrix increased with increasing the weight fraction of SW. It is clearly seen that SW incorporation into HDPE at weight fractions of 5% and 20% exhibited the best improvement in terms of tensile and flexural strengths, respectively. It can be noted that the reinforcement effect of SW for HDPE is more prominent at high temperatures.

In this study, artichoke stem particles (AS) and wollastonite mineral (W) were used as an organic and inorganic fillers in order to improve the mechanical properties of polypropylene (PP). In this regard, PP-based composites containing AS and W were produced as non-hybrid and hybrid materials using a high-speed thermokinetic mixer. Mechanical properties of polymer composites were investigated by the tensile test. Experimental results reveal that the highest elastic modulus for PP-W and the highest tensile strength for PP were obtained while the lowest ultimate strain value was gained using PP-W-A. Then, multiple nonlinear regression analysis was employed to determine the effect of weight ratios of wollastonite mineral and artichoke stem particles in polypropylene on elastic modulus, tensile strength and ultimate strain. Experimental results were expressed second order (tensile strength), third order (elastic modulus) and fourth order (ultimate strain) mathematical models. The results show that the proposed models have well fitted with the experimental results. The coefficient of determination (R2) values were found between 0.95 and 1 in all models. Also, boundedness check control of the proposed models which gives information about whether models are realistic or not was carried out by calculating the maximum and minimum values produced by the relevant model.

The aim of this study is to investigate the reinforcing effect of Ceratonia siliqua (CS) powder as a novel natural filler for polypropylene (PP) based composites. CS powder up to 20 wt% was filled into PP matrix by using high speed thermo kinetic mixer. Mechanical and thermal properties of CS filled PP based composites were investigated by tensile and three point bending test, dynamic mechanical analysis, thermogravimetric analysis, differential scanning calorimetry analysis, fourier transform infrared analysis, and thermomechanical analysis. Morphology of the composites was also investigated by scanning electron microscopy. By filling 5% and 10% of CS into PP, tensile strength and flexural strength of PP increased by about 32 and 23%, respectively. This indicates that CS has a great potential to be used as reinforcing filler for PP composites. CS filling into PP led to lower coefficient of thermal expansion values which could help preventing the thermal expansion.

The aim of this study is to demonstrate whether Carpinus betulus L. (CB) powder can be used as an alternative filler/reinforcement material for polypropylene (PP). About 5, 10, 15, and 20 wt% CB loaded PP composites were prepared by a high-speed thermokinetic mixer. In this article, the effects of weight fraction of CB within PP on thermal, viscoelastic, chemical, mechanical, crystallographic, and morphological properties of PP composites were investigated by tensile and three-point bending test, dynamic mechanic analysis, thermogravimetric analysis, differential scanning calorimetry, Fourier transform infrared analysis, and scanning electron microscopy. Melting temperature of the composites decreased with the increase of CB content. The crystallization temperature of PP increased with the addition of CB into PP. When 10 wt% CB filler was loaded into PP, the tensile of PP increased by about 29 wt%. The storage modulus of PP were remarkably enhanced with increasing CB weight fraction. About 5 wt% CB addition into PP increased the flexural strength of PP by about 32%.

Bu çalışmada silika-esaslı partiküller (SP), tetra etoksi silan (TEOS) kullanarak sol-jel yöntemi ile üretilmiştir. Üretilen silika-esaslı partiküller ile poliüretanın (PU) ısıl iletkenliğinin düşürülmesi amaçlanmıştır. Bu parçacıklar farklı oranlarda (ağırlıkça %0,5, 1, ve 2) poliüretanın içine ilave edilerek kompozit plakalar elde edilmiştir. Bu plakaların yapılan ısıl iletkenlik ölçümlerinde poliüretana %0,5 SP eklenmesi ile ısıl iletkenlik değerinin %16 civarında azaldığı görülmüştür. Bunun yanısıra basma dayanımında ise %6’lik bir azalma gerçekleşmiştir. Daha yüksek SP’nin PU’ya eklenmesiyle ısıl iletkenlikte azalma oranı düşerken basma dayanımındaki bozulma artmıştır. SP eklenmesi poliüretanın kimyasal yapısını, ısıl stabilitesini çok fazla değiştirmezken, ısıl genleşme katsayısını ise düşürmüştür. Poliüretan kompozitlerin içerisindeki SP parçacıkların dağılımı da taramalı elektron mikroskop analizleri ile incelenmiştir., In this study, silica-based particles (SP) were fabricated via sol-gel method by using tetraethoxy silane. It is aimed to reduce the thermal conductivity of polyurethane (PU) by means of silica-based particles. the composite plates were obtained by adding these particles into PU at various ratios (0,5, 1, 2 wt%). the measurements of thermal conductivity values of these plates showed that 0,5% SP addition into PU decreased the thermal conductivity by 16%. in addition, compression strength value of PU decreased by 6%. While addition of higher weight fractions of SP into PU reduced the decreasing rate of thermal conductivity, degradation in compressive strength values increased. SP addition into PU has not changed the chemical structure and thermal stability considerably, however thermal expansion coefficient decreased remarkably. the distribution of SP within the PU matrix was examined by scanning electron microscopy observations.

