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1. Empirical and process-based models predict enhanced beech growth in European mountains under climate change scenarios: A multimodel approach

Author

Slovak Research and Development Agency, Slovenian Research Agency, Ministry of Civil Affairs of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Junta de Castilla y León, European Commission, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Ministry of Education, Science and Technological Development (Serbia), Ministry of Education and Science (Bulgaria), Bosela, Michal [0000-0001-6706-8614], Rubio-Cuadrado, Álvaro [0000-0001-5299-6063], Marcis, Peter [0000-0001-5143-3509], Merganičová, Katarina [0000-0003-4380-7472], Forrester, David I. [0000-0003-4546-3554], Uhl, Enno [0000-0002-7847-923X], Avdagić, Admir [0000-0001-5866-6946], Bellan, Michal [0000-0001-9602-4629], Bielak, Kamil [0000-0002-1327-4911], Bravo, Felipe [0000-0001-7348-6695], Coll, Lluís [0000-0002-8035-5949], Cseke, Klára [0000-0002-1728-5167], Río, Miren del [0000-0001-7496-3713], Dinca, Lucian [0000-0003-0399-3688], Dobor, Laura [0000-0001-6712-9827], Drozdowski, Stanisław [0000-0002-1253-7281], Giammarchi, Francesco [0000-0003-3999-3583], Gömöryová, Erika [0000-0002-0374-1168], Ibrahimspahić, Aida [0000-0002-2682-6463], Kašanin-Grubin, Milica [0000-0002-7764-2509], Klopcic, Matija [0000-0003-2619-9073], Kurylyak, Viktor [0000-0002-8647-6514], Montes, Fernando [0000-0001-5859-8533], Pach, Maciej [0000-0002-9833-867X], Ruiz-Peinado, Ricardo [0000-0003-0126-1651], Skrzyszewski, Jerzy [0000-0003-4330-5827], Stajić, Branko [0000-0001-8542-3173], Stojanovic, Dejan [0000-0003-2967-2049], Svoboda, Miroslav [0000-0003-4050-3422], Tonon, Giustino [0000-0002-4851-0662], Mitrovic, Suzana [0000-0003-1855-4418], Zlatanov, Tzvetan [0000-0003-4205-3429], Pretzsch, Hans [0000-0002-4958-1868], Tognetti, Roberto [0000-0002-7771-6176], Bosela, Michal, Rubio-Cuadrado, Álvaro, Marcis, Peter, Merganičová, Katarina, Fleischer, Peter, Forrester, David I., Uhl, Enno, Avdagić, Admir, Bellan, Michal, Bielak, Kamil, Bravo, Felipe, Coll, Lluís, Cseke, Klára, Río, Miren del, Dinca, Lucian, Dobor, Laura, Drozdowski, Stanisław, Giammarchi, Francesco, Gömöryová, Erika, Ibrahimspahić, Aida, Kašanin-Grubin, Milica, Klopcic, Matija, Kurylyak, Viktor, Montes, Fernando, Pach, Maciej, Ruiz-Peinado, Ricardo, Skrzyszewski, Jerzy, Stajić, Branko, Stojanovic, Dejan, Svoboda, Miroslav, Tonon, Giustino, Versace, Soraya, Mitrovic, Suzana, Zlatanov, Tzvetan, Pretzsch, Hans, Tognetti, Roberto, Slovak Research and Development Agency, Slovenian Research Agency, Ministry of Civil Affairs of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Junta de Castilla y León, European Commission, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Ministry of Education, Science and Technological Development (Serbia), Ministry of Education and Science (Bulgaria), Bosela, Michal [0000-0001-6706-8614], Rubio-Cuadrado, Álvaro [0000-0001-5299-6063], Marcis, Peter [0000-0001-5143-3509], Merganičová, Katarina [0000-0003-4380-7472], Forrester, David I. [0000-0003-4546-3554], Uhl, Enno [0000-0002-7847-923X], Avdagić, Admir [0000-0001-5866-6946], Bellan, Michal [0000-0001-9602-4629], Bielak, Kamil [0000-0002-1327-4911], Bravo, Felipe [0000-0001-7348-6695], Coll, Lluís [0000-0002-8035-5949], Cseke, Klára [0000-0002-1728-5167], Río, Miren del [0000-0001-7496-3713], Dinca, Lucian [0000-0003-0399-3688], Dobor, Laura [0000-0001-6712-9827], Drozdowski, Stanisław [0000-0002-1253-7281], Giammarchi, Francesco [0000-0003-3999-3583], Gömöryová, Erika [0000-0002-0374-1168], Ibrahimspahić, Aida [0000-0002-2682-6463], Kašanin-Grubin, Milica [0000-0002-7764-2509], Klopcic, Matija [0000-0003-2619-9073], Kurylyak, Viktor [0000-0002-8647-6514], Montes, Fernando [0000-0001-5859-8533], Pach, Maciej [0000-0002-9833-867X], Ruiz-Peinado, Ricardo [0000-0003-0126-1651], Skrzyszewski, Jerzy [0000-0003-4330-5827], Stajić, Branko [0000-0001-8542-3173], Stojanovic, Dejan [0000-0003-2967-2049], Svoboda, Miroslav [0000-0003-4050-3422], Tonon, Giustino [0000-0002-4851-0662], Mitrovic, Suzana [0000-0003-1855-4418], Zlatanov, Tzvetan [0000-0003-4205-3429], Pretzsch, Hans [0000-0002-4958-1868], Tognetti, Roberto [0000-0002-7771-6176], Bosela, Michal, Rubio-Cuadrado, Álvaro, Marcis, Peter, Merganičová, Katarina, Fleischer, Peter, Forrester, David I., Uhl, Enno, Avdagić, Admir, Bellan, Michal, Bielak, Kamil, Bravo, Felipe, Coll, Lluís, Cseke, Klára, Río, Miren del, Dinca, Lucian, Dobor, Laura, Drozdowski, Stanisław, Giammarchi, Francesco, Gömöryová, Erika, Ibrahimspahić, Aida, Kašanin-Grubin, Milica, Klopcic, Matija, Kurylyak, Viktor, Montes, Fernando, Pach, Maciej, Ruiz-Peinado, Ricardo, Skrzyszewski, Jerzy, Stajić, Branko, Stojanovic, Dejan, Svoboda, Miroslav, Tonon, Giustino, Versace, Soraya, Mitrovic, Suzana, Zlatanov, Tzvetan, Pretzsch, Hans, and Tognetti, Roberto

