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Understanding specifically where a model focuses on within an image is critical for human interpretability of the decision-making process. Deep learning-based solutions are prone to learning coincidental correlations in training datasets, causing over-fitting and reducing the explainability. Recent advances have shown that guiding models to human-defined regions of saliency within individual images significantly increases performance and interpretability. Human-guided models also exhibit greater generalization capabilities, as coincidental dataset features are avoided. Results show that models trained with saliency incorporation display an increase in interpretability of up to 30% over models trained without saliency information. The collection of this saliency information, however, can be costly, laborious and in some cases infeasible. To address this limitation, we propose a combination strategy of saliency incorporation and active learning to reduce the human annotation data required by 80% while maintaining the interpretability and performance increase from human saliency. Extensive experimentation outlines the effectiveness of the proposed approach across five public datasets and six active learning criteria.

Type Ia supernovae (SNe Ia) are likely the thermonuclear explosions of carbon-oxygen (CO) white-dwarf (WD) stars, but the exact nature of their progenitor systems remains uncertain. Recent studies have suggested that a propagating detonation within a thin helium shell surrounding a sub-Chandrasekhar mass CO core can subsequently trigger a detonation within the core (the double-detonation model, DDM). The resulting explosion resembles a central ignition of a sub-Chandrasekhar mass CO WD (SCD), which is known to be in tension with the observed $t_0$-$M_{\rm{Ni}56}$ relation, where $t_0$ (the $\gamma$-rays' escape time from the ejecta) is positively correlated with $M_{\rm{Ni}56}$ (the synthesized $^{56}$Ni mass). SCD predicts an anti-correlation between $t_0$ and $M_{\rm{Ni}56}$, with $t_0\mathord{\approx}30\,\textrm{day}$ for luminous ($M_{\rm{Ni}56}\gtrsim0.5\,M_{\odot}$) SNe Ia, while the observed $t_0$ is in the range of 35-45 days. In this study, we apply our recently developed numerical scheme to calculate in 2D the impact of off-center ignition in sub-Chandrasekhar mass CO WD, aiming to better emulate the behavior expected in the DDM scenario. Our calculations of the $t_0$-$M_{\rm{Ni}56}$ relation, which do not require radiation transfer calculations, achieve convergence to within a few percent with a numerical resolution of $\mathord{\sim}1\,\rm{km}$. We find that the results only slightly depend on the ignition location, mirroring the SCD model, and consequently, the discrepancy with the observed $t_0$-$M_{\rm{Ni}56}$ relation remains unresolved., Comment: 12 pages, 8 figures. Submitted to MNRAS

We develop an open-source, end-to-end software (named QHDOPT), which can solve nonlinear optimization problems using the quantum Hamiltonian descent (QHD) algorithm. QHDOPT offers an accessible interface and automatically maps tasks to various supported quantum backends (i.e., quantum hardware machines). These features enable users, even those without prior knowledge or experience in quantum computing, to utilize the power of existing quantum devices for nonlinear and nonconvex optimization tasks. In its intermediate compilation layer, QHDOPT employs SimuQ, an efficient interface for Hamiltonian-oriented programming, to facilitate multiple algorithmic specifications and ensure compatible cross-hardware deployment. The detailed documentation of QHDOPT is available at https://github.com/jiaqileng/QHDOPT., Comment: 23 pages, 7 figures. The full repository is available at https://github.com/jiaqileng/QHDOPT

