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This paper discusses the relationship between Croatian noble families and the Holy Roman Empire and the political, social, cultural and symbolic changes that ensued as a consequence of frequent contact with the Holy Roman Empire in the Late Middle Ages. Beginning with the reign of Sigismund of Hungary, Croatian magnates began to intensify their contacts with their German counterparts, resulting in gradual but significant changes being introduced across the centuries. Croatian nobles began adopting titles of Imperial origin, imitating political behaviour and displaying status in the manner of their role models from the more powerful and prestigious neighbour to the north-west. These changes can be perceived in written documents, the material culture, marriage patterns and religious pilgrimages. These transfers and adoptions were neither uniform nor all-encompassing but were carefully selected and implemented by Croatian nobles primarily to further their dynastic goals within Croatia and, to a lesser extent in other regions, especially after the Ottoman threat grew ever larger on the eastern frontiers of the Kingdom and the battered defenders sought to improve their chances by deepening and widening their contacts and relationships with the Empire, which they saw both as a source of aid and as a potential sanctuary in dire times.

The counts of Krk were one of the most prestigious and most powerful noble families in late medieval Croatia, with a dominant role attained under Nicholas IV who received the last name Frankapani from Pope Martin V in 1430. Soon after his death German language sources, predominantly originating from the Habsburgs and their affiliates, began to refer to the family as Grafen von Krabaten or Counts of Croatia. It was somewhat unusual for a noble family to be equated with a kingdom that already has its own king, the King of Hungary. Moreover, there were other prominent noble families in Croatia who were not accorded the same level of respect within the Empire. This perception, present almost exclusively in German sources for a little under a century is a peculiar piece of information indicating how the status and rank of the Frankopani may have soared to such an extent that they were considered second to none in Croatia. This proved a bit problematic when the Habsburgs ascended to the throne of Croatia, but it nevertheless revealed an intricate interplay between perception, flattery, and politics emanating from the Habsburg ruled southeastern parts of the Empire and directed at a kingdom they would later claim as their own.

U ovom se radu predstavlja zanimljiv kuriozitet vezan uz obitelj Frankapan na kraju srednjega vijeka. Nikola IV. je od pape Martina V. u Rimu 1430. godine dobio priznanje slavnog plemićkog imena de Frangepanibus, odnosno službenu potvrdu srodstva sa slavnom rimskom obitelji. Nedugo nakon njegove smrti u 1432. u njemačkim izvorima počinje se pojavljivati zanimljiv pojam kojim se imenuju Frankapani: Grafen von Krabaten ili grofovi/knezovi Hrvatske. Pritom svakako treba napomenuti kako su Frankapani tada vrlo moćna dinastija na hrvatskom ozemlju, međutim, ne i jedina. Kurjakovići su, primjerice, održavali intenzivne odnose s Habsburgovcima, pa su svejedno u njihovim izvorima opisani kao knezovi Krbavski. U ovome izlaganju predstaviti ću pojavu i razvoj uporabe naziva knezovi Hrvatske tijekom četrnaestoga stoljeća, njegovu raširenost te razlog zašto je zaživio i, u konačnici, nestao u prvoj polovici šesnaestoga stoljeća. Razumijevanje ovog fascinantnoga naziva za Frankapane ujedno nam može poslužiti i kao važan istraživački alat za bolje tumačenje povijesti obitelji, otkrivajući nam izvore koji su nam dosad bili prikriveni.

The end of the Middle ages and the transition to the Early Medieval Times is a period of widespread and transformation throughout Europe. The commercial revolution which began in Italy in the 11th century had, by the end of the 14th century, produced powerful banks that financed kings and princes in their efforts to consolidate their widespread and often heterogenous domains. Rulers such as the dukes of Burgundy, Maximillian of Habsburg or Louis XI were focused on the strengthening of royal power and authority at the expense of the nobility and the estates. One method used to strengthen the bond between the ruler and the nobility, and to define the boundaries of the reinvigorated monarchies was the establishment of secular chivalric orders. In contrast to their more famous spiritual counterparts their primary mission was not to combat the enemies of the faith, but to forge a bond between the Crown and the often disparate territories of their vassals, thereby symbolically creating and confirming the territorial reach of the sovereign and, in effect, marking the boundaries of his influence and rule. I argue that the chivalric orders were a method of strengthening and defining the composite kingdoms and empires of the late middle ages, but were, paradoxically, at the same time incapable of relinquishing the traditional spirit of chivalric internationalism that defined the Middle Ages in general.