Abstract

Process-based models and empirical modelling techniques are frequently used to (i) explore the sensitivity of tree growth to environmental variables, and (ii) predict the future growth of trees and forest stands under climate change scenarios. However, modelling approaches substantially influence predictions of the sensitivity of trees to environmental factors. Here, we used tree-ring width (TRW) data from 1630 beech trees from a network of 70 plots established across European mountains to build empirical predictive growth models using various modelling approaches. In addition, we used 3-PG and Biome-BGCMuSo process-based models to compare growth predictions with derived empirical models. Results revealed similar prediction errors (RMSE) across models ranging between 3.71 and 7.54 cm2 of basal area increment (BAI). The models explained most of the variability in BAI ranging from 54 % to 87 %. Selected explanatory variables (despite being statistically highly significant) and the pattern of the growth sensitivity differed between models substantially. We identified only five factors with the same effect and the same sensitivity pattern in all empirical models: tree DBH, competition index, elevation, Gini index of DBH, and soil silt content. However, the sensitivity to most of the climate variables was low and inconsistent among the empirical models. Both empirical and process-based models suggest that beech in European mountains will, on average, likely experience better growth conditions under both 4.5 and 8.5 RCP scenarios. The process-based models indicated that beech may grow better across European mountains by 1.05 to 1.4 times in warmer conditions. The empirical models identified several drivers of tree growth that are not included in the current process-based models (e.g., different nutrients) but may have a substantial effect on final results, particularly if they are limiting factors. Hence, future development of process-based models may build upon our findi

Published
2023

2. European beech stem diameter grows better in mixed than in mono-specific stands at the edge of its distribution in mountain forests

Author

European Commission, Bavarian State Forests, Bavarian State Ministry for Nutrition, Agriculture and Forestry, Forest Research Institute (Hungary), Government of Poland, Slovenian Research Agency, Bulgarian National Science Fund, Pretzsch, Hans [0000-0002-4958-1868], Hilmers, Torben [0000-0002-4982-8867], Uhl, Enno [0000-0002-7847-923X], Bielak, Kamil [0000-0002-1327-4911], Bosela, Michal [0000-0001-6706-8614], Del Rio, Miren [0000-0001-7496-3713], Dobor, Laura [0000-0001-6712-9827], Nagel, Thomas A. [0000-0002-4207-9218], Pach, Maciej [0000-0002-9833-867X], Avdagić, Admir [0000-0001-5866-6946], Bellan, Michal [0000-0001-9602-4629], Binder, Franz [0000-0002-5534-4594], Bončina, Andrej [0000-0002-2521-5564], Bravo, Felipe [0000-0001-7348-6695], de-Dios-García, J. [0000-0003-3706-3390], Dinca, Lucian [0000-0003-0399-3688], Drozdowski, Stanisław [0000-0002-1253-7281], Giammarchi, Francesco [0000-0003-3999-3583], Hoehn, Maria [0000-0002-3630-5485], Ibrahimspahić, Aida [0000-0002-2682-6463], Klopčič, Matija [0000-0003-2619-9073], Kurylyak, Viktor [0000-0002-8647-6514], Lévesque, Mathieu [0000-0003-0273-510X], Matović, Bratislav [0000-0002-4664-6355], Ordóñez, Cristóbal [0000-0001-5354-3760], Petráš, Rudolf [0000-0001-9229-7806], Rubio-Cuadrado, Álvaro [0000-0001-5299-6063], Skrzyszewski, Jerzy [0000-0003-4330-5827], Stajić, Branko [0000-0001-8542-3173], Zlatanov, Tzvetan [0000-0003-4205-3429], Tognetti, Roberto [0000-0002-7771-6176], Forrester, David I. [0000-0003-4546-3554], Pretzsch, Hans, Hilmers, Torben, Uhl, Enno, Bielak, Kamil, Bosela, Michal, Río, Miren del, Dobor, Laura, Forrester, David I., Nagel, Thomas A., Pach, Maciej, Avdagić, Admir, Bellan, Michal, Binder, Franz, Bončina, Andrej, Bravo, Felipe, de-Dios-García, J., Dinca, Lucian, Drozdowski, Stanisław, Giammarchi, Francesco, Hoehn, Maria, Ibrahimspahić, Aida, Jaworski, Andrzej, Klopcic, Matija, Kurylyak, Viktor, Lévesque, Mathieu, Lombardi, Fabio, Matović, Bratislav, Ordóñez, Cristóbal, Petráš, Rudolf, Rubio-Cuadrado, Álvaro, Stojanovic, Dejan, Skrzyszewski, Jerzy, Stajić, Branko, Svoboda, Miroslav, Versace, Soraya, Zlatanov, Tzvetan, Tognetti, Roberto, European Commission, Bavarian State Forests, Bavarian State Ministry for Nutrition, Agriculture and Forestry, Forest Research Institute (Hungary), Government of Poland, Slovenian Research Agency, Bulgarian National Science Fund, Pretzsch, Hans [0000-0002-4958-1868], Hilmers, Torben [0000-0002-4982-8867], Uhl, Enno [0000-0002-7847-923X], Bielak, Kamil [0000-0002-1327-4911], Bosela, Michal [0000-0001-6706-8614], Del Rio, Miren [0000-0001-7496-3713], Dobor, Laura [0000-0001-6712-9827], Nagel, Thomas A. [0000-0002-4207-9218], Pach, Maciej [0000-0002-9833-867X], Avdagić, Admir [0000-0001-5866-6946], Bellan, Michal [0000-0001-9602-4629], Binder, Franz [0000-0002-5534-4594], Bončina, Andrej [0000-0002-2521-5564], Bravo, Felipe [0000-0001-7348-6695], de-Dios-García, J. [0000-0003-3706-3390], Dinca, Lucian [0000-0003-0399-3688], Drozdowski, Stanisław [0000-0002-1253-7281], Giammarchi, Francesco [0000-0003-3999-3583], Hoehn, Maria [0000-0002-3630-5485], Ibrahimspahić, Aida [0000-0002-2682-6463], Klopčič, Matija [0000-0003-2619-9073], Kurylyak, Viktor [0000-0002-8647-6514], Lévesque, Mathieu [0000-0003-0273-510X], Matović, Bratislav [0000-0002-4664-6355], Ordóñez, Cristóbal [0000-0001-5354-3760], Petráš, Rudolf [0000-0001-9229-7806], Rubio-Cuadrado, Álvaro [0000-0001-5299-6063], Skrzyszewski, Jerzy [0000-0003-4330-5827], Stajić, Branko [0000-0001-8542-3173], Zlatanov, Tzvetan [0000-0003-4205-3429], Tognetti, Roberto [0000-0002-7771-6176], Forrester, David I. [0000-0003-4546-3554], Pretzsch, Hans, Hilmers, Torben, Uhl, Enno, Bielak, Kamil, Bosela, Michal, Río, Miren del, Dobor, Laura, Forrester, David I., Nagel, Thomas A., Pach, Maciej, Avdagić, Admir, Bellan, Michal, Binder, Franz, Bončina, Andrej, Bravo, Felipe, de-Dios-García, J., Dinca, Lucian, Drozdowski, Stanisław, Giammarchi, Francesco, Hoehn, Maria, Ibrahimspahić, Aida, Jaworski, Andrzej, Klopcic, Matija, Kurylyak, Viktor, Lévesque, Mathieu, Lombardi, Fabio, Matović, Bratislav, Ordóñez, Cristóbal, Petráš, Rudolf, Rubio-Cuadrado, Álvaro, Stojanovic, Dejan, Skrzyszewski, Jerzy, Stajić, Branko, Svoboda, Miroslav, Versace, Soraya, Zlatanov, Tzvetan, and Tognetti, Roberto