The aim of this study is to investigate the filling properties of an agricultural waste, olive pomace powder (OP), for polypropylene (PP) matrix material. Different weight fractions of OP (from 10 to 40 wt %), which has a median particle size of 21.36 mu m (D50) mu m, were loaded into PP by high-speed thermo kinetic mixer. In this research, the effects of weight fraction of OP within PP on mechanical, viscoelastic, thermal, chemical, crystallographic, and morphological properties of PP composites were investigated by tensile and three point bending test, dynamic mechanic analysis, thermogravimetric analysis and differential scanning calorimetry, Fourier transform infrared analysis, X-ray diffraction analysis, and scanning electron microscopy. When 40 wt% OP filler was loaded into PP, the Young's modulus and flexural modulus of PP increased by about 62.5% and 19%, respectively. The storage modulus and thermal stability of PP were remarkably enhanced with increasing OP weight fraction. (C) 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Natural fiber filled/reinforced composite materials are heavily studied in the academy and industry. Lignin is both a natural filling material and a side product of cellulosic bioethanol and paper industries. Lignin has been used as a filling/reinforcing material for twenty years in order to create value-added products. In this study, 10 % wt. soda lignin reinforced polypropylene composites with and without coupling agents was produced by using twin-screw extruder in order to investigate the effect of coupling agent type and the effect of coupling agent content (0.1 %, 0.3 %, and 0.5 % wt.). Mechanical, thermal and morphological properties of the composites were investigated. The results showed that the optimum amount of coupling agents in composites was 0.3% for the best interaction with lignin and polymer. According to TGA analysis, it can be concluded that lignin filled composite is more stable compared to neat copolymer., Doğal elyaf ile takviye edilen kompozit malzemeler akademide ve endüstride yoğun çalışılan bir konudur. Lignin doğal bir dolgu maddesi olarak kullanılmasının yanı sıra selüloz esaslı biyoetanol ve kağıt endüstrilerinin de yan ürünüdür. Lignin çok farklı uygulamalarda 20 yıla yakındır kullanılmaktadır. Bu çalışmada soda lignin ve polipropilen kompozitleri çift vidalı polimer işleme makinasında karıştırılmıştır ve 2 farklı ara yüzey ajanı da % 0.1, % 0.3 ve % 0.5 oranlarında karıştırılmıştır. Mekanik özellikler, ısıl özellikler ve morfolojik etkileri incelenmiştir. Sonuçlar göstermiştir ki en iyi sonuçlar % 0.3 yüzey kimyasal oranı ile yapılmıştır. Termogravimetrik analizler lignin katkılı polipropilen kompozitlerinin ısıl kararlılığının daha yüksek olduğunu göstermiştir.

In-plane alignment of graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs) in thin thermal interface material layers suppresses the through-plane heat transport, which limits the performance of materials. In order to suppress the in-plane alignment of the GNP filler within polypropylene (PP) and increase the through-plane component, modification of GNP (MG) was performed in this study. For this aim, GNP was treated with diallyldimethylammonium chloride solution and filled with PP at different weight fractions by using a laboratory type high-speed thermo-kinetic mixer. The effect of MG loading into PP on thermal conductivity and surface resistivity of PP was measured. With using MG as a conductive filler for PP, instead of GNP, through-plane conductivity increased by 11%, however in-plane conductivity decreased by 33%. Modified GNP-filled PP showed better through-plane conductivity and surface resistivity than those of unmodified GNP-filled PP. Tensile and three point bending tests were performed to determine tensile and flexural properties of composites. Dynamic mechanical analysis was carried out to evaluate viscoelastic properties, such as storage modulus and loss modulus of composites. The thermal properties of samples were measured by using a differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetric analysis, and thermo-mechanical analysis. Scanning electron microscopy was utilized to observe the fracture surfaces of the composites after tensile tests. (C) 2018 Society of Plastics Engineers

EgeUn###, Pumice stone (P), which is as a cheap material, can be a good candidate for filling material for polymers because of its high thermal resistance. Its effect on properties of polypropylene (PP) has not been studied in detail up to now. The mechanical, viscoelastic, thermal, morphological, crystallographic, and thermomechanical behaviors of PP filled with P powder were studied. The composites were produced by adding different weight fractions of P powder (0-40 wt%) into PP using a high-speed thermo kinetic mixer and compression molding. The highest tensile and flexural strength values, 26.5 and 46.4 MPa, respectively, were obtained when 10 wt% of P powder was filled into PP. Besides, the storage and loss modulus of PP was increased with the addition of P powder. The onset decomposition temperature of PP increased by 39 degrees C with P powder loading into PP. The addition of P powder into PP led to a significant increase on the crystallinity of PP. It is interesting to report that thermal conductivity of PP was increased with increasing weight fraction of P powder.

7th International Advances in Applied Physics and Materials Science Congress and Exhibition (APMAS) -- APR 22-26, 2017 -- Fethiye, TURKEY, WOS: 000451281600052, Over the last decades, automotive industries have investigated a variety of technological developments and design strategies. The reduction of vehicle weight has been proved to be a particularly effective way to meet automobile performance requirements in the areas of fuel economy and emissions. One major option in the vehicle weight reduction strategy is the use of lightweight materials, namely the carbon fiber reinforced polymers. However, poor adhesion between carbon fibers and polymer matrix could be an important issue for carbon fiber reinforced polymers. In this study, in order to increase interfacial bonding between carbon fibers and the polymer matrix, maleic anhydride grafted polypropylene at different weight contents was used as a compatibilizer for better polymer/fiber interpenetration. Recycled chopped carbon fiber reinforced polypropylene composites with maleic anhydride grafted polypropylene were prepared with high speed thermo kinetic mixing and hot press molding techniques. Thermal properties of the composites were studied by thermal gravimetric analysis and differential scanning calorimety. Morphology of the composites was observed by scanning electron microscopy. The tensile properties of these composites were investigated. Tensile strength values of recycled chopped carbon fiber reinforced polypropylene based composites increased with increasing compatibilizer content.