The cores of stars are the cosmic furnaces where light elements are fused into heavier nuclei. The fusion of hydrogen to helium initially powers all stars. The ashes of the fusion reactions are then predicted to serve as fuel in a series of stages, eventually transforming massive stars into a structure of concentric shells. These are composed of natal hydrogen on the outside, and consecutively heavier compositions inside, predicted to be dominated by helium, carbon/oxygen, oxygen/neon/magnesium, and oxygen/silicon/sulphur. Silicon and sulphur are fused into inert iron, leading to the collapse of the core and either a supernova explosion or the direct formation of a black hole. Stripped stars, where the outer hydrogen layer has been removed and the internal He-rich layer (in Wolf-Rayet WN stars) or even the C/O layer below it (in Wolf-Rayet WC/WO stars) are exposed, provide evidence for this shell structure, and the cosmic element production mechanism it reflects. The types of supernova explosions that arise from stripped stars embedded in shells of circumstellar material (most notably Type Ibn supernovae from stars with outer He layers, and Type Icn supernovae from stars with outer C/O layers) confirm this scenario. However, direct evidence for the most interior shells, which are responsible for the production of elements heavier than oxygen, is lacking. Here, we report the discovery of the first-of-its-kind supernova arising from a star peculiarly stripped all the way to the silicon and sulphur-rich internal layer. Whereas the concentric shell structure of massive stars is not under debate, it is the first time that such a thick, massive silicon and sulphur-rich shell, expelled by the progenitor shortly before the SN explosion, has been directly revealed., Comment: 48 pages, 12 figures and 10 tables. Submitted to a high-impact journal. The reduced spectra and photometry will be made available via the journal webpage and the WISeREP archive after the acceptance of the paper

Production of the ${^{55-57}}$Co nuclei on ${^{\rm nat}}$Ni in photonuclear reactions using bremsstrahlung gamma photon irradiation with end-point energy $E_{\rm{\gamma max}}$ between 35 and 94~MeV has been studied. The experiment was performed at the electron linear accelerator LUE-40 NSC KIPT using the methods of $\gamma$ activation and off-line $\gamma$-ray spectroscopy. The obtained experimental flux-averaged cross-sections $\langle{\sigma(E_{\rm{\gamma max}})}\rangle$ agree with the data found in literature. The theoretical flux-averaged cross-sections $\langle{\sigma(E_{\rm{\gamma max}})}\rangle_{\rm{th}}$ for the production of ${^{55-57}}$Co and ${^{55-57}}$Ni were estimated using the cross-section values $\sigma(E)$ from the TALYS1.95 code and bremsstrahlung spectra of gamma photons calculated by GEANT4.9.2. The experimental results for ${^{56,57}}$Co agree with the cumulative $\langle{\sigma(E_{\rm{\gamma max}})}\rangle_{\rm{th}}$. However theoretical prediction fails to reproduce the measured cross-sections for the production of ${^{55}}$Co., Comment: 11 pages, 6 figures, 4 Tables

The photoproduction of the $^{\rm 93m}$Mo nucleus on natural molybdenum was studied using the electron beam of the LUE-40 linac RDC "Accelerator" NSC KIPT. Measurements were performed using the activation method and off-line $\gamma$-ray spectrometric technique. For the $^{\rm nat}$Mo($\gamma,x$n)$^{\rm 93m}$Mo reaction the experimental flux-averaged cross-section <$\sigma(E_{\rm \gamma max})$>$_\rm m$ at the bremsstrahlung end-point energy range of 38--93 MeV was first time determined. The theoretical values of the yields $Y_{\rm m,g}(E_{\rm \gamma max})$ and flux-averaged cross-sections <$\sigma(E_{\rm \gamma max})$>$_{\rm m,g}$ for the $^{\rm nat}$Mo($\gamma,x$n)$^{\rm 93m,g}$Mo reactions were calculated using the cross-sections $\sigma(E_{\rm \gamma})$ from the TALYS1.96 code for different gamma strength functions and level density models. The comparison showed strong discrepancies between the experimental values and the theoretical results of <$\sigma(E_{\rm \gamma max})$>$_m$., Comment: 8 pages, 9 figures, 2 tables. arXiv admin note: text overlap with arXiv:2308.02243, arXiv:2311.03038