Abstract

Recent studies show that several tree species are spreading to higher latitudes and elevations due to climate change. European beech, presently dominating from the colline to the subalpine vegetation belt, is already present in upper montane subalpine forests and has a high potential to further advance to higher elevations in European mountain forests, where the temperature is predicted to further increase in the near future. Although essential for adaptive silviculture, it remains unknown whether the upward shift of beech could be assisted when it is mixed with Norway spruce or silver fir compared with mono-specific stands, as the species interactions under such conditions are hardly known. In this study, we posed the general hypotheses that the growth depending on age of European beech in mountain forests was similar in mono-specific and mixed-species stands and remained stable over time and space in the last two centuries. The scrutiny of these hypotheses was based on increment coring of 1240 dominant beech trees in 45 plots in mono-specific stands of beech and in 46 mixed mountain forests. We found that (i) on average, mean tree diameter increased linearly with age. The age trend was linear in both forest types, but the slope of the age–growth relationship was higher in mono-specific than in mixed mountain forests. (ii) Beech growth in mono-specific stands was stronger reduced with increasing elevation than that in mixed-species stands. (iii) Beech growth in mono-specific stands was on average higher than beech growth in mixed stands. However, at elevations > 1200 m, growth of beech in mixed stands was higher than that in mono-specific stands. Differences in the growth patterns among elevation zones are less pronounced now than in the past, in both mono-specific and mixed stands. As the higher and longer persisting growth rates extend the flexibility of suitable ages or size for tree harvest and removal, the longer-lasting growth may be of special relevance for

Published
2021

3. Species proportions by area in mixtures of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) and European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.)

Author

Ruiz-Peinado, Ricardo [0000-0003-0126-1651], Condés, Sonia [0000-0002-4438-8305], Pretzsch, Hans [0000-0002-4958-1868], Bielak, Kamil [0000-0002-1327-4911], Hurt, Václav [0000-0001-6157-4743], Kurylyak, Viktor [0000-0002-8647-6514], Pach, Maciej [0000-0002-9833-867X], Ponette, Quentin [0000-0002-2726-7392], Coll, Lluís [0000-0002-8035-5949], Dirnberger, G., Sterba, H., Condés, Sonia, Ammer, Christian, Annighöfer, P. J., Avdagić, Admir, Bielak, Kamil, Brazaitis, Gediminas, Coll, Lluís, Heym, Michael, Hurt, Václav, Kurylyak, Viktor, Motta, Renzo, Pach, Maciej, Ponette, Quentin, Ruiz-Peinado, Ricardo, Skrzyszewski, Jerzy, Sramek, Vit, de Streel, Géraud, Svoboda, Miroslav, Zlatanov, Tzvetan, Pretzsch, Hans, Ruiz-Peinado, Ricardo [0000-0003-0126-1651], Condés, Sonia [0000-0002-4438-8305], Pretzsch, Hans [0000-0002-4958-1868], Bielak, Kamil [0000-0002-1327-4911], Hurt, Václav [0000-0001-6157-4743], Kurylyak, Viktor [0000-0002-8647-6514], Pach, Maciej [0000-0002-9833-867X], Ponette, Quentin [0000-0002-2726-7392], Coll, Lluís [0000-0002-8035-5949], Dirnberger, G., Sterba, H., Condés, Sonia, Ammer, Christian, Annighöfer, P. J., Avdagić, Admir, Bielak, Kamil, Brazaitis, Gediminas, Coll, Lluís, Heym, Michael, Hurt, Václav, Kurylyak, Viktor, Motta, Renzo, Pach, Maciej, Ponette, Quentin, Ruiz-Peinado, Ricardo, Skrzyszewski, Jerzy, Sramek, Vit, de Streel, Géraud, Svoboda, Miroslav, Zlatanov, Tzvetan, and Pretzsch, Hans