Polypropylene (PP) was filled with synthetic graphite (SG) and graphene nanoplatelets (G) at different weight fractions. Composites were prepared by the melt mixing process by using a co-rotating twin screw extruder. Mechanical tests were carried out to determine tensile and flexural properties of composites. Dynamic Mechanical Analysis of composites was performed to determine their thermo-mechanical properties, such as storage modulus and loss modulus. Scanning Electron Microscopy was used to observe the fracture surfaces of the composites after tensile tests. The effect of SG and G on thermal properties such as melting and crystallization temperature, thermal conductivity, thermal stability, and coefficient of thermal expansion of PP was investigated. Tensile strength and flexural strength of PP increased with the addition of 10 wt% SG. The highest thermal conductivity achieved in this study at 50 wt% SG and 3 wt% G loading was 4.6 W/mK. POLYM. COMPOS., 40:277-287, 2019. (c) 2018 Society of Plastics Engineers

Seki, Yoldas/0000-0002-2225-1236; ATAGUR, Metehan/0000-0002-1916-457X, WOS:000448083600027, Recycled carbon fiber reinforced polypropylene (PP) composites were fabricated by using high speed thermo-kinetic mixer. The effect of recycled carbon fiber on the morphological, chemical, physical, thermal, and mechanical properties of PP composites was investigated. The results indicate that the tensile and flexural strength of PP increase with addition of recycled carbon fiber up to 20 wt%. When 40 wt% recycled carbon fiber was added into PP, the tensile and flexural moduli were increased by about 177 and 359%, respectively. The coefficient of thermal expansion was found to be decreased by increasing recycled carbon fiber weight fraction. The addition of low weight fraction of recycled carbon fibers (up to 5 wt%) increased the nucleation process on PP crystallization. POLYM. COMPOS., 39:3656-3665, 2018. (c) 2017 Society of Plastics Engineers

In this study, multilayer graphene (Gr)-reinforced cellulose composites were synthesized by using 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium diethylphosphonate ionic liquid. The composites were fabricated via dissolving the cellulose in 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium diethylphosphonate and Gr loading at different ratios (0.2, 0.4, and 0.6 wt.%). Both sides of the composites were coated with gold leaf to generate electrodes. The effect of Gr loading on chemical functional groups, crystallographic properties, thermal stability, and morphological and mechanical properties of cellulose film was investigated by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetric analysis, scanning electron microscopy, and tensile test, respectively. Electromechanical behavior of the cellulose composite films reinforced with Gr (0.2, 0.4, and 0.6 wt.%) was investigated under DC excitation voltages of 1, 3, 5 and 7 V. Gr loading of 0.2 wt.% increased maximum tip displacement by 400% when the actuator is excited with 3 V.

8th International Advances in Applied Physics and Materials Science Congress and Exhibition (APMAS) -- APR 24-30, 2018 -- Fethiye, TURKEY, WOS: 000481717400048, The aim of this study is to investigate mechanical and thermal properties of linear low density polyethylene (LLDPE)-based composite prepared with different almond shells powder (AS) contents. In this paper, AS (5, 10, 20, 30, and 40 wt%) filled LLDPE composites were prepared by compounding polyethylene and AS using a co-rotating twin screw extruder. All specimens for mechanical tests were molded using injection molding. 40 wt% AS filling into LLDPE has led to 100% increase in flexural strength of LLDPE. AS filling into LLDPE decreased the MFI value of LLDPE. AS filling into LLDPE at low weight fractions (5 and 10%) has not affected the un-notched impact strength of LLDPE. Thermal properties of the composite were studied by thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA). From TGA analysis, it is seen that degradation of AS within LLDPE started at about 200 degrees C

The effect of gold electrode thickness (10, 27, 45, 67 and 80 nm) on the electromechanical performance of Nafion-based Ionic Polymer Metal Composite (IPMC) actuators was investigated in this study. The mechanical, morphological, electrical properties and electroactive behaviors of IPMC under direct current voltage (DC) and alternating voltage (AC) were examined. The tip displacement and maximum blocking force of actuators under various electrical stimulations were measured. In order to define transient response characteristics and quasi-steady state value of the actuators, DC excitations of 1, 3, 5, 7 and 9 V were used. Besides, to define bandwidth of the actuator samples, square wave excitation with magnitudes of 3, 5, and 7 V and frequencies of 0.1, 0.25, 0.5, 1, and 2 Hz were applied to actuator samples. The actuator having a gold electrode thickness of 45 nm produced maximum tip displacement among all actuators for all excitation DC voltages. In the square wave experiments, the higher cutoff frequencies were observed for the actuators with 27 and 45 nm electrode thicknesses. The blocking force of IPMC increased with increasing gold electrode thickness from 10 nm to 45 nm and decreased with increasing gold electrode thickness from 45 nm to 80 nm.

EgeUn###, Methyl-tri-n-butylammonium methylsulfate (BIL) was incorporated into acrylic resin to improve antistatic property of acrylic polymer (AP). In order to avoid reduction in the mechanical properties of acrylic film and to reach higher electrical conductivity values, the combination of graphite nanoplates (Gr) and BIL was used. The effects of incorporation of BIL and Gr into AP on UV-blocking properties and UV transmittance data of acrylic films were measured. After 120 days, AP containing 5 wt% BIL and 0.01 wt% Gr, and AP+15 wt% BIL exhibited antistatic property. While BIL incorporation into acrylic resin deteriorated the mechanical properties, 0.01 wt% Gr incorporation increased the tensile strength by 83%. [GRAPHICS] ., Ministry of Science, Industry and Technology (Turkey)Ministry of Science, Industry & Technology - Turkey [0016.STZ.2013-1], This work was supported by the Ministry of Science, Industry and Technology (Turkey), [Project Number: 0016.STZ.2013-1].