Tijelo, kao nešto najintimnije svakom čovjeku, je oduvijek bilo u fokusu interesa pojedinca i zajednice. Bilo da je riječ o promišljanju o tijelu, kontroli nad istim, ukrašavanju ili pokapanju, mnoge su sfere ljudskog djelovanja blisko povezane s njime, ali se tijelo ne odražava samo u materijalnom, fizičkom, već i u simboličnome. Rituali i ceremonije sveprisutni su suputnici djelovanja pojedinca u zajednici, bilo da je riječ o svakodnevnim, sitnim ritualima koje mnogi svjesno ili nesvjesno čine, bilo da su to pompozne, svečane ceremonije poput krunidbe ili pogreba moćnika. Prisege s uzdignutom desnicom, prostracija, poljubac mira ili rukopolaganje kao komponenta uspostave vazaliteta sastavni su čimbenici za društveno-političko djelovanje u srednjem vijeku. Organsko shvaćanje države, s vladarem kao glavom, a velikašima kao udovima utkano je u predmodernu politološku misao, kao i političko teološka teorija o “dva kraljeva tijela”: jedno fizičko i smrtno, drugo korporativno i vječno. U ovom radu predstaviti će se mnogostruki i pogledi na tijelo u srednjem vijeku s aspekta rituala i ceremonija. Dok je naglasak na vladajućim slojevima, osvrnuti ćemo se i na takozvanog “malog čovjeka” u sjeni elita.

U izlaganju se predstavlja pregled povijesti dinastije Habsburg u osvit novoga vijeka u okvitu europkse, regionalne i hrvatske povijesti. Naglasak je na kontekstualizaciji političkih, društvenih i ekonomskih okolnosti u kojima je nastao Urbar iz 1571. godine.

U radu se diskutira o intrigantnom i, u općoj historiografiji relativno nepoznatom, događaju koji se odvio na prijelazu iz 1447. u 1448. To su pregovori u kojima je ugarski guverner Ivan Hunjadi napuljskom kralju Alfonsu V. ponudio krunu sv. Stjepana u zamjenu za novčanu i vojnu pomoć protiv Osmanlija. Pregovori u konačnici nisu urodili plodom jer se Alfonso upleo u rat za milansko nasljeđe u središnjoj Italiji što je vezalo njegove raspoložive resurse. Međutim, postojanje ponude otvara nekoliko pitanja o ozbiljnosti namjera dvojice moćnika, kao i o mogućnosti ispunjenja samoga dogovora. Sagledavaju se tadašnje političke okolnosti i presedani zaposjedanja prijestolja u Ugarsko-Hrvatskome Kraljevstvu te motivacije sudionika kako bi se razjasnio taj znakoviti trenutak u hrvatskoj i regionalnoj povijesti.

Ceremonije i ceremonijalna komunikacija sveučilišni je priručnik kojim se teži prikazati nastanak i razvitak ceremonija i ceremonijalne komunikacije te značaja koje su ove pojavnosti ostvarivale u srednjovjekovnom i ranonovovjekovnom razdoblju. Ceremonije i rituali predstavljaju sponu između društava srednjovjekovne i ranonovovjekovne Europe. Nastaju zbog toga što grupa ljudi kroz njih pokušava prikazati određenu svrhu, legitimitet i zajednički identitet, kao i osigurati provođenje društveno-političkog hijerarhijskog uređenja unutar zajednice. Samim time oni su poticali poslušnost unutar političke hijerarhije te obvezivali pripadnike plemićkih i dvorskih krugova, kao i ostale podanike, da se ponašaju prema utvrđenim pravilima. Iz navedenog vidljiva je i njihova važnost pri utvrđivanju političkog djelovanja u ovim povijesnim razdobljima.

The Istrian peninsula, located at the head of the Adriatic Sea, has long been a land of divisions. Shared today between the modern-day countries of Italy, Slovenia, and Croatia, the region during the sixteenth century was divided between an urban coastline dominated by the Republic of Venice and a rural inland that fell under the sway of the Austrian Habsburgs. The subject populations of the peninsula - predominantly Slavic Croatians and Slovenians - thus found themselves split between these rival powers, despite their shared cultural background. The result was frequent and violent clashes over boundary markers, pastures, and forests, which, added to the ravages of war, famine, and plague, led to a severe regional depopulation. This volume also explores the arrival and subsequent social impact of a new wave of immigrants to Istria set against the backdrop of these sixteenth-century tensions. The fearsome Morlaks, Slavic speakers who had fled north from the Balkan hinterlands in the face of the Ottoman threat, were invited into Istria by both Venetians and Habsburgs as a way of replenishing the dwindling population. These new arrivals lived an opportunistic lifestyle that often bordered on banditry, creating inevitable tensions with Istria’s existing population. Even so, some were able to integrate fully into their new homeland. Through a careful analysis of the geographically small, but socially and politically dynamic Istrian frontier, this volume sheds new light on to the complexity of life in a border region, and offers a unique insight into what life was like for ordinary people struggling to live everyday lives at the very end of the Middle Ages.

