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Background: This study was aimed to compare the efficacy of two combination tablets of dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors and metformin with different dosages, alogliptin/metformin (AM) and vildagliptin/metformin (VM), on glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D). Methods: This was a prospective, multicenter, open-label, randomized, parallel group, comparative trial. After a run-in period of treatment with metformin alone, a total of 59 Japanese outpatients with T2D, aged 20–79 years with glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels of 6.5%–10% were randomly assigned to 12-week AM treatment, alogliptin 25 mg/metformin 500 mg combination tablet orally once a day, or VM treatment, vildagliptin 50 mg/metformin 250 mg combination tablet orally twice a day. The primary endpoints were the changes in HbA1c and fasting plasma glucose (FPG) levels from baseline to week 12 between the two groups. Blinded intermittently scanned continuous glucose monitoring (isCGM) was performed between weeks 10 and 12. The incidence of adverse events during the study was also evaluated. Results: In all, 52 participants were analyzed. Significant decreases in HbA1c and FPG levels from baseline to week 12 were observed in both treatment groups. However, there were no significant differences between the AM and VM groups in the change in HbA1c level (–0.3% and –0.4%, P = 0.309) or the FPG level (–9.0 and –15.0 mg/dL, P = 0.789). The isCGM revealed that both treatments achieved the recommended glycemic target range. No adverse events, such as severe hypoglycemia, were observed in either group. Conclusions: We concluded that there were no significant differences in the efficacy of two combination tablets of DPP-4 inhibitors and metformin with different dosages on glycemic control in patients with T2D. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]