A detailed characterization of Graphene (Gr) loaded chitosan films was conducted in this study. Thermal characterization of Gr loaded CS films was made by using thermogravimetric analysis and thermal conductivity measurement. 1, 2, and 3 wt% loading of Gr into CS increased the thermal conductivity of CS by 25, 258 and 244%, respectively. The effect of Gr loading into CS on electrical resistivity properties of CS was determined by surface resistivity measurements. 1 wt% loading of Gr decreased the surface resistivity of CS film from 4.7 x 10(5) Omega/sq to 4.4 x 10(3) Omega/sq. Viscoelastic properties of CS-Gr composite film samples were analyzed by using dynamic mechanical analysis. Mechanical, morphological, crystallographic properties of composite films were determined by tensile tests, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) observations, and X-ray diffraction analyses, respectively. The storage modulus of CS was increased by 32% with 1 wt% Gr loading into CS. With the loading of 1 wt% of Gr, tensile strength and Young's modulus of CS film increased by 128%, and 52%, respectively. The hydrophilicity of the CS and CS-Gr composites films was examined by contact angle measurements. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Perlite is a glassy amorphous volcanic rock and generally used in construction industries. Possible uses of perlite powder in polymeric composites allow producing value-added products. In this study, expanded Turkish perlite (TP) powder was characterized by particle size distribution and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller analysis. TP-filled high-density polyethylene (HDPE) composites were manufactured via thermokinetic mixer by adding various weight fractions of TP powder (5, 10, 20, and 30 wt%) into HDPE matrix. Produced composites were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, dynamic mechanic analysis, X-ray diffraction, and mechanical and thermal conductivity tests. From mechanical tests, it was observed that HDPE + 5% TP exhibited the greatest tensile strength. Flexural strength of the TP-filled HDPE composite was increased with the increasing TP content. Morphological properties of TP-filled HFPE composites were examined by scanning electron microscopy. As the weight fraction of TP was increased, storage modulus and loss modulus of the composites were increased. Moreover, the relaxation peak of HDPE was increased by the incorporation of TP into HDPE.

Tarımsal hasatlardan ve budamadan sonra, Dünya'da milyarlarca ton tarımsal atık meydana gelir. Yalnızca az miktarda tarımsal atık gübre ve yakıt olarak kullanılmaktadır ve geri kalanı değerlendirilmemektedir. Kalan atık, sahada yakıldığında hava kirliliğine neden olabilir. Bu nedenle, bu büyük miktarda atık, polimerik kompozit ürünler üretmek için bir takviye veya dolgu malzemesi olarak kullanılabilir. Son on yılda, doğal elyaf/polimer kompozitlerin gelişimi çevre dostu karakteristikleri, düşük maliyet, düşük yoğunluk vb. nedeniyle zemin kaplaması, dış cephe kaplaması ve otomotiv iç parçaları gibi birçok uygulamada popülerlik kazanmıştır. Bu çalışmada, polipropilen (PP) esaslı kompozitlerde doğal takviyelendirici dolgu malzemeleri olarak pirinç kabuğu (RH) ve asma çubuğu’nun etkin kullanımı değerlendirilmiştir. Bu çalışmada, kompozitlerin mekanik (çekme ve eğilme dayanımları ve Young’s ve eğilme modülleri) ve termal (bozunma, erime ve kristalleşme sıcaklıkları vb.) özelliklerini incelemek için farklı ağırlık oranlarda RH (% 10,% 20 ve% 30) içeren RH-PP kompozitler ve hibrit RH-VS-PP matris kompozitler üretilmiştir. RH-PP ve RH-VS-PP kompozitler, saf PP'ye kıyasla çok daha iyi mekanik ve termal özellikler sergilemiştir. RH-PP ve RH-VS-PP kompozitleri, maksimum bozulma sıcaklığının daha yüksek bir bozunma sıcaklığına yer değiştirmesiyle termal stabilitesinde bir artış göstermiştir. RH-PP kompozitlere kıyasla, RH’ın VS’ye oranı 3: 7 olduğunda, RH-VS-PP kompozitleri daha iyi eğilme özellikleri sunmuştur., After agricultural harvests and pruning, billionsof tons of agro-wastes are occurred on Earth. Only a small amount of theagro-waste is used as fertilizer and fuel and the rest is not evaluated. Theremaining waste can cause air pollution if it is burned in the field. For thisreason, this large amount of waste can be used as a reinforcement or filler toproduce polymeric composite products. In last decade, the development ofnatural fiber/polymer composites has gained popularity in many applicationssuch as decking, siding, and automotive indoor parts due to their environmentfriendly characteristics, low cost, low density etc. In this study, theeffective utilization of rice husk (RH) and vine stem (VS) as naturalreinforcing fillers in polypropylene (PP) based composites was evaluated. PPmatrix composites containing different weight fraction of RH (10%, 20% and 30 %) and hybrid RH-VS-PPmatrix composites were manufactured to observe the mechanical (tensile andflexural strengths, and Young’s and flexural moduli) and thermal (degradation,melting, and crystallization temperatures etc.) properties of the composites. TheRH-PP and RH-VS-PP composites exhibited much better mechanical and thermalproperties compared to neat PP. RH-PP and RH-VS-PP composites showed anincrease in thermal stability, which is indicated by shifting in maximumdegradation temperature to a higher degradation temperature. Compared to RH-PPcomposites, the RH-VS-PP composites offered better flexural properties when theratio of rice husk to vine stem was 3:7.

7th International Advances in Applied Physics and Materials Science Congress and Exhibition (APMAS) -- APR 22-26, 2017 -- Fethiye, TURKEY, WOS: 000451281600075, High density polyethylene (HDPE) has been used extensively in many sectors of the industry. The main reason for the frequent use of HDPE is its low cost, easy processing, and high performance. These sectors include household and garden products, packaging etc. In order to reduce the production cost of plastic products and to improve plastic's moldability and stability, one or more minerals are usually filled into the thermoplastics. The minerals commonly used as fillers in plastic molding compounds include calcium carbonate, talc, silica, wollastonite, clay, mica, glass beads, and alumina trihydrate. In this paper, diatomite (DA) filled HDPE composites were prepared with gelimat mixer and hot press molding technique. Thermal properties of the composites were studied by thermogravimetric analysis and dynamic mechanical analysis. The mechanical properties of the composites were determined by using universal testing machine. Morphology of the composites was investigated by scanning electron microscopy. With the addition of DA into HDPE, significant change in tensile and flexural strengths of HDPE was not observed. The loss and storage moduli increased with increasing weight fraction of DA.