U Baštinskoj knjižnici Hendrika Conscienca u Antwerpenu pod signaturom B 89420 čuva se Grbovnik Henrika van Heessela, vrhovnoga heralda Ruwierena, područja omeđenog rijekama Rajnom i Meussom u kojemu se nalazi jedinstveni prikaz potpunoga grba Ulrika II. Celjskog s heraldičkim rodoslovljem posljednjega grofa Celjskog. Osim što predstavlja izniman doprinos za heraldiku ove znamenite obitelji, grb odgovara i na važna pitanja percepcije moći i simboličke komunikacije te potvrđuje važnost vizualnih izvora za razumijevanje kasnog srednjovjekovlja.

U radu se, temeljem izvora nepoznatoga hrvatskoj historiografiji, analizira dosad neotkrivena prisutnost jednoga od knezova Frankopana prilikom znamenitoga i od suvremenika zapaženoga i komentiranoga ubojstva Ulrika II. Celjskoga u Beogradu 1456. godine. Rekonstruira se i pojašnjava odnos između dviju najmoćnijih aristokratskih obitelji u Ugarsko-Hrvatskome Kraljevstvu petnaestoga stoljeća, koji je varirao od bliskosti i bračnoga savezništva sve do otvorenoga neprijateljstva i zavade koju je morao smirivati kralj Sigismund Luksemburški.

Autor ocrtava moguće probleme koje je usmjerenost na pašnjake i iznajmljivanje istih moglo imati na politiku, vojsku i gospodarstvo Istre. Na primjeru Dobredola i konstantnih sukoba oko kontrole nad financijski važnom dolinom pojašnjavaju se problemi u odnosu centra i periferije Mletačke Republike u primjeni konzistentne politike očuvanja teritorijalnogintegriteta Provincije Istre

Nada Klaić prva je povijesničarka na području bivše Jugoslavije koja se ozbiljnije posvetila proučavanju povijesti obitelji grofova Celjskih te se u svom apologetskom pristupu pokušala obračunati s brojnim predrasudama koje su obilježile tu obitelj u historiografiji. U referatu se analiziraju neki od provokativnijih zaključaka Nade Klaić s posebnim osvrtom na recentniju literaturu o Celjskima.

Prikaz časopisa u kojemu prevladavaju radovi iz srednjovjekovne i novovjekovne povijesti istočne obale Istre.

This dissertation analyzes the sixteenth century Istrian frontier from the perspective of the subject population in the rural parts of the peninsula. Istria, presently divided between Croatia, Slovenia and Italy, was a frontier region of the Holy Roman Empire throughout the Middle Ages. Following the elimination of the Patriarchate of Aquileia, the peninsula was divided between the dominant Venetian Republic holding two thirds of the coast and the Habsburgs ruling the interior but isolated heartlands. Both powers reigned over a rural subject population that was overwhelmingly Slavic. Split along political lines that made them either “Austrian” or “Venetian” these subjects bore the brunt of their respective lieges’ power struggles and yet, faced with meager resources and a mutually dependent economy, the needed to coexist and cooperate in order to survive and thrive. The sixteenth century in particular is an age of great upheavals in the region. Two wars delineate this period: the War of the League of Cambrai (1508- 1516) and the Uskok War (1615-18). The time in between was one of uncertainty as the emergent Habsburg power reinforced by the acquisition of the Spanish Crown sought to challenge Venetian dominance of the region in order to assert its own claim to supremacy in the Adriatic. This was even further strengthened by Ferdinand ascension in neighboring Croatia and Hungary. In the shadow of this grand struggle the subject population, decimated and suffering from outbreaks of the plague and malaria, wars, and famine, became the (un)willing pawns of their princes, forced to contend not only with each other, but also with the new population of refugees from the Dalmatian hinterlands, settled in Istria by the rival powers to repopulate the region. The author is focused primarily on the subjects of these rural areas, living close to state boundaries, and leaving aside the predominantly Italian urban population of the coastal cities. He also aims to ascertain the dynamics of frontier life, and to determine whether these frontier communities were receptive to migrants of Istrian and external origin, how the boundaries affected the interaction between the subjects and what role the boundary disputes played on the peninsula. The three different, but complementary chapters of this dissertation outline a remarkable period in Istrian history. Against the backdrop of wars and a changing balance of power in the region, as well as the influx of a large number of culturally similar, but more violent Morlaks, Istrian peasants were caught between hammer and anvil. They needed to draw new settlers to replenish their dwindling numbers, but these migrants were often more trouble than they were worth. Furthermore, they had to maintain good relations with their neighbors in order to marry find work and feed their livestock. At the same time they were forced to vigorously, and often violently defend their lands against those very same neighbors. The Istrian peasant faced seemingly impossible choices, and yet, he was able to balance all this pragmatically and endure in a period of great calamities and disasters, both natural and manmade.