A rare subclass of Type Ia supernovae (SNe Ia), named after the prototype SN 2003fg, includes some of the brightest SNe Ia, often called "super Chandrasekhar-mass" SNe Ia. We calculate the $\gamma$-ray deposition histories and the $^{56}$Ni mass synthesized in the explosion, $M_\mathrm{Ni56}$, for eight 2003fg-like SNe. Our findings reveal that the $\gamma$-ray escape time, $t_0$, for these objects is $ t_0\approx45\text{-}60 \,$ days, significantly higher than that of normal SNe Ia. 2003fg-like SNe are distinct from normal SNe Ia in the $ t_0 $-$ M_\mathrm{Ni56} $ plane, with a noticeable gap between the two populations. The observed position of 2003fg-like SNe in this plane poses a significant challenge for theoretical explosion models. We demonstrate that the merger of two white dwarfs (WDs) and a single star exceeding the Chandrasekhar limit fail to reproduce the observed $ t_0 $-$ M_\mathrm{Ni56} $ distribution. However, preliminary calculations of head-on collisions of massive WDs show agreement with the observed $ t_0 $-$ M_\mathrm{Ni56} $ distribution., Comment: 16 pages, 7 figures. Submitted to MNRAS

Type Ia supernovae (SNe Ia) are widely believed to arise from thermonuclear explosions of white dwarfs (WDs). However, ongoing debate surrounds their progenitor systems and the mechanisms triggering these explosions. Recently, Sharon \& Kushnir showed that existing models do not reproduce the observed positive correlation between the $\gamma$-ray escape time, $t_0$, and the synthesized $^{56}$Ni mass, $M_\mathrm{Ni56}$. Their analysis, while avoiding complex radiation transfer (RT) calculations, did not account for the viewing-angle dependence of the derived $t_0$ and $M_\mathrm{Ni56}$ in multi-dimensional (multi-D) models during pre-nebular phases, where most observations performed. Here, we aim to identify an observational width-luminosity relation, similar to the $t_0$-$M_\mathrm{Ni56}$ relation to constrain multi-D models during pre-nebular phases while minimizing RT calculation uncertainties. We show that the bolometric luminosity at $t\le30$ days since explosion can be accurately computed without non-thermal ionization considerations, which are computationally expensive and uncertain. We find that the ratio of the bolometric luminosity at 30 days since explosion to the peak luminosity, $L_{30}/Lp$, correlates strongly with $t_0$. Using a sample of well-observed SNe Ia, we show that this parameter tightly correlates with the peak luminosity, $L_p$. We compare the observed $L_{30}/Lp$-$L_p$ distribution with models from the literature, including non-spherical models consisting of head-on WD collisions and off-centered ignitions of sub-Chandrasekhar mass WDs. We find that all known SNe Ia models fail to reproduce the observed bolometric luminosity-width correlation., Comment: 16 pages, 18 figures. Submitted to MNRAS

We revealed the anomalous temperature behavior of the giant dielectric permittivity and unusual frequency dependences of the pyroelectric response of the fine-grained ceramics prepared by the spark plasma sintering of the ferroelectric BaTiO3 nanoparticles. The temperature dependences of the electro-resistivity indicate the frequency-dependent transition in the electro-transport mechanisms between the lower and higher conductivity states accompanied by the maximum in the temperature dependence of the loss angle tangent. The pyroelectric thermal-wave probing revealed the existence of the spatially inhomogeneous counter-polarized ferroelectric state at the opposite surfaces of the ceramic sample. We described the temperature behavior of the giant dielectric response and losses using the core-shell model for ceramic grains, effective medium approach and Maxwell-Wagner approach. The superparaelectric-like state with a giant dielectric response may appear due to the internal barrier-layer capacitance effect, while the step-like thermal activation of localized polarons in the semiconducting grains is not excluded. The elucidation of the state microscopic origin requires measurements in the frequency range above 1 MHz., Comment: 34 pages including 13 figures and 2 Appendixes. Revised version