7th International Advances in Applied Physics and Materials Science Congress and Exhibition (APMAS) -- APR 22-26, 2017 -- Fethiye, TURKEY, WOS: 000451281600053, The aim of this study is to develop composites with high thermal conductivity by employing the thermophysical properties of aluminum nitride (AlN), hexagonal boron nitride (hBN), and synthetic graphite (SG). AlN, hBN, and SG filled polyamide 6 (PA) composites were prepared using a co-rotating twin-screw extruder and injection molding. Changes in thermal, mechanical, and electrical properties of the composites were investigated. The highest in-plane and through-plane thermal conductivity values were obtained with 50 wt.% SG and 50 wt.% AlN loadings, respectively. Mechanical strength of PA decreased for all filler loadings. Electrical conductivity results showed that AlN and hBN filled PA composites behave as electrical insulators. On the contrary, SG loading led to electrically conductive PA composites.

In this study, graphene nanoplatelets (0.10, 0.25, and 0.50 wt.%) were loaded into cellulose matrix to improve electroactive performance of cellulose-based composite actuators. Firstly, cellulosic films were produced by dissolving microcrystalline cellulose in 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride. Afterwards, graphene loaded cellulosic films were fabricated and gold leaf was coated on both surfaces of graphene loaded cellulose-based films. The changes in crystallographic properties and chemical functional groups of cellulose were investigated by X-ray diffraction and Fourier transform infrared analyses, respectively. Besides, thermal stability, electrical conductivity, and morphological properties of the films were examined by thermogravimetric analysis, electrical conductivity measurement, and scanning electron microscopy, respectively. The tensile strength and the Young's modulus of the films and actuators were also determined by tensile tests. The electroactive characteristics were analyzed under DC excitation voltages of 3 V, 5 V and 7 V. The time responses were evaluated via proposed experimental data based model. The performances of the actuators were compared in terms of maximum tip displacement, minimum tip displacement and time constant. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

PubMed: 29253989, 2-s2.0-85032709453, In order to analyze the bending mechanism of the electroactive? chitosan-based actuator, different amounts of poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride) (PDAD) were incorporated in chitosan solution. The effects of PDAD concentration on electromechanical performance of chitosan actuator were investigated under various excitation voltages. With the incorporation of PDAD into chitosan solution, crosslinked chitosan film acts as an actuator showing a considerable displacement behavior. However it can be noted that higher incorporation of PDAD into chitosan solution decreased the performance of the actuators. Thermal, viscoelastic, and crystallographic properties of the chitosan films were examined by thermogravimetric analysis, dynamic mechanical analysis, and X-ray diffraction analysis, respectively. The effect of incorporation of PDAD in chitosan-based film on morphological properties of chitosan film was determined by scanning electron microscopy. It was observed that the films involving PDAD have larger pore size than the PDAD free film. © 2017 Elsevier Ltd, 111M643, This study was supported by TUBITAK-The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey , with a Project Number: 111M643.

WOS: 000443173500003, In this study, paper processing residues containing a large extent cellulosic fibrous with inorganic filler such as calcite and clay minerals were used in the manufacturing of high density polyethylene (HDPE) composite. The residues ranging from 10 to 60wt% were loaded into HDPE in order to evaluate the effect of the paper processing residue filler on mechanical properties of HDPE. The composites were produced using mixing process by a high-speed thermo-kinetic mixer and molding process. Mechanical properties of the produced composites were analyzed using standard test methods. According to results, it was observed that the flexural modulus of composites increased with increasing filler contents. Especially, the flexural strength was increased by 26.3% for the 40wt% filler content The tensile strength of paper industry mill residues filled HDPE composites exhibited an increase of 10-20% compared to that of HDPE matrix. Consequently, in the present study, paper processing residues filler without any modifying agent was used for the production of HDPE composites having better mechanical properties compared to HDPE. Thus, paper processing residues which have no economic value and cause an environmental problem have served as a filler material for HDPE.

Flax fibers were modified by argon and air atmospheric pressure plasma treatments to improve the mechanical properties of flax fiber-reinforced unsaturated polyester composites. Plasma treatments were carried out at plasma powers of 100, 200, and 300 W. Both plasma surface treatments were conducted to improve the tensile strength, tensile modulus, flexural strength, flexural modulus, interlaminar shear strength (ILSS), Mode I interlaminar fracture toughness (GIC), and Mode II interlaminar fracture toughness (GIIC). Moreover, the maximum improvement in the mechanical properties was obtained after air plasma treatment of flax fiber at a plasma power of 300 W. Tensile strength, flexural strength, ILSS, GIC, and GIIC values of flax fiber-reinforced polyester composites increased by nearly 34%, 31%, 39%, 35%, and 42%, respectively. However, for argon plasma-treated flax fiber-reinforced polyester composites, the mechanical properties of composite increased up to argon plasma power of 200 W.