Abstract

Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) and European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) dominate many of the European forest stands. Also, mixtures of European beech and Scots pine more or less occur over all European countries, but have been scarcely investigated. The area occupied by each species is of high relevance, especially for growth evaluation and comparison of different species in mixed and monospecific stands. Thus, we studied different methods to describe species proportions and their definition as proportion by area. 25 triplets consisting of mixed and monospecific stands were established across Europe ranging from Lithuania to Spain in northern to southern direction and from Bulgaria to Belgium in eastern to western direction. On stand level, the conclusive method for estimating the species proportion as a fraction of the stand area relates the observed density (tree number or basal area) to its potential. This stand-level estimation makes use of the potential from comparable neighboring monospecific stands or from maximum density lines derived from other data, e.g. forest inventories or permanent observations plots. At tree level, the fraction of the stand area occupied by a species can be derived from the proportions of their crown projection area or of their leaf area. The estimates of the potentials obtained from neighboring monospecific stands, especially in older stands, were poorer than those from the maximum density line depending on the Martonne aridity index. Therefore, the stand-level method in combination with the Martonne aridity index for potential densities can be highly recommended. The species’ proportions estimated with this method are best approximated by the proportions of the species’ leaf areas. In forest practice, the most commonly applied method is an ocular estimation of the proportions by crown projection area. Even though the proportions of pine were calculated here by measuring crown projection areas in the field, we found this method to u

Published
2017

4. EuMIXFOR empirical forest mensuration and ring width data from pure and mixed stands of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) and European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) through Europe

Author

Ruiz-Peinado, Ricardo [0000-0003-0126-1651], Pretzsch, Hans [0000-0002-4958-1868], Río, M. del [0000-0001-7496-3713], Bielak, Kamil [0000-0002-1327-4911], Hurt, Václav [0000-0001-6157-4743], Kurylyak, Viktor [0000-0002-8647-6514], Löf, Magnus [0000-0002-9173-2156], Den Ouden, Jan [0000-0003-1518-2460], Drössler, Lars [0000-0002-1547-0975], Fabrika, Marek [0000-0001-6993-1143], Forrester, David I. [0000-0003-4546-3554], Pach, Maciej [0000-0002-9833-867X], Ponette, Quentin [0000-0002-2726-7392], Coll, Lluís [0000-0002-8035-5949], Heym, Michael, Ruiz-Peinado, Ricardo, Río, Miren del, Bielak, Kamil, Forrester, David I., Dirnberger, G., Barbeito, Ignacio, Brazaitis, Gediminas, Ruškytkė, I., Coll, Lluís, Fabrika, Marek, Drössler, Lars, Löf, Magnus, Sterba, H., Hurt, Václav, Kurylyak, Viktor, Lombardi, Fabio, Stojanovic, Dejan, Den Ouden, Jan, Motta, Renzo, Pach, Maciej, Skrzyszewski, Jerzy, Ponette, Quentin, de Streel, Géraud, Sramek, Vit, Čihák, T., Zlatanov, Tzvetan, Avdagić, Admir, Ammer, Christian, Verheyen, Kris, Włodzimierz, B., Bravo-Oviedo, Andrés, Pretzsch, Hans, Ruiz-Peinado, Ricardo [0000-0003-0126-1651], Pretzsch, Hans [0000-0002-4958-1868], Río, M. del [0000-0001-7496-3713], Bielak, Kamil [0000-0002-1327-4911], Hurt, Václav [0000-0001-6157-4743], Kurylyak, Viktor [0000-0002-8647-6514], Löf, Magnus [0000-0002-9173-2156], Den Ouden, Jan [0000-0003-1518-2460], Drössler, Lars [0000-0002-1547-0975], Fabrika, Marek [0000-0001-6993-1143], Forrester, David I. [0000-0003-4546-3554], Pach, Maciej [0000-0002-9833-867X], Ponette, Quentin [0000-0002-2726-7392], Coll, Lluís [0000-0002-8035-5949], Heym, Michael, Ruiz-Peinado, Ricardo, Río, Miren del, Bielak, Kamil, Forrester, David I., Dirnberger, G., Barbeito, Ignacio, Brazaitis, Gediminas, Ruškytkė, I., Coll, Lluís, Fabrika, Marek, Drössler, Lars, Löf, Magnus, Sterba, H., Hurt, Václav, Kurylyak, Viktor, Lombardi, Fabio, Stojanovic, Dejan, Den Ouden, Jan, Motta, Renzo, Pach, Maciej, Skrzyszewski, Jerzy, Ponette, Quentin, de Streel, Géraud, Sramek, Vit, Čihák, T., Zlatanov, Tzvetan, Avdagić, Admir, Ammer, Christian, Verheyen, Kris, Włodzimierz, B., Bravo-Oviedo, Andrés, and Pretzsch, Hans

Abstract

Key message This data set provides unique empirical data from triplets of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestrisL.) and European beech (Fagus sylvaticaL.) across Europe. Dendrometric variables are provided for 32 triplets, 96 plots, 7555 treesand 4695 core samples. These data contribute to our understanding of mixed stand dynamics.Dataset access athttp//dx.doi.org/10.5061/dryad.8v04m. Associated metadata available athttps//metadata-afs.nancy.inra.fr/geonetwork/apps/georchestra/?uuid=b3e098ca-e681-4910-9099-0e25d3b4cd52&hl=eng. © 2017, INRA and Springer-Verlag France SAS.