Prikaz kritičkog izdanja izvora.

U referatu se raspravlja o transhumantnom stočarstvu koje je predstavljalo jednu od temeljnih odrednica istarskoga gospodarstva pri čemu se ljetna ispaša odvijala pretežno na austijskom teritoriju, a zimska na mletačkom. Time su obje strane nužno bile prisiljene na suradnju što se odražavalo na brojnim aspektima političkog i društvenog života. Ujedno je riječ i o Morlacima, doseljenicima koji su se bavili uzgojem stoke sitnog zuba, ali koju su često i krali od domicilnog stanovništva.

Prikaz knjige kojoj je tema imigracija u mletački grad Pulu s istarskog prostora pod kontrolom austrijskih vlasti tijekom ranog novog vijeka.

The conference deals with recent approaches to data collection and preservation in the Social Sciences, especially with regard to metadata collection and availability for other researchers. With the intention to make metadata available for all scientists, future scientific projects will need to include it as a necessary component in the application stage and research results will need to be provided in open access format.

Austrija i Venecija su u šesnaestom stoljeću započeli sustavnu politiku zaštite i upravljanja šumskim blagom te su četrdesetih godina gotovo istovremeno objavili Pravilnike o gospodarenju šumama. U referatu se analiziraju navedeni pravilnici te se ocrtavaju osnovne odrednice šumske politike dviju sila.

The lecture discusses the divided space of sixteenth century Istria and looks at the border society from the viewpoint of the lords, their agents and subjects. Drawing from political, economic and social history the author present a multifaceted approach to disputes, migrations and cooperation in Istria.

The discussion focuses on the continuities and discontinuities, and the conceptualization of the "early modern." Drawing from the field of frontier studies the author discuss the changes taking place in border societies in the transition between late medieval and early modern, and whether and whether it is possible to speak about early modern medievalism.

Territorial disputes were a common phenomenon in sixteenth century Istria, divided as it was between Austria and Venice. Zones of conflict often included valuable resources like pastures, water or forest and were difficult to demarcate precisely and definitively. Furthermore, the villagers often employed various strategies to appropriate disputed land in the name of their respective lords. This paper discusses several of these strategies, such as threats, harassment, and outright violence.

Prikaz kritičkog izdanja izvora.

Prikaz monografije u kojoj je opisana doseoba i udomljavanje Crnogoraca u mjesto Peroj na jugozapadnoj obali Istre.

Prikaz radova u časopisu s naglaskom na one koji obrađuju teme iz istarskog srednjovjekovlja.

Prikaz radova objavljenih u Zborniku Lovranšćine, koji obrađuju antičku, srednjovjekovnu i novovjekovnu povijest Lovrana i okolice.

Prikaz monografije o povijesti istarskog grada Lupoglava tijekom srednjeg i ranog novog vijeka.

Prikaz kritičkog izdanja izvornih glagoljskih srednjovjekovnih i novovjekovnih dokumenata.

U radu je na temelju primjera svakodnevice odnosa na granicama austrijske i mletačke Istre prikazan sustav mirenja koji su koristile administraciju obiju država na prostoru Istre u 15. i 16. stoljeću.

Životopis i prikaz javnoga, znanstvenog i nastavničkog rada akademika Luje Margetića na visokoškolskim ustanovama.