EgeUn###, Suppressing the through-plane component of the thermal conductivity caused by synthetic graphite (SG) alignment was decreased by loading of recycled carbon fiber (CF) into SG loaded polypropylene (PP) composites. The effect of CF loading into SG loaded PP composites on thermal stability, viscoelastic, and morphological properties were also investigated by thermogravimetric analysis, dynamic mechanical analysis, and scanning electron microscopy, respectively. CF loading into SG loaded PP composites increased through-plane conductivity considerably rather than in-plane conductivity. 20 wt% CF additions into 50 wt% SG increased through-plane and in-plane thermal conductivity values by 12.5 and 1.3 times, respectively. Storage and loss moduli of composites significantly increased with the increasing fiber weight content, particularly 20 wt%. Besides, while SG decreases the mechanical properties of PP, CF loading into SG loaded PP composites increased the mechanical properties., Research Foundation of Izmir Katip Celebi University [2016-GAP-MUMF-0030], The authors gratefully acknowledge the financial support given by the Research Foundation of Izmir Katip Celebi University (Project No: 2016-GAP-MUMF-0030).

In this study, flax fibers were treated by argon and air atmospheric pressure plasma systems under various plasma powers to improve interfacial adhesion between the flax fiber and high density polyethylene (HDPE) and unsaturated polyester. The interfacial adhesion of argon treated flax fiber for HDPE matrix is superior than those of air treated and untreated flax fiber. However for the adhesion between flax fiber and polyester matrix, air treatment is more efficient than argon treatment. Besides, greater plasma power causes greater interfacial adhesion, which was proved by pull out tests. The surface characteristics of flax fibers were examined using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and roughness tests. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis (XPS) indicated that the air plasma-treated fiber had higher oxygen concentration and higher oxygen/carbon ratio than the untreated fiber and argon plasma treated fiber. Changes in the surface chemical composition and functional groups, and increases in surface roughness were obtained. After both plasma treatments, it was clearly seen that a new functional group (O-C=O) generates on the flax fiber surface. (c) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

The aim of this study is to examine the use of Ferula communis fibers as potential reinforcement in polymer composites. The fibers are extracted from the F. communis plant which grows in Selcuk, Izmir in western Turkey. The chemical composition of ferula fibers in terms of cellulose, lignin, and ash contents was determined. Surface functional groups of ferula fibers were obtained by fourier transform infrared and Xray photoelectron spectroscopy. Crystallinity index and crystallite size were determined by X-ray diffraction analysis. The morphology of ferula fibers was investigated through scanning electron microscopy, the thermal behavior through thermogravimetric and differential scanning calorimetry analyses. The real density of ferula fibers was measured by means of Archimedes method with ethanol. The mechanical properties of F. communis were measured through single fiber tensile tests. The interfacial shear strength (IFSS) in a polyester matrix has been estimated from the pull-out test. Crown Copyright (C) 2012 Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

The aim of this study is to characterize linden fibres as a novel cellulose-based fibre to be used as a reinforcement material in composites and to investigate the adhesion property to unsaturated polyester. Up to now, there is no report regarding the potential usability of linden fibre in composite applications. Linden fibres were extracted from the stem of a plant of Tilia rubra DC. subsp. caucasica (Rupr.) V.Engl. Characterization of linden fibres was studied by Fourier transform infrared, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, X-ray diffraction analysis, tensile and pull-out tests. Morphological properties of the fibres were observed through scanning electron and optical microscopes. Initial degradation temperature of the linden fibre was reported to be 238℃. The tensile strength and the Young’s modulus of the linden fibres were calculated to be 675.4 ± 45.7 MPa and 61.0 ± 9.8 GPa, respectively. The interfacial shear strength of the linden fibre with unsaturated polyester matrix was computed as 26.15 ± 2.27 MPa via pullout test. This study offers an alternative and eco-friendly reinforcement material which may have usability potential in polymeric composites.

This study aims to produce a long-term antistatic acrylic-based film by incorporating ionic liquid (IL), 1-ethyl-2,3-dimethylimidazolium ethyl sulphate (EIL) into acrylic resin. After loading, characterisations of samples were conducted by mechanically, thermally and morphologically. In order to determine antistatic properties, surface resistivity of samples was measured by using at different time intervals. The results indicated that IL loaded polymers showed a good antistatic property for a long time. The effect of incorporation on tensile strength, tensile modulus, flexural strength and flexural modulus of polymer were also obtained. After loading process, tensile strength, tensile modulus, flexural strength and flexural modulus values decreased considerably. The decrement in tensile strength of polymer is much less than that in flexural strength. The effect of EIL incorporation into acrylic resin on thermal conductivity and surface wettability was also investigated. From scanning electron microscopy images, EIL particles in nano-size range were observed in polymer structure.

Vine stem is an agricultural side product and has limited economic value. Alternative uses of such agricultural powder into value-added products such as thermoplastic composites can provide remarkable environmental and economic benefits. Vine stem filler may be used as a potential reinforcement in polymeric materials. In this study, vine stem reinforced high density polyethylene (HDPE) composite materials were manufactured and characterized. Agricultural waste of vine stem was collected from Manisa region, Turkey. Vine stem was ground in a grinder and thereby turning into the powder form. Composites were obtained using twin screw extruder by adding different amounts of vine stem powder (5,10 and 20% wt.) into HDPE. Mechanical, thermal, water absorption and crystallographic properties of waste vine stem reinforced HDPE composites were investigated. HDPE containing 10% waste vine stern exhibited the highest tensile strength and flexural strength. Vine stem powder addition into HDPE delayed the thermal decomposition of HDPE. DMA analyses showed that the storage modulus values of reinforced HDPE are higher than neat HDPE throughout the whole temperature scale. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Woven roving jute fiber-reinforced unsaturated polyester composites were subjected to water absorption tests in order to study the effects of water ageing on the mechanical properties. Composite specimens were immersed in distilled water and salt water up to 2736 h. The water absorption of specimens reached to an equilibrium level after an immersion time of 300 h. It was observed that tensile, flexural, and interlaminar shear strengths (ILSSs) of jute/polyester composites decreased depending on the immersion time. The ILSS values of the composites were reduced by more than 53% for both the distilled water and the salt water after an immersion time of 2736 h.