The recent SH0ES determination of the Hubble constant, $H_0=73.04\pm1.04$ km/s/Mpc, deviates significantly by $\approx5\sigma$ from the \textit{Planck} value, stimulating discussions on cosmological model extensions. To minimize statistical uncertainty and mitigate sensitivity to systematic errors in any single anchor distance determination, SH0ES combines Cepheids from various observations, including those from Type Ia supernova (SNe Ia) host galaxies, NGC 4258, and closer galaxies (MW, LMC, SMC, and M31), although this mixed sample may introduce unknown or subtle systematic errors due to comparing distant and closer Cepheids. To address this, we propose a subset excluding Cepheids from the closer galaxies, retaining only the NGC 4258 water megamasers as a single anchor, circumventing potential systematic errors associated with observational methods and reduction techniques. Focusing solely on these Cepheids yields competitive statistical errors, approximately $2.5\%$, sufficient to identify a $\approx3\sigma$ tension with the \textit{Planck} $H_0$ value. Our approach offers an opportunity to utilize optical photometry with systematic uncertainty smaller than the statistical uncertainty, potentially achieving higher precision than NIR photometry, given the lower optical background. However, currently the optical photometry sample's fidelity does not match that of NIR photometry. The significant Hubble tension obtained is unrelated to Cepheids and we discuss other options., Comment: 13 pages, 8 figures

Observations of diffuse, non-thermal radio emission spanning several megaparsecs have been documented in over 100 galaxy clusters. This emission, classified as giant radio halos (GHs), mini halos, and radio relics based mainly on their location and morphology, is interpreted as synchrotron radiation and implies the presence of relativistic electrons and magnetic fields in the intra-cluster medium (ICM). GHs were initially thought to be generated by secondary electrons resulting from inelastic $p+p\rightarrow X+\pi^{\pm}$ collisions. However, recent literature has leaned towards primary-electron turbulent (re)acceleration models, partly due to claimed upper limits on the $\gamma$-ray emission from $\pi^0$ decay. We demonstrate that the observed GH and $\gamma$-ray flux in the Coma cluster are consistent with a secondary origin for the GH across a broad range of magnetic field values. Although the constraints on magnetic field configuration are not stringent, they align well with previous estimates for Coma. Within this magnetic field range, the energy density of cosmic-ray protons (CRp) constitutes a few percent to tens of percent of the ICM energy density, as predicted and observed for a sample of radio-emitting galaxy clusters. Notably, we detect a rise in the ratio of CRp to ICM energy densities towards the outer regions of the cluster. This phenomenon was anticipated to arise from either adiabatic compression of CRp accelerated by accretion shocks or, more likely, from strong CRp diffusion., Comment: 7 pages, 3 figures

Asteroid collisions are one of the main processes responsible for the evolution of bodies in the main belt. Using observations of the Dimorphos impact by the DART spacecraft, we estimate how asteroid collisions in the main belt may look in the first hours after the impact. If the DART event is representative of asteroid collisions with a ~1m size impactor, then the light curves of these collisions will rise on time scales of about >100s and will remain bright for about one hour. Next, the light curve will decay on a few hours time scale to an intermediate luminosity level in which it will remain for several weeks, before slowly returning to its baseline magnitude. This estimate suffers from several uncertainties due to, e.g., the diversity of asteroid composition, their material strength, and spread in collision velocities. We estimate that the rate of collisions in the main belt with energy similar or larger than the DART impact is of the order of 7000 per year (+/-1dex). The large range is due to the uncertainty in the abundance of ~1-m size asteroids. We estimate the magnitude distribution of such events in the main belt, and we show that ~6% of these events may peak at magnitudes brighter than 21. The detection of these events requires a survey with <1hr cadence and may contribute to our understanding of the asteroids' size distribution, collisional physics, and dust production. With an adequate survey strategy, new survey telescopes may regularly detect asteroid collisions., Comment: 7 pages, AJ in press