U predavanju se autor usredotočio na zbirke i fondove bečkih arhiva, koji su do novijih vremena ostali djelomice ili u cijelosti nesitraženi, a čuvaju gradivo srednjovjekovne i ranomoderne povijesti Pazinske knežije.

Prikaz kritičkog izdanja izvora.

Odnos između upravitelja Pazinske knežije, Jakoba von der Dürra, i vlasnika Knežije, austrijskih nadvojvoda Habsburgovaca, kao i stav nižega činovničkog osoblja i predstavnika hrvatskih ruralnih u urbanih zajednica Pazinske knežije prema upravitelju i vlasnicima Knežije teme su autorova predavanja.

Prikaz kritičkog izdanja izvora.

Paper discusses depictions of supernatural beings on the Radovan's portal of the Cathedral of Trogir and compares them with other Istrian and Dalmatian examples of such depictions.

Grofovi Celjski jedna su od najmoćnijih velikaških obitelji hrvatskog kasnog srednjovjekovlja koja se u nepunih stotinu godina uzdigla sa položaja nižeg štajerskog plemstva prema kneževima Svetog Rimskog carstva, te banovima Slavonije, Hrvatske i Dalmacije. Članak pruža pregled njihove povijesti od skromnih početaka u Savinjskoj dolini, preko uspona na visokopolitičku scenu u vrijeme cara i kralja Sigismunda Luskemburškog, pa sve do vrhunca i kraja dinastije pod Ulrikom II. koji je gotovo ostvario najveću ambiciju – stjecanje kraljevske krune.

Rad se bavi priznavanjem kneževskoga statusa obitelji Celjski nakon uzdignuća na rang kneževa 1436. godine u Ugarskoj i Carstvu.

Ovaj rad bavi se razvojem Mongolije iz neujedinjenih plemenskih zajednica u Mongolsko Carstvo s posebni osvrtom na vojsku i dva velika kana. U središtu radnje su dva najveća kana koji su najviše bili zaslužni za uspon Mongolskog Carstva: Džingis-kana i Kublaj-kana. Proučava se stanje Mongolije prije uspona te dostignuća i promijene koje su uveli za vrijeme svojeg vladanja. Također napravljena je i usporedba stanja vojske za vrijeme oba kana i utjecaj pojave baruta. Cilj rada je vidjeti i usporediti kako je Mongolija kao zemlja naseljena mnogobrojnim razjedinjenim plemenima postala jedno od najdugotrajnijih i najjačih carstva u povijesti koje je trajalo do 16. stoljeća. Svaki Kan je imao svoj način vladanja i viziju o tome kako Mongolija treba izgledati. Džingis je bio vladar koji je uspio ujediniti plemena s svojom karizmom i vještinom u ratovanjima te je za njega vlast trebala ostati centralizirana i tradicionalna, dok je vojska morala biti sastavljena od sposobnih i discipliniranih ljudi. Kublaj-kan je Mongoliju pretvorio u trgovačko središte koje povezuje daleki istok sa zapadom te za razliku od Džingisa on je smatrao da se treba vladati po uzoru na Kinu i njezina učenja. Također je smatrao da je u napretku spas i promijenio je stil ratovanja Mongola. Važno je napomenuti da Džingis i Kublaj spadaju u istu obitelj i da iako su imali različite poglede na to kako bi se trebalo vladati za vrijeme njihove vlasti Mongolija je bila najjača. This thesis studies the development of Mongolia from disunited tribal communities to the Mongol Empire with special reference to the army and the two great khans. The central focus are the two greatest khans who were most responsible for the rise of the Mongol Empire: Genghis Khan and Kublai Khan. The state of Mongolia before the rise and the achievements and changes that took place during its reign are studied. A comparison of the state of the army during both khans and the influence of the appearance of gunpowder was also made. The goal of the thesis is to see and compare how Mongolia, as a country inhabited by numerous disunited tribes, became one of the longest-lasting and largest empires in history, which lasted until the 16th century. Each Khan had his own way of ruling and vision of what Mongolia should look like. Genghis was a ruler who managed to unite the tribes with his charisma and skill in warfare, and for him the government should remain centralized and traditional, while the army had to be composed of capable and disciplined people. Kublai Khan turned Mongolia into a trade center that connects the Far East with the West, and unlike Genghis, he believed that he should rule according to the model of China and its teachings. He also believed that he was prosperity in progress and changed the style of warfare of the Mongols. It is important to note that Genghis and Kublai belong to the same family and that although they had different views on how it should be ruled during their rule, Mongolia was the strongest during their rule.