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The aim was to study the prevalence of overweight and obesity in Moscow pregnant women, as well as to conduct a comparative study of normal and excessive women`s body weight influence on the course and outcome of pregnancy and delivery, anthropometric indices and state of newborn`s health, to assess women's dietary intake and to develop approaches to nutritional correction of overweight and obesity in pregnant women. The prevalence of overweight and obesity among pregnant women in Moscow in 2009-2011 was 8.3% of the total number of pregnant women observed. The average weight gain during pregnancy in women with overweight and obesity amounted to 13.8±5.2 kg, that was higher then the weight gain in women with normal body weight (11.7±4.5 kg). In women with overweight and obesity there was an increased risk of complications during pregnancy (preeclampsia, anemia), delivery (more frequent operational, premature and delayed delivery), as well as 2-3 times more frequent birth of children with significantly enhanced birthweight, including macrosomia. A study of dietary intake of women surveyed showed a deviation of diets of pregnant women with overweight and obesity from the physiological standards, which is the increase of fat and saturated fatty acids by 25%, reduced carbohydrate content up to 30%, and the reduction in the diet of women of some micronutrients (folic acid, vitamin A, β-carotene). The main principles of nutritional correction of diets of pregnant women who are overweight and obese have been presented as well as recommended set of products and exemplary diet for this category of women., (Copyright© GEOTAR-Media Publishing Group.)

Supporting of bone health is one of the main approaches to provide health in pregnant women considering intensive calcium and other mineral mobilization from mass bone that is necessary forforming fetus bone. This mobilization may lead to decrease of bone mineral density and development of osteopenia and osteoporosis. The important factors of development of bone impairment in pregnancy are nutrition and particular deficient consumption of protein, Ca, vitamin D. The possible role of reduced intake of pregnant women other nutrients remains unexplored. The aim of the research was estimating the prevalence of bone mineral density decrease in regard to the particular course of pregnancy and studying possible effects of key nutrients on bone mineral density in pregnant women. 131 women at different stages of pregnancy were involved in the survey. The bone density assessment was conducted using Bone Densitometer Omnisense 7000. As a criterion for bone density decrease in women used a Z-score, which was considered as normal to -1.0, as reduced from -1.0 to -2,0, and as significantly reduced when Z-score was less than -2,0. Analysis of the actual nutrition was performed by a 24-hour recording of 58 pregnant women. Normal bone mineral density was detected in 54 women or 41% of the total number of women surveyed. In 51 (39%) pregnant women reduced bone mineral density was discovered, and in 26 (20%) patients--significantly reduced bone density. There was a considerable deviation in pregnant patients' diet from the nutrition guidelines, which include, in particular, the high content of fat and saturated fatty acid, reduced intake of some micronutrients such as calcium, zinc, folic acid, β-carotene, vitamins A, B1, E. However, differences in the actual consumption of nutrients in women with varying bone mineral density have been identified only in case of consumption of fat and energy value of diets, also Mn and I. So, it may be suggested that the differences in bone mineral density between women in our study are caused by genetic polymorphism, which leads to differences in the actual demand for nutrients, sufficient for prevention of bone decrease, in individuals.

Our study was aimed to investigate in comparable conditions the composition of intestinal microflora of healthy infants who were given 9 types of fermented milk products. There were observed 103 practically healthy infants aged from 4 month to 1,5 years old. The obtained data have shown that studied products improve intestinal microflora in infants. Significant increase of bifidobacteria in infants intestines was promoted by fermented milk products containing alive bifidobacteria with rather high acidity. The most of products which contain bifidobacteria decreased the level of hemolisinproducing Escherichia coli and coagulase-positive staphylococcus. The products which not contain bifidobacteria decreased the level of Candida albicans and protei.

Selenium status was studied in 70 healthy children under 1 year of age being on breastfeeding or bottle feeding. Selenium status was determined by analysis of selenium in baby's hairs and nails. Selenium was also analyzed in breast milk in course of the lactation and in breast milk substitutes. The selenium status was better in breastfed children than in bottle fed ones. The most high level of selenium was found in breast milk in first month of lactation. Selenium status of bottle fed children was depended on selenium level in milk substitutes. It is necessary further investigations on selenium status of children under 1 year age to elaborate and suggest the standard level of selenium contents in milk substitutes.