The impact of the Double Asteroid Redirection Test (DART) spacecraft with Dimorphos allows us to study asteroid collision physics, including momentum transfer, the ejecta properties, and the visibility of such events in the Solar System. We report observations of the DART impact in the ultraviolet (UV), visible light, and near-infrared (IR) wavelengths. The observations support the existence of at least two separate components of the ejecta: a fast and a slow component. The fast-ejecta component is composed of a gaseous phase, moving at about 1.6 km/s with a mass of <10^4 kg. The fast ejecta is detected in the UV and visible light, but not in the near-IR $z$-band observations. Fitting a simplified optical thickness model to these observations allows us to constrain some of the properties of the fast ejecta, including its scattering efficiency and the opacity of the gas. The slow ejecta component is moving at typical velocities of up to about 10 m/s. It is composed of micrometer-size particles, that have a scattering efficiency, at the direction of the observer, of the order of 10^-3 and a total mass of about 10^6 kg. The larger particles in the slow ejecta, whose size is bound to be in the range between ~1 mm to ~1 m, likely have a scattering efficiency larger than that of the pre-impact Didymos system., Comment: Submitted to MNRAS

Rapid identification of the optical counterparts of Neutron Star (NS) merger events discovered by gravitational wave detectors may require observing a large error region and sifting through a large number of transients to identify the object of interest. Given the expense of spectroscopic observations, a question arises: How can we utilize photometric observations for candidate prioritization, and what kinds of photometric observations are needed to achieve this goal? NS merger kilonova exhibits low ejecta mass (~5x10^-2 solar mass) and a rapidly evolving photospheric radius (with a velocity ~0.2c). As a consequence, these sources display rapid optical-flux evolution. Indeed, selection based on fast flux variations is commonly used for young supernovae and NS mergers. In this study, we leverage the best currently available flux-limited transient survey - the Zwicky Transient Facility Bright Transient Survey - to extend and quantify this approach. We focus on selecting transients detected in a 3-day cadence survey and observed at a one-day cadence. We explore their distribution in the phase space defined by g-r, g-dot, and r-dot. Our analysis demonstrates that for a significant portion of the time during the first week, the kilonova AT 2017gfo stands out in this phase space. It is important to note that this investigation is subject to various biases and challenges; nevertheless, it suggests that certain photometric observations can be leveraged to identify transients with the highest probability of being fast-evolving events. We also find that a large fraction (~0.75) of the transient candidates with |g-dot|>0.7 mag/day, are cataclysmic variables or active galactic nuclei with radio counterparts., Comment: 9 pages, 4 figures, MNRAS in press

The photoproduction of $^{95\rm m}$Nb on ${^{\rm nat}\rm{Mo}}$ was studied using the electron beam of the LUE-40 linac RDC "Accelerator" NSC KIPT. Measurements were performed using activation and off-line $\gamma$-ray spectrometric techniques. The experimental flux-averaged cross-section $\langle{\sigma(E_{\rm{\gamma max}})}\rangle_{\rm{m}}$ for the ${^{\rm nat}\rm{Mo}}(\gamma,x\rm np)^{95\rm m}$Nb reaction at the bremsstrahlung end-point energy range of 38--93 MeV has been first time obtained. The estimated values $\langle{\sigma(E_{\rm{\gamma max}})}\rangle_{\rm{g}}$ for the formation of $^{95}$Nb in the ground state and total cross-sections $\langle{\sigma(E_{\rm{\gamma max}})}\rangle_{\rm{tot}}$ for the studied reaction were determined. The theoretical values of the yields $Y_{\rm m,g,tot}(E_{\rm{\gamma max}})$ and flux-averaged cross-sections $\langle{\sigma(E_{\rm{\gamma max}})}\rangle_{\rm{m,g,tot}}$ for the ${^{\rm nat}\rm{Mo}}(\gamma,x\rm np)^{95\rm m,g,tot}$Nb reactions were calculated using the cross-sections $\sigma(E)$ from the TALYS1.95 code for six different level density models. The comparison showed a significant excess of the experimental results over the theoretical $\langle{\sigma(E_{\rm{\gamma max}})}\rangle_{\rm{m,g,tot}}$ values., Comment: arXiv admin note: substantial text overlap with arXiv:2308.02243

