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Aims: The study aimed at examining the effectiveness of cognitive-motor dual-task and single-task cognitive training on executive and attention functions in participants over 65 years of age. Methods: The study comprised 68 participants. They were randomly assigned to dual-task cognitive-motor training (DTT), single-task cognitive training (STT) or a control group (C). The training program in all groups encompassed 4 weeks and consisted of three, 30-min meetings a week. Specialized software was designed for the purposes of the study. Both before and after the training, the cognitive functioning was assessed using: Color Trials Test, Ruff Figural Fluency Test, Wisconsin Sorting Card Test, Digit Span, Verbal Fluency Test, Stroop Color-Word Test. Results: After the cognitive-motor training, improvement was achieved in the control and inhibition of reactions. Moreover, after the cognitive training, improvements in abstract thinking and categorization were reported. Conclusion: Despite the small sample limitation, the preliminary result shows each form of the training supports a different aspect of executive functions but does not contribute to the improvement in attention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BackgroundDeep brain stimulation (DBS) is considered a relatively new and still experimental therapeutic modality for treatment-resistant depression (TRD). There is clinical evidence to suggest that stimulation of the subcallosal cingulate cortex (SCC) involved in the pathogenesis of TRD may exert an antidepressant effect.AimsTo conduct a systematic review of current studies, such as randomized clinical trials (RCTs), open-label trials, and placebo-controlled trials, examining SCC DBS for TRD in human participants.MethodA formal review of the academic literature was performed using the Medical Literature, Analysis, and Retrieval System Online (MEDLINE) and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) databases. This systematic review was conducted in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Suitable studies were screened and assessed based on patient characteristics, clinical outcomes, adverse events related to DBS, and the stereotactic technique used to guide the implantation of DBS electrodes.ResultsThe literature search identified 14 clinical studies that enrolled a total of 230 patients with TRD who underwent SCC DBS. The average duration of follow-up was 14 months (range 6–24 months). The response and remission rates at the last available follow-up visit ranged between 23–92% and 27–66.7%, respectively.ConclusionThe current results of SCC DBS are limited by the relatively small number of patients treated worldwide. Nevertheless, studies to date suggest that SCC can be a promising and efficacious target for DBS, considering the high response and remission rates among patients with TRD. The adverse events of SCC DBS are usually transient and stimulation-induced.

Aim. The aim of this review is to present the overview of deep brain stimulation (DBS) outcomes for obsessive - compulsive disorder (OCD). We have discussed the current OCD pathophysiology with its implications for DBS. We have also presented the current indications and contraindications for DBS in OCD patients as well as still existing limitations in neuromodulation for OCD. Method. The literature was reviewed using two medical databases: Medical Literature, Analysis and Retrieval System on-line (MEDLINE) and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CEN-TRAL) on DBS research in OCD with the use of the following key words: "deep brain stimulation", "refractory obsessive-compulsive disorder", "anterior limb of the inner capsule". We have found 9 well-conducted trials or open label trials with at least 6 individuals in each trial. Other reports present the data on the case series or single case reports of OCD treated with DBS. Results. A number of well-conducted trials have demonstrated that the response rates (more than 35% YBOCS score reduction) of OCD symptomatology remain in 50% to 80% range. The study individuals in these trials have proven refractoriness and severity of OCD. The most common adverse events related to DBS include hypomanic episodes, suicidal ideation and other mood changes. Conclusions. Our review suggests that DBS for OCD cannot be regarded as an established therapy for OCD. DBS for OCD should be regarded as palliative treatment, but it is not curative. DBS should be considered if available non-operative forms of OCD treatment have failed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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In recent years, more and more attention has been paid to the deterioration of cognitive functioning after the use of chemotherapy. The article presents the problems of cognitive disorders caused by chemotherapy in cancer patients. These deficits in scientific terminology are called chemobrain. Patients in particular indicate disorders of: longterm verbal memory and executive functions (planning, verbal fluency and working memory). This is confirmed by the results of neuroimaging studies. It has been observed that higher doses of cytostatics may contribute to the development of cognitive deficits. This article is a general introduction to the problems of chemobrain - the definition of the phenomenon and a discussion of neuroanatomical issues related to the influence of chemotherapy on the central nervous system. Moreover, the article tries to draw attention to the application of neuropsychological rehabilitation after chemotherapy., (© 2022 MEDPRESS.)

