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This paper describes the characteristics of atmospheric surface layer and heat balance components of snow-ice cover during drift of RV "Akademik Treshnikov" to the north of the archipelagos Franz Josef Land and Svalbard, in the area 80 - 82N, 30 - 45E, in comparison with observations at drifting station North Pole-35", worked in the same area in April 2008, and "Ice Base Cape Baranova" in April 2019. Characteristics of atmospheric surface layer and the energy exchange processes during the drift of the expedition"Transarctica-2019" were significantly affected by the presence of clouds and the state of the ice cover. The influence of these factors led to a decrease in the radiative cooling of the surface, the formation of a warmer and wetter ABL and to a weakening of the turbulent exchange between the atmosphere and the snow-ice cover. Comparison of energy exchange characteristics, calculated for the Bolshevik Island (79° N) and for expedition "Transarctica 2019" area shows good agreement between the monthly averaged values and trends in heat fluxes, despite the fact that in the first case the underlying surface was sea ice cover, and in the second it was the land surface.

The study presents the results of continuous measurements of carbon dioxide concentration in the atmospheric surface layer at Tiksi and Cape Baranov Arctic stations over the period of August 2010–May 2017 and over the whole 2016, respectively. The amplitude of diurnal variations in the CO2 concentration in Tiksi from June to September is 1.1 ± 1.3, 2.4 ± 2.0, 4.1 ± 2.3, and 2.0 ± 2.4 ppm. Diurnal variations in CO2 at Cape Baranov station are absent. The observed seasonal variations in the CO2 concentration are compared with the data of the MBL empirical model for the marine atmospheric boundary layer of the Arctic region. In 2016, the difference between the observed and model concentrations at Tiksi and Cape Baranov stations amounted to 1.7 and 0.5 ppm, respectively, in winter and −3.0 and −1.9 ppm, respectively, in summer. It is shown that wildfires in Siberia caused a long synchronous increase in the CO2 concentration by 20 ppm in Tiksi and by 15 ppm at Cape Baranov station.

Results of the ice and hydrological measurements carried out in the winter of 2014/15 in theTiksiGulf(Buor-KhayaBay) are described. These data served a basis for development of a conceptual thermodynamic model of seasonal freezing of the sea water layers and underlying bottom sediments in the sea-shore zone. The model uses two methods of localization of the phase transition zones: a classical (frontal) one is used for water, while another one within the range of temperatures – for the bottom. For real atmospheric conditions, we investigated specific features of the water freezing through in the shallow coastal zone of theLaptev Sea. The quantitative characteristics of the process were obtained. The calculations demonstrated that the distinguishing feature of the process is a stabilization of the ice thickness, taking place due to essential increasing of a salinity of the sea water. As a result of this, a shallow water body does not frozen through down to the bottom at even the very low air temperatures. Cooled salt waters does not allow liquid to be frozen in pores of the bottom ground. Salinization of the under-ice water layer can cause the melting of fast ice in the shallow water with its simultaneous increase away from the coast. Ice formation in water layers and bottom sediments begins at the same time, although it proceeds differently at different depths. Due to salinization of the bottom ground a continuous frozen zone is not formed, and the whole layer of freezing precipitation is a two-phase (partially frozen) area. As a whole, the model estimates of the process parameters including the motions of the phase fronts agree with known data of direct measurements. Despite such conformity, the model data should be considered as only evaluative ones. If a bottom is flat, the horizontal mixing and advection, which are not reproduced by a one-dimensional model in principle, the actual salinity parameters will most likely not reach the calculated values. However, for

IASOA activities and partnerships were initiated as a part of the 2007-2009 International Polar Year (IPY) and are expected to continue for many decades as a legacy program. The IASOA focus is on coordinating intensive measurements of the Arctic atmosphere collected in the U.S., Canada, Russia, Norway, Finland, and Greenland, to create synthesis science that leads to an understanding of why, and not just how the Arctic atmosphere is evolving. The IASOA premise is that there are limitations with Arctic modeling and satellite observations that can only be addressed with boots-on-the-ground, in-situ observations and that the potential of combining individual station and network measurements into an integrated observing system is tremendous. The IASOA vision is that by further integrating with other network observing programs focusing on hydrology, glaciology, oceanography, terrestrial, and biological systems it will be possible to understand the mechanisms of the entire Arctic system, perhaps well enough for humans to mitigate undesirable change, and adapt to inevitable change.