The results of the photoproduction of isomeric pairs from the ({\gamma},xn) and ({\gamma},pxn) reactions on nuclei from Zr up to Ta at the bremsstrahlung end-point energy range 30-100 MeV are systematized. Measurements were performed at the electron beam of the LUE-40 linac RDC "Accelerator" NSC KIPT using the activation method and off-line {\gamma}-ray spectrometric technique. The theoretical isomeric ratios IR for the nuclei-products of studied reactions were calculated using the cross-sections {\sigma}(E) from the TALYS1.95 code for six different level density models. The data from the international databases were additionally used to compare experimental results and theoretical predictions. The obtained results let us make conclusions about trends of values and energy dependence of IR in studied photonuclear reactions. Further directions of experimental research in the RDC "Accelerator" NSC KIPT are discussed., Comment: 10 pages, 13 figures, 1 table

The effective detection of evidence of financial anomalies requires collaboration among multiple entities who own a diverse set of data, such as a payment network system (PNS) and its partner banks. Trust among these financial institutions is limited by regulation and competition. Federated learning (FL) enables entities to collaboratively train a model when data is either vertically or horizontally partitioned across the entities. However, in real-world financial anomaly detection scenarios, the data is partitioned both vertically and horizontally and hence it is not possible to use existing FL approaches in a plug-and-play manner. Our novel solution, PV4FAD, combines fully homomorphic encryption (HE), secure multi-party computation (SMPC), differential privacy (DP), and randomization techniques to balance privacy and accuracy during training and to prevent inference threats at model deployment time. Our solution provides input privacy through HE and SMPC, and output privacy against inference time attacks through DP. Specifically, we show that, in the honest-but-curious threat model, banks do not learn any sensitive features about PNS transactions, and the PNS does not learn any information about the banks' dataset but only learns prediction labels. We also develop and analyze a DP mechanism to protect output privacy during inference. Our solution generates high-utility models by significantly reducing the per-bank noise level while satisfying distributed DP. To ensure high accuracy, our approach produces an ensemble model, in particular, a random forest. This enables us to take advantage of the well-known properties of ensembles to reduce variance and increase accuracy. Our solution won second prize in the first phase of the U.S. Privacy Enhancing Technologies (PETs) Prize Challenge., Comment: Prize Winner in the U.S. Privacy Enhancing Technologies (PETs) Prize Challenge

Observing a supernova explosion shortly after it occurs can reveal important information about the physics of stellar explosions and the nature of the progenitor stars of supernovae (SNe). When a star with a well-defined edge explodes in vacuum, the first photons to escape from its surface appear as a brief shock-breakout flare. The duration of this flare can extend to at most a few hours even for nonspherical breakouts from supergiant stars, after which the explosion ejecta should expand and cool. Alternatively, for stars exploding within a distribution of sufficiently dense optically thick circumstellar material, the first photons escape from the material beyond the stellar edge, and the duration of the initial flare can extend to several days, during which the escaping emission indicates photospheric heating. The difficulty in detecting SN explosions promptly after the event has so far limited data regarding supergiant stellar explosions mostly to serendipitous observations that, owing to the lack of ultraviolet (UV) data, were unable to determine whether the early emission is heating or cooling, and hence the nature of the early explosion event. Here, we report observations of SN 2023ixf in the nearby galaxy M101, covering the early days of the event. Using UV spectroscopy from the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) as well as a comprehensive set of additional multiwavelength observations, we trace the photometric and spectroscopic evolution of the event and are able to temporally resolve the emergence and evolution of the SN emission.