Published
2017

5. Species interactions increase the temporal stability of community productivity in Pinus sylvestris–Fagus sylvatica mixtures across Europe

Author

Río, M. del [0000-0001-7496-3713], Ruiz-Peinado, Ricardo [0000-0003-0126-1651], Matović, Bratislav [0000-0002-4664-6355], Hurt, Václav [0000-0001-6157-4743], Kurylyak, Viktor [0000-0002-8647-6514], Löf, Magnus [0000-0002-9173-2156], Den Ouden, Jan [0000-0003-1518-2460], Drössler, Lars [0000-0002-1547-0975], Fabrika, Marek [0000-0001-6993-1143], Forrester, David I. [0000-0003-4546-3554], Pach, Maciej [0000-0002-9833-867X], Ponette, Quentin [0000-0002-2726-7392], Coll, Lluís [0000-0002-8035-5949], Río, Miren del, Pretzsch, Hans, Ruiz-Peinado, Ricardo, Ampoorter, E., Annighöfer, P. J., Barbeito, Ignacio, Bielak, Kamil, Brazaitis, Gediminas, Coll, Lluís, Drössler, Lars, Fabrika, Marek, Forrester, David I., Heym, Michael, Hurt, Václav, Kurylyak, Viktor, Löf, Magnus, Lombardi, Fabio, Madrickiene, E., Matović, Bratislav, Mohren, F., Motta, Renzo, Den Ouden, Jan, Pach, Maciej, Ponette, Quentin, Schütze, G., Skrzyszewski, Jerzy, Sramek, Vit, Sterba, H., Stojanovic, Dejan, Svoboda, Miroslav, Zlatanov, Tzvetan, Bravo-Oviedo, Andrés, Río, M. del [0000-0001-7496-3713], Ruiz-Peinado, Ricardo [0000-0003-0126-1651], Matović, Bratislav [0000-0002-4664-6355], Hurt, Václav [0000-0001-6157-4743], Kurylyak, Viktor [0000-0002-8647-6514], Löf, Magnus [0000-0002-9173-2156], Den Ouden, Jan [0000-0003-1518-2460], Drössler, Lars [0000-0002-1547-0975], Fabrika, Marek [0000-0001-6993-1143], Forrester, David I. [0000-0003-4546-3554], Pach, Maciej [0000-0002-9833-867X], Ponette, Quentin [0000-0002-2726-7392], Coll, Lluís [0000-0002-8035-5949], Río, Miren del, Pretzsch, Hans, Ruiz-Peinado, Ricardo, Ampoorter, E., Annighöfer, P. J., Barbeito, Ignacio, Bielak, Kamil, Brazaitis, Gediminas, Coll, Lluís, Drössler, Lars, Fabrika, Marek, Forrester, David I., Heym, Michael, Hurt, Václav, Kurylyak, Viktor, Löf, Magnus, Lombardi, Fabio, Madrickiene, E., Matović, Bratislav, Mohren, F., Motta, Renzo, Den Ouden, Jan, Pach, Maciej, Ponette, Quentin, Schütze, G., Skrzyszewski, Jerzy, Sramek, Vit, Sterba, H., Stojanovic, Dejan, Svoboda, Miroslav, Zlatanov, Tzvetan, and Bravo-Oviedo, Andrés

Abstract

1. There is increasing evidence that species diversity enhances the temporal stability (TS) of com_x0002_munity productivity in different ecosystems, although its effect at the population and tree levels seems to be negative or neutral. Asynchrony in species responses to environmental conditions was found to be one of the main drivers of this stabilizing process. However, the effect of species mix_x0002_ing on the stability of productivity, and the relative importance of the associated mechanisms, remain poorly understood in forest communities. 2. We investigated the way mixing species influenced the TS of productivity in Pinus sylvestris L. and Fagus sylvatica L. forests, and attempted to determine the main drivers among overyielding, asynchrony between species annual growth responses to environmental conditions, and temporal shifts in species interactions. We used a network of 93 experimental plots distributed across Europe to compare the TS of basal area growth over a 15-year period (1999–2013) in mixed and monospecific forest stands at different organizational levels, namely the community, population and individual tree levels. 3. Mixed stands showed a higher TS of basal area growth than monospecific stands at the commu_x0002_nity level, but not at the population or individual tree levels. The TS at the community level was related to asynchrony between species growth in mixtures, but not to overyielding nor to asynchrony between species growth in monospecific stands. Temporal shifts in species interactions were also related to asynchrony and to the mixing effect on the TS. 4. Synthesis. Our findings confirm that species mixing can stabilize productivity at the community level, whereas there is a neutral or negative effect on stability at the population and individual tree levels. The contrasting findings regarding the relationships between the temporal stability and asyn_x0002_chrony in species growth in mixed and monospecific stands suggest that the main driver

Published
2017

6. Mixing of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) and European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) enhances structural heterogeneity, and the effect increases with water availability