Luffa cylindrica of Turkey's Aegean Region was evaluated in terms of fiber characterization and the mechanical properties of its composite with polyester. Characterization of Luffa cylindrica was carried out by Fourier transform infrared spectrophotometer, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), scanning electron microscopy, and thermogravimetric analysis. Cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin contents of Luffa cylindirica were also determined. Deconvolutions of XPS data enable determining the distributions of functional groups on the surface of Luffa cylindrica. Luffa cylindrica-reinforced polyester composite was subjected to water aging under a steam of sea-water containing 5% sodium chloride for 170 h at 50 degrees C. After water aging, tensile strength, flexural strength, interlaminar shear strength, and tensile elongation at break values of the composite decreased similar to 28%, 24%, 45%, and 31%, respectively. However, tensile modulus and flexural modulus did not change significantly. (C) 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 123: 2330-2337, 2012

The effect of atmospheric air plasma treatment of jute fabrics on the mechanical properties of jute fabric reinforced polyester composites was investigated. The jute fabrics were subjected to different plasma powers (60, 90, and 120 W) for the exposure times of 1, 3, and 6 min. The effects of plasma powers and exposure times on interlaminar shear strength, tensile strength, and flexural strength of polyester based composites were evaluated. The greatest ILSS increase was about 171% at plasma power of 120 W and exposure time of 6 min. It is inferred that atmospheric air plasma treatment improves the interfacial adhesion between the jute fiber and polyester. This result was also confirmed by scanning electron microscopy observations of the fractured surfaces of the composites. The greatest tensile strength and flexural strength values were determined at 120 W for 1 min and at 60 W for 3 min, respectively. Moreover, it can be said that atmospheric air plasma treatment of jute fibers at longer exposure times (6 min) made a detrimental effect on tensile and flexural properties of jute-reinforced polyester composites. (C) 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 121: 634-638, 2011

To increase the mechanical properties of recycled carbon fiber-reinforced polypropylene (PP) composites, recycled carbon fibers (RCF) were subjected to atmospheric plasma treatment at different plasma powers (100, 200, and 300W). The changes on surface topography and roughness of RCF were examined by atomic force microscopy. Plasma treatment of RCF increased the roughness value of RCF. The variation of surface elemental compositions and tensile strength of RCF were determined by using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and tensile test, respectively. Plasma-treated RCF-reinforced PP composites were fabricated using high speed thermo-kinetic mixer. Plasma treatment of RCF at 100W increased the tensile and flexural strength values of RCF-reinforced PP composites considerably by 17 and 11%, respectively. However, plasma treatment of RCF at higher plasma powers (200W and 300W) decreased tensile and flexural strength values of composites because of the etching of RCF. (c) 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019, 136, 47131.

This study intends to produce plasma polymer thin films of γ-glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane (γ-GPS) on glass fibers in order to improve interfacial adhesion of glass fiber-reinforced epoxy composites. A low frequency (LF) plasma generator was used for the plasma polymerization of γ-GPS on the surface of glass fibers at different plasma powers and exposure times. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and SEM analyses of plasma polymerized glass fibers were conducted to obtain some information about surface properties of glass fibers. Interlaminar shear strength (ILSS) values and interfacial shear strength (IFSS) of composites reinforced with plasma polymerized glass fiber were evaluated. The ILSS and IFSS values of non-plasma polymerized glass fiber-reinforced epoxy composite were increased 110 and 53%, respectively, after plasma polymerization of γ-GPS at a plasma power of 60 W for 30 min. The improvement of interfacial adhesion was also confirmed by SEM observations of fractured surface of the composites.

Enhancement of the mechanical and vibrational properties of glass/polyester composites was aimed via matrix modification technique. To achieve this, unsaturated polyester was modified by incorporation of oligomeric siloxane in the concentration range of 1-3 wt%. Modified matrix composites reinforced with woven roving glass fabric were compared with untreated glass/polyester in terms of mechanical and interlaminar properties by conducting tensile, flexure, and short-beam shear tests. It was found that after incorporation of 3 % oligomeric siloxane into the polyester matrix, the tensile, flexural, and interlaminar shear strength (ILSS) values of the resulting composite increased by 16, 15, and 75 %, respectively. The increases in ILSS as well as in tensile and flexural properties were considered to be an indication of better fiber/matrix interaction as confirmed by SEM fractography images. Furthermore, the effect of oligomeric siloxane incorporation on the vibrational properties of the composites was investigated by experimental modal testing and the natural frequencies of the composites were found to increase with increasing siloxane concentration.

In this study, jute/polyester composites were fabricated. To improve the adhesion between jute fabric and polyester alkali-treated jute fabrics were treated with γ-methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane (γ-MPS). The effect of silane concentrations (0.1%, 0.3%, and 0.5%) on tensile properties, flexural properties, and interlaminar shear strength was investigated. Once jute fabrics were treated with 0.1% and 0.3% silane concentrations, the tensile properties of silane-treated jute polyester composites increased. However, when 0.5% γ-MPS was used in silane treatment, the tensile properties of jute/polyester composites decreased. 0.3% silane-treated jute/polyester composites exhibited superior improvements in terms of the flexure properties among the fabricated composites. Interlaminar shear strength measurements showed that best adhesion was provided by using 0.3% silane-treated jute/polyester composites. Good adhesion between silane-treated jute fabric and polyester was also confirmed by scanning electron microscope observations.