Neutron stars and stellar-mass black holes are the remnants of massive star explosions. Most massive stars reside in close binary systems, and the interplay between the companion star and the newly formed compact object has been theoretically explored, but signatures for binarity or evidence for the formation of a compact object during a supernova explosion are still lacking. Here we report a stripped-envelope supernova, SN 2022jli, which shows 12.4-day periodic undulations during the declining light curve. Narrow H$\alpha$ emission is detected in late-time spectra with concordant periodic velocity shifts, likely arising from hydrogen gas stripped from a companion and accreted onto the compact remnant. A new Fermi/LAT $\gamma$-ray source is temporally and positionally consistent with SN 2022jli. The observed properties of SN 2022jli, including periodic undulations in the optical light curve, coherent H$\alpha$ emission shifting, and evidence for association with a $\gamma$-ray source, point to the explosion of a massive star in a binary system leaving behind a bound compact remnant. Mass accretion from the companion star onto the compact object powers the light curve of the supernova and generates the $\gamma$-ray emission., Comment: Accepted for publication in Nature

The production of the $^{180\rm{m}}\rm{Hf}$ nuclei in the photoproton reaction ${^{181}\rm{Ta}}(\gamma,p)$ was studied at end-point bremsstrahlung energies $E_{\rm{\gamma max}}$ = 35-95 MeV. The experiment was performed at the electron linear accelerator LUE-40 NSC KIPT with the use of the $\gamma$ activation and off-line $\gamma$-ray spectroscopy. The experimental values of the bremsstrahlung flux-averaged cross-sections $\langle{\sigma(E_{\rm{\gamma max}})}\rangle_{\rm{m}}$ for the ${^{181}\rm{Ta}}(\gamma,p)^{180\rm{m}}\rm{Hf}$ reaction were determined, and at $E_{\rm{\gamma max}} > 55$ MeV obtained for the first time. The measured values, also as the literature data, are significantly exceed the theoretical flux-averaged cross-sections $\langle{\sigma(E_{\rm{\gamma max}})}\rangle_{\rm{th}}$. The $\langle{\sigma(E_{\rm{\gamma max}})}\rangle_{\rm{th}}$ values were calculated using the cross-section $\sigma(E)$ computed with the TALYS1.95 code for six different level density models. A comparative analysis of the calculated total cross-sections for the reactions ${^{181}\rm{Ta}}(\gamma,p)^{180}\rm{Hf}$ and ${^{181}\rm{Ta}}(\gamma,n)^{180}\rm{Ta}$ was performed. It was shown that the photoproton $(\gamma,p)$ to photoneutron $(\gamma,n)$ strength ratio is consistent with the estimates based on the isospin selection rules and the value from the $(e,e'p)$ experiment., Comment: 9 pages, 4 figures, 2 tables

The ${^{\rm nat}\rm{Mo}}(\gamma,x\rm np)^{95\rm m,g}$Nb photonuclear reaction was studied using the electron beam from the NSC KIPT linear accelerator LUE-40. Experiment was performed using the activation and off-line $\gamma$-ray spectrometric technique. The experimental isomeric yield ratio $d(E_{\rm{\gamma max}}) = Y_{\rm m}(E_{\rm{\gamma max}}) / Y_{\rm g}(E_{\rm{\gamma max}})$ was determined for the reaction products $^{95\rm m,g}\rm{Nb}$ at the end-point bremsstrahlung energy $E_{\rm{\gamma max}}$ range of 35-95 MeV. The obtained values of $d(E_{\rm{\gamma max}})$ are in satisfactory agreement with the results of other authors and extend the range of previously known data. The theoretical values of the yields $Y_{\rm m,g}(E_{\rm{\gamma max}})$ and the isomeric yield ratio $d(E_{\rm{\gamma max}})$ for the isomeric pair $^{95\rm m,g}\rm{Nb}$ from the ${^{\rm nat}\rm{Mo}}(\gamma,x\rm np)$ reaction were calculated using the partial cross-sections $\sigma(E)$ from the TALYS1.95 code for six different level density models $LD$. The comparison showed a noticeable excess (more than 3.85 times) of the experimental isomeric yield ratio over all theoretical estimates. At the investigated range of $E_{\rm{\gamma max}}$ the theoretical dependence of $d(E_{\rm{\gamma max}})$ on energy was confirmed - the isomeric yield ratio smoothly decreases with increasing energy., Comment: 9 pages, 9 figures, 1 table