Author

Pretzsch, Hans [0000-0002-4958-1868], del Rio, Miren [0000-0001-7496-3713], Bielak, Kamil [0000-0002-1327-4911], Matović, Bratislav [0000-0002-4664-6355], Kurylyak, Viktor [0000-0002-8647-6514], Löf, Magnus [0000-0002-9173-2156], Den Ouden, Jan [0000-0003-1518-2460], Drössler, Lars [0000-0002-1547-0975], Fabrika, Marek [0000-0001-6993-1143], Forrester, David I. [0000-0003-4546-3554], Pach, Maciej [0000-0002-9833-867X], Ponette, Quentin [0000-0002-2726-7392], Coll, Lluís [0000-0002-8035-5949], Pretzsch, Hans, Río, Miren del, Schütze, G., Ammer, Christian, Annighöfer, P. J., Avdagić, Admir, Barbeito, Ignacio, Bielak, Kamil, Brazaitis, Gediminas, Coll, Lluís, Drössler, Lars, Fabrika, Marek, Forrester, David I., Kurylyak, Viktor, Löf, Magnus, Lombardi, Fabio, Matović, Bratislav, Mohren, F., Motta, Renzo, Den Ouden, Jan, Pach, Maciej, Ponette, Quentin, Skrzyszewski, Jerzy, Sramek, Vit, Sterba, H., Svoboda, Miroslav, Verheyen, Kris, Zlatanov, Tzvetan, Bravo-Oviedo, Andrés, Pretzsch, Hans [0000-0002-4958-1868], del Rio, Miren [0000-0001-7496-3713], Bielak, Kamil [0000-0002-1327-4911], Matović, Bratislav [0000-0002-4664-6355], Kurylyak, Viktor [0000-0002-8647-6514], Löf, Magnus [0000-0002-9173-2156], Den Ouden, Jan [0000-0003-1518-2460], Drössler, Lars [0000-0002-1547-0975], Fabrika, Marek [0000-0001-6993-1143], Forrester, David I. [0000-0003-4546-3554], Pach, Maciej [0000-0002-9833-867X], Ponette, Quentin [0000-0002-2726-7392], Coll, Lluís [0000-0002-8035-5949], Pretzsch, Hans, Río, Miren del, Schütze, G., Ammer, Christian, Annighöfer, P. J., Avdagić, Admir, Barbeito, Ignacio, Bielak, Kamil, Brazaitis, Gediminas, Coll, Lluís, Drössler, Lars, Fabrika, Marek, Forrester, David I., Kurylyak, Viktor, Löf, Magnus, Lombardi, Fabio, Matović, Bratislav, Mohren, F., Motta, Renzo, Den Ouden, Jan, Pach, Maciej, Ponette, Quentin, Skrzyszewski, Jerzy, Sramek, Vit, Sterba, H., Svoboda, Miroslav, Verheyen, Kris, Zlatanov, Tzvetan, and Bravo-Oviedo, Andrés

Abstract

The mixing of tree species with complementary ecological traits may modify forest functioning regarding productivity, stability, or resilience against disturbances. This may be achieved by a higher heterogeneity in stand structure which is often addressed but rarely quantified. Here, we use 32 triplets of mature and fully stocked monocultures and mixed stands of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) and European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) located along a productivity and water availability gradient through Europe to examine how mixing modifies the stand structure in terms of stand density, horizontal tree distribution pattern, vertical stand structure, size distribution pattern, and variation in tree morphology. We further analyze how site conditions modify these aspects of stand structure. For this typical mixture of a light demanding and shade tolerant species we show that (i) mixing significantly increases many aspects of structural heterogeneity compared with monocultures, (ii) mixing effects such as an increase of stand density and diversification of vertical structure and tree morphology are caused by species identity (additive effects) but also by species interactions (multiplicative effects), and (iii) superior heterogeneity of mixed stands over monocultures can increase from dry to moist sites. We discuss the implications for analyzing the productivity, for modelling and for the management of mixed species stands. © 2016 Elsevier B.V..

Published
2016

7. Growth and yield of mixed versus pure stands of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) and European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) analysed along a productivity gradient through Europe

Author

Pretzsch, Hans [0000-0002-4958-1868], del Rio, Miren [0000-0001-7496-3713], Bielak, Kamil [0000-0002-1327-4911], Matović, Bratislav [0000-0002-4664-6355], Hurt, Václav [0000-0001-6157-4743], Kurylyak, Viktor [0000-0002-8647-6514], Löf, Magnus [0000-0002-9173-2156], Den Ouden, Jan [0000-0003-1518-2460], Drössler, Lars [0000-0002-1547-0975], Fabrika, Marek [0000-0001-6993-1143], Forrester, David I. [0000-0003-4546-3554], Godvod, Kšištof [0000-0002-9736-1544], Pach, Maciej [0000-0002-9833-867X], Ponette, Quentin [0000-0002-2726-7392], Coll, Lluís [0000-0002-8035-5949], Pretzsch, Hans, Río, Miren del, Ammer, Christian, Avdagić, Admir, Barbeito, Ignacio, Bielak, Kamil, Brazaitis, Gediminas, Coll, Lluís, Dirnberger, G., Drössler, Lars, Fabrika, Marek, Forrester, David I., Godvod, Kšištof, Heym, Michael, Hurt, Václav, Kurylyak, Viktor, Löf, Magnus, Lombardi, Fabio, Matović, Bratislav, Mohren, F., Motta, Renzo, Den Ouden, Jan, Pach, Maciej, Ponette, Quentin, Schütze, G., Schweig, J., Skrzyszewski, Jerzy, Sramek, Vit, Sterba, H., Stojanovic, Dejan, Svoboda, Miroslav, Vanhellemont, M., Verheyen, Kris, Wellhausen, K., Zlatanov, Tzvetan, Bravo-Oviedo, Andrés, Pretzsch, Hans [0000-0002-4958-1868], del Rio, Miren [0000-0001-7496-3713], Bielak, Kamil [0000-0002-1327-4911], Matović, Bratislav [0000-0002-4664-6355], Hurt, Václav [0000-0001-6157-4743], Kurylyak, Viktor [0000-0002-8647-6514], Löf, Magnus [0000-0002-9173-2156], Den Ouden, Jan [0000-0003-1518-2460], Drössler, Lars [0000-0002-1547-0975], Fabrika, Marek [0000-0001-6993-1143], Forrester, David I. [0000-0003-4546-3554], Godvod, Kšištof [0000-0002-9736-1544], Pach, Maciej [0000-0002-9833-867X], Ponette, Quentin [0000-0002-2726-7392], Coll, Lluís [0000-0002-8035-5949], Pretzsch, Hans, Río, Miren del, Ammer, Christian, Avdagić, Admir, Barbeito, Ignacio, Bielak, Kamil, Brazaitis, Gediminas, Coll, Lluís, Dirnberger, G., Drössler, Lars, Fabrika, Marek, Forrester, David I., Godvod, Kšištof, Heym, Michael, Hurt, Václav, Kurylyak, Viktor, Löf, Magnus, Lombardi, Fabio, Matović, Bratislav, Mohren, F., Motta, Renzo, Den Ouden, Jan, Pach, Maciej, Ponette, Quentin, Schütze, G., Schweig, J., Skrzyszewski, Jerzy, Sramek, Vit, Sterba, H., Stojanovic, Dejan, Svoboda, Miroslav, Vanhellemont, M., Verheyen, Kris, Wellhausen, K., Zlatanov, Tzvetan, and Bravo-Oviedo, Andrés