One of the foundations of effective and good oncological treatment is proper communication between the medical staff and the patient. In the face of the observed increase in the level of awareness and education of the society, there is also a growing need to provide patients with as much information about their health as possible. Quality of life is more and more often pointed to, not just the quantity of life. Proper communication, both within the facility and with external entities, is considered an important factor in improving the quality of life. The aim of the article is to briefly present the principles of effective communication in healthcare entities. The paper pays attention to verbal and non-verbal communication. The importance of constructive communication was emphasized and the negative features of communication were presented. The purpose of this article is to recall the general principles of communication and the problems encountered in this area, the constant updating of which should serve not only patients, but also people who are responsible for providing oncological care. This work also aims to indicate the application of psycho-oncology in oncology., (© 2022 MEDPRESS.)

Depressive syndromes are the most common mental disorders after the age of 60. It is estimated that symptoms of depression are found in over 15% of people over 65 years of age., A Case Report: We present a description of a 74-year-old woman diagnosed with psychotic depression probably caused by SARS-CoV- 2 infection confirmed by PCR test. The patient took part in a neuropsychological examination which showed the presence of cognitive deficits., Conclusions: This case is a good example of how COVID-19 could potentially trigger psychiatric symptoms. The existing literature in this field describes cases in which productive symptoms developed., (© 2022 MEDPRESS.)

Using central nervous system (CNS) neuroimaging techniques, it was possible to identify structural changes in the brain associated with eating disorders. Due to the occurrence of organic changes, the search for the impact of these changes on the cognitive sphere was undertaken. Research to date suggests that people with eating disorders exhibit cognitive dysfunction. However, these results remain inconsistent., Aim: The aim of the study was to check whether people with eating disorders (anorexia nervosa and bulimia) have cognitive deficits., Materials and Methods: 40 female participants took part in the study. The research group consisted of people with eating disorders, while the control group consisted of healthy people. The study included a diagnostic interview and original diagnostic tools: Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST), Color Trials Test (CTT), d2, California Verbal Learning Test (CVLT), Rey- Osterrieth complex figure (ROCF), and WAIS-R- Digit Span., Results: On the basis of the conducted study, the occurrence of deficits in some aspects of executive functions (planning, cognitive flexibility) and memory (verbal, visual-spatial) in people with eating disorders was demonstrated. It has not been shown that people with eating disorders would experience difficulties in searching the material, however, more errors in the d2 test were observed, which may indicate difficulties with shifting and maintaining attention. The study showed that the duration of the disease affects some aspects of cognitive functioning in people with eating disorders., (© 2021 MEDPRESS.)

Humans have a remarkable ability to perceive, identify, recognize and interpret biological movements. Point-light diplays (PLD) is the only method used to represent trajectories of human movements in visual material. Biological movement recognition might be disturbed in some disorders., Aim: The aim of the study was to examine if people with central nervous system (CNS) tumors bear deficits in recognizing biological movement. In addition, authors of this study decided to examine whether these deficits are associated with cognitive functions (especially executive functions)., Materials and Methods: The study was performed at Neurosurgical Department of the Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology in Warsaw, Poland. The patients who were admitted to Neurosurgical Department in the purpose of brain tumour removal were recruited to the study group. The control group consisted of healthy people. Neuropsychological tools (ACE-III, Rey figure, CTT, Ruff Figural Fluidity Test, WAIS-R Digit Span) and a program for biological motions recognition., Results: In terms of age, education level and gender no statistical differences were observed between the control group and the research group. Our study revealed statistically significant differences in the recognition of biological movement in the control and study group. The correlation analysis between EF and biological movement recognition were found in the following domain of neurophysiological tests: RFFT unique combinations, M-ACE, ACE-III visual-spatial functions, CTT interference indicator., Conclusions: People affected by brain tumours have impaired ability to recognize biological movements., (© 2021 MEDPRESS.)