In this study, glass fibers. were modified using gamma-glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane of different concentrations to improve the interfacial adhesion at interfaces between fibers and matrix. Effects of gamma-glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane on mechanical properties and fracture behavior of glass fiber/epoxy composites were investigated experimentally. Mechanical properties of the composites have been investigated by tensile tests, short beam tests, and flexural tests. The short-beam method was used to measure the interlaminar shear strength (ILSS) of laminates. The tensile and flexural properties of composites were characterized by tensile and three-point bending tests, respectively. The fracture surfaces of the composites were observed with a scanning electron microscope. On comparing the results obtained for the different concentrations of silane solution, it was found that the 0.5% GPS silane treatment provided the best mechanical properties. The ILSS value of heat-cleaned glass fiber reinforced composite is enhanced by similar to 59% as a result of the glass fiber treatment with 0.5% gamma-GPS. Also, an improvement of about 37% in tensile strength, about 78% in flexural strength of the composite with the 0.5% gamma-GPS treatment of glass fibers was observed. POLYM. COMPOS., 30:1251-1257, 2009. (C) 2008 Society of Plastics Engineers

In this study, effects of fiber surface treatments on mechanical behavior and fracture mechanism of glass fiber/epoxy composites were investigated experimentally. To change the composition of the glass and regenerate to the hydroxyl groups, activation pretreatment of heat cleaned woven glass fabric was performed using (v/v) HCl aqueous solution at different concentrations before silane treatment. The treatment of silanization of heat cleaned and acid activated glass fibers with gamma-glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane were performed. In this work, short beam shear test has been conducted to determine the performance of the acid treatment and the silane treatment in terms of the interlaminar shear strength. The silane coating on the heat cleaned glass fibers increased the interlaminar shear strength of the composite. However, the silane coating on the acid activated glass fibers did not improve the interlaminar shear strength of the composite. In addition, the strengths of the glass fabric specimens in tension and flexure were investigated. When the glass fibers are first treated with HCl solution and then with silane coupling agent, the tensile strengths of the composites decreased significantly. Scanning electron photomicrographs of fractured surfaces of composites were performed to explain the failure mechanisms in the composite laminates broken in tension.

© 2015, Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht.Electroactive behavior of carboxymethylcellulose (CMC)-based actuators was investigated in this study. CMC-based films were firstly fabricated by using 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide. Characterization studies of the CMC films were conducted by using Fourier transform infrared, X-ray diffraction analysis, thermogravimetric analysis, scanning electron microscopy, and tensile testing. CMC-based actuator films were produced by gold coating on both surfaces of CMC-based films. Polyethylene glycol (PEG) at different loadings (1, 1.5 and 2 g) was used to improve electroactive behavior of CMC based actuators. Maximum tip displacements were obtained under DC excitation voltages of 1, 3, 5 and 7 V. CMC based actuator loaded with 1.5 g PEG exhibited the largest tip displacement among other actuators for each excitation voltage. The PEG loading did not lead to considerable differences in tensile strength of CMC-based films. However, Young’s modulus decreased with PEG loading.

In this article, the effects of graphene loading (0.1, 0.2, 0.3 wt%) on both the electromechanical and mechanical properties of carboxymethylcellulose (CMC)-based actuators were investigated. CMC-based graphene-loaded actuators were prepared by using 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide. The synthesized graphene-loaded actuators were characterized by Fourier transform infrared, X-ray diffraction analysis, thermogravimetric analysis, scanning electron microscopy, and tensile tests. Electromechanical properties of the actuators were obtained under DC excitation voltages of 1, 3, 5, and 7 V with a laser displacement sensor. According to the obtained results, the ultimate tensile strength of CMC-based actuators containing 0.3 wt% graphene was higher than that of unloaded actuators by approximately 72.8 %. In addition, the Young’s modulus value of the graphene-loaded actuators increased continuously with increasing graphene content. Under a DC excitation voltage of 5 V, the maximum tip displacement of 0.2 wt% graphene-loaded actuators increased by about 15 % compared to unloaded actuators.

Rice husk (RH) reinforced wheat gluten/glycerol (Gly/Glut) and rice husk (R) reinforced wheat gluten-glycerol/chitosan-polyethylene glycol (Gly/Glut-CP) biocomposites with varying rice husk loading were prepared. Morphological, thermal, and mechanical properties of the biocomposites were investigated by scanning electron microscope, thermogravimetric analyzer, and tensile testing machine, respectively. Water absorption properties and surface functional groups of the biocomposite films were determined by weight measurement and attentuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, respectively. The results were discussed in terms of chitosan-polyethylene glycol (CP) and rice husk content. Although CP and 1-g rice husk addition decreased maximum degradation temperature of Gly/Glut film, adding of more rice husk did not considerably change the maximum degradation temperature. As a result of adding CP, the tensile strength of Gly/Glut film was increased by about 183%, whereas tensile modulus was decreased by about 34%. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 54:1477–1483, 2014. © 2013 Society of Plastics Engineers

The mechanical, thermal, chemical, crystallographic and morphological properties of althaea fibres, extracted from Althaea officinalis L, was examined for the first time in this study. A. officinalis L. was obtained from Mordogan, Izmir (Turkey). After extraction process, lignin, cellulose and hemicellulose contents of althaea fibres were identified. Fourier transform infrared and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy were utilized for surface functional groups of althaea fibres. By using X-ray diffraction analysis, CI value for althaea fibre is obtained to be 68%. The images of scanning electron microscopy were taken for observation of morphology of althaea fibres. The tensile modulus and tensile strength values of althaea fibre were obtained by single fibre tensile tests as 415.2 MPa and 65.4 GPa, respectively. Thermogravimetric analysis showed that thermal degradation of the fibre begins at approximately 220 degrees C. Besides, by pulling out the althea fibre from the embedded high density polyethylene, interfacial shear strength value was determined to be 8.16 MPa. The results suggest that the althaea fibre can be used in composite applications as a natural reinforcement material. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.