Abstract

Mixing of complementary tree species may increase stand productivity, mitigate the effects of drought and other risks, and pave the way to forest production systems which may be more resource-use efficient and stable in the face of climate change. However, systematic empirical studies on mixing effects are still missing for many commercially important and widespread species combinations. Here we studied the growth of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) and European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) in mixed versus pure stands on 32 triplets located along a productivity gradient through Europe, reaching from Sweden to Bulgaria and from Spain to the Ukraine. Stand inventory and taking increment cores on the mainly 60–80 year-old trees and 0.02–1.55 ha sized, fully stocked plots provided insight how species mixing modifies the structure, dynamics and productivity compared with neighbouring pure stands. In mixture standing volume (+12 %), stand density (+20 %), basal area growth (+12 %), and stand volume growth (+8 %) were higher than the weighted mean of the neighbouring pure stands. Scots pine and European beech contributed rather equally to the overyielding and overdensity. In mixed stands mean diameter (+20 %) and height (+6 %) of Scots pine was ahead, while both diameter and height growth of European beech were behind (−8 %). The overyielding and overdensity were independent of the site index, the stand growth and yield, and climatic variables despite the wide variation in precipitation (520–1175 mm year−1), mean annual temperature (6–10.5 °C), and the drought index by de Martonne (28–61 mm °C−1) on the sites. Therefore, this species combination is potentially useful for increasing productivity across a wide range of site and climatic conditions. Given the significant overyielding of stand basal area growth but the absence of any relationship with site index and climatic variables, we hypothesize that the overyielding and overdensity results from several different types of i

Published
2015

8. European beech stem diameter grows better in mixed than in mono-specific stands at the edge of its distribution in mountain forests

Author

Enno Uhl, Maria Hoehn, Javier de-Dios-García, Dejan Stojanović, Tzvetan Zlatanov, David I. Forrester, Jerzy Skrzyszewski, Aida Ibrahimspahić, S. Versace, Stanisław Drozdowski, Admir Avdagić, Andrzej Jaworski, Kamil Bielak, Maciej Pach, Miroslav Svoboda, Fabio Lombardi, Andrej Bončina, Matija Klopčič, Michal Bosela, Viktor Kurylyak, Michal Bellan, Roberto Tognetti, Torben Hilmers, Miren del Río, Hans Pretzsch, Thomas A. Nagel, Álvaro Rubio-Cuadrado, Rudolf Petráš, Franz Binder, Cristóbal Ordóñez, Branko Stajić, Lucian Dinca, Francesco Giammarchi, Felipe Bravo, Mathieu Lévesque, Bratislav Matović, Laura Dobor, European Commission, Bavarian State Forests, Bavarian State Ministry for Nutrition, Agriculture and Forestry, Forest Research Institute (Hungary), Government of Poland, Slovenian Research Agency, Bulgarian National Science Fund, Pretzsch, Hans, Hilmers, Torben, Uhl, Enno, Bielak, Kamil, Bosela, Michal, Del Rio, Miren, Dobor, Laura, Nagel, Thomas A., Pach, Maciej, Avdagić, Admir, Bellan, Michal, Binder, Franz, Bončina, Andrej, Bravo, Felipe, de-Dios-García, Javier, Dinca, Lucian, Drozdowski, Stanisław, Giammarchi, Francesco, Hoehn, Maria, Ibrahimspahić, Aida, Klopčič, Matija, Kurylyak, Viktor, Lévesque, Mathieu, Matović, Bratislav, Ordóñez, Cristóbal, Petráš, Rudolf, Rubio-Cuadrado, Alvaro, Skrzyszewski, Jerzy, Stajić, Branko, Zlatanov, Tzvetan, Tognetti, Roberto, Miroslav Svoboda, Hans Pretzsch, Matija Klopcic, Bratislav Matovic, Tzvetan Zlatanov, Miren del Río, Mathieu Levesque, Lucian Dinca, Michal Bellan, Cristóbal Ordóñez, Dejan Stojanovic, Roberto Tognetti, Crisóobal Ordóñez, Álvaro Rubio Cuadrado, Maciej Pach, Michal Bosela, Torben Hilmers, David Ian Forrester, Admir Avdagic, Felipe Bravo, Pretzsch, Hans [0000-0002-4958-1868], Hilmers, Torben [0000-0002-4982-8867], Uhl, Enno [0000-0002-7847-923X], Bielak, Kamil [0000-0002-1327-4911], Bosela, Michal [0000-0001-6706-8614], Del Rio, Miren [0000-0001-7496-3713], Dobor, Laura [0000-0001-6712-9827], Nagel, Thomas A. [0000-0002-4207-9218], Pach, Maciej [0000-0002-9833-867X], Avdagić, Admir [0000-0001-5866-6946], Bellan, Michal [0000-0001-9602-4629], Binder, Franz [0000-0002-5534-4594], Bončina, Andrej [0000-0002-2521-5564], Bravo, Felipe [0000-0001-7348-6695], de-Dios-García, Javier [0000-0003-3706-3390], Dinca, Lucian [0000-0003-0399-3688], Drozdowski, Stanisław [0000-0002-1253-7281], Giammarchi, Francesco [0000-0003-3999-3583], Hoehn, Maria [0000-0002-3630-5485], Ibrahimspahić, Aida [0000-0002-2682-6463], Klopčič, Matija [0000-0003-2619-9073], Kurylyak, Viktor [0000-0002-8647-6514], Lévesque, Mathieu [0000-0003-0273-510X], Matović, Bratislav [0000-0002-4664-6355], Ordóñez, Cristóbal [0000-0001-5354-3760], Petráš, Rudolf [0000-0001-9229-7806], Rubio-Cuadrado, Alvaro [0000-0001-5299-6063], Skrzyszewski, Jerzy [0000-0003-4330-5827], Stajić, Branko [0000-0001-8542-3173], Zlatanov, Tzvetan [0000-0003-4205-3429], and Tognetti, Roberto [0000-0002-7771-6176]

