827 results on '"Kuper, Marcel"'
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2. Weaving different forms of knowledge of managed aquifer recharge in a Saharan oasis (Algeria)
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Amine Saidani, M., Leduc, Christian, Baudron, Paul, and Kuper, Marcel
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- 2024
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3. Sense-making and shaping of temporary wetlands: A socio-hydrological analysis of dichotomous ontologies of merjas in Morocco
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Choukrani, Hajar, Lacombe, Guillaume, Zwarteveen, Margreet, Kuper, Marcel, Taky, Abdelilah, and Hammani, Ali
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- 2023
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4. Riding the waves of discomforts: Reflecting on the dialogue of hydrologists with society
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Riaux, Jeanne, Kuper, Marcel, Massuel, Sylvain, and Mekki, Insaf
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- 2023
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5. Learning from the past to build the future governance of groundwater use in agriculture
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Petit, Olivier, primary, Dumont, Aurélien, additional, Leyronas, Stéphanie, additional, Ballin, Quentin, additional, Bouarfa, Sami, additional, Faysse, Nicolas, additional, Kuper, Marcel, additional, Molle, François, additional, Alcazar, Charlotte, additional, Durand, Emmanuel, additional, Ghoudi, Ridha, additional, Hubert, Aline, additional, Le Visage, Selin, additional, Messaoudi, Imane, additional, Montginoul, Marielle, additional, Ndao, Seyni, additional, Ferroudji, Audrey Richard, additional, Rinaudo, Jean-Daniel, additional, Trottier, Julie, additional, Aubriot, Olivia, additional, Elloumi, Mohamed, additional, Boisson, Marc, additional, Fofack-Garcia, Rhoda, additional, Maurel, Frédéric, additional, Rojat, Dominique, additional, Romagny, Bruno, additional, and Salgues, Emmanuelle, additional
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- 2023
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6. Structures d’opportunités et leadership : analyse de l’action collective dans les oasis de la vallée de Todgha Ferkla, Maroc
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Zein Taleb Zeine, Kadiri Zakaria, Errahj Mostafa, Kuper Marcel, Burte Julien, and Faysse Nicolas
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leadership ,action collective ,développement territorial ,oasis ,maroc ,Agriculture (General) ,S1-972 ,Plant culture ,SB1-1110 - Abstract
Au Maroc, les politiques agricoles et rurales, pour faciliter leur déploiement, encouragent la mise en place d’organisations de développement local telles que les coopératives. La création massive de ces organisations peut être comprise à la fois comme une stratégie opportuniste de la part des populations rurales, et comme une injonction descendante des pouvoirs publics en vue d’associer ces populations aux responsabilités de développement territorial. L’objectif de l’article est d’analyser la capacité des leaders de ces organisations à se saisir des mécanismes offerts par les pouvoirs publics et les bailleurs de fonds pour mener des actions de développement sur leurs territoires. À travers des entretiens semi-directifs avec les leaders de vingt-deux organisations de développement local dans les oasis de la vallée de Todgha Ferkla, nous analysons comment s’entrecroisent le leadership local, les organisations et les actions de développement dans cet espace. Les résultats montrent l’existence de fortes et multiples structures d’opportunités de création d’organisations de développement local. Ces structures d’opportunités permettent l’émergence de nouveaux types de leaders. Leur rôle dans le développement local est illustré à travers deux exemples. L’accompagnement technique, institutionnel et stratégique de ces organisations, ainsi que la réussite de la relève des leaders actuels, pourraient constituer un gage de pérennité de leurs actions de développement territorial.
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- 2024
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7. Revealing the Foggara as a Living Irrigation System through an Institutional Analysis : Evidence from Oases in the Algerian Sahara
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IDDA, SALEM, BONTÉ, BRUNO, KUPER, MARCEL, and MANSOUR, HAMIDI
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- 2021
8. Récits de recherche sur l'eau dans un monde interdisciplinaire
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Collard, Anne-Laure, Riaux, Jeanne, and Kuper, Marcel
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hydrology ,anthropology ,public policies ,pollution ,research ,water resources ,water ,environment ,sociology ,géography ,thema EDItEUR::R Earth Sciences, Geography, Environment, Planning::RN The environment::RNF Environmental management::RNFD Drought and water