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Climate change, Plant Science, Growth trends, 01 natural sciences, Latitude, udc:630*18, pospeševanje rasti, Age-dependent tree growth, ddc:630, Silvicultura, Beech, Silviculture, rast dreves, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, podnebne spremembe, biology, fungi, Elevation, Intra-specific competition, Forestry, Vegetation, 15. Life on land, biology.organism_classification, soodvisnost dreves, medsebojna olajšava, ddc, Plant ecology, Inter-specific facilitation, Geography, Medio Ambiente, Habitat, Growth acceleration, intra-specifc competition, inter-specifc facilitation, konkurenca, 010606 plant biology & botany
Abstract

Centro de Investigación Forestal (CIFOR), Recent studies show that several tree species are spreading to higher latitudes and elevations due to climate change. European beech, presently dominating from the colline to the subalpine vegetation belt, is already present in upper montane subalpine forests and has a high potential to further advance to higher elevations in European mountain forests, where the temperature is predicted to further increase in the near future. Although essential for adaptive silviculture, it remains unknown whether the upward shift of beech could be assisted when it is mixed with Norway spruce or silver fir compared with mono-specific stands, as the species interactions under such conditions are hardly known. In this study, we posed the general hypotheses that the growth depending on age of European beech in mountain forests was similar in mono-specific and mixed-species stands and remained stable over time and space in the last two centuries. The scrutiny of these hypotheses was based on increment coring of 1240 dominant beech trees in 45 plots in mono-specific stands of beech and in 46 mixed mountain forests. We found that (i) on average, mean tree diameter increased linearly with age. The age trend was linear in both forest types, but the slope of the age–growth relationship was higher in mono-specific than in mixed mountain forests. (ii) Beech growth in mono-specific stands was stronger reduced with increasing elevation than that in mixed-species stands. (iii) Beech growth in mono-specific stands was on average higher than beech growth in mixed stands. However, at elevations > 1200 m, growth of beech in mixed stands was higher than that in mono-specific stands. Differences in the growth patterns among elevation zones are less pronounced now than in the past, in both mono-specific and mixed stands. As the higher and longer persisting growth rates extend the flexibility of suitable ages or size for tree harvest and removal, the longer-lasting growth may be of special relevance for multi-aged silviculture concepts. On top of their function for structure and habitat improvement, the remaining old trees may grow more in mass and value than assumed so far., Open Access funding enabled and organized by Projekt DEAL.The authors would like to acknowledge networking support by the COST (European Cooperation in Science and Technology) Action CLIMO (Climate-Smart Forestry in Mountain Regions—CA15226) financially supported by the EU Framework Programme for Research and Innovation HORIZON 2020. This publication is part of a project that has received funding from the European Union’s HORIZON 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie Grant Agreement No 778322. Thanks are also due to the European Union for funding the project ‘Mixed species forest management. Lowering risk, increasing resilience (REFORM)’ (# 2816ERA02S under the framework of Sumforest ERA-Net). Further, we would like to thank the Bayerische Staatsforsten (BaySF) for providing the observational plots and to the Bavarian State Ministry of Food, Agriculture, and Forestry for permanent support of the Project W 07 ‘Long-term experimental plots for forest growth and yield research’ (#7831-26625-2017). We also thank the Forest Research Institute, ERTI Sárvár, Hungary, for assistance and for providing observational plots. Furthermore, our work was partially supported by the SRDA via Project No. APVV-16-0325 and APVV-15-0265, the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Republic of Poland, the Project “EVA4.0” No. CZ.02.1.01/0.0/0.0/16_019/0000803 funded by OP RDE and the Project J4-1765 funded by the Slovenian Research Agency and also by the Bulgarian National Science Fund (BNSF) and the Project No. DCOST 01/3/19.10.2018., 19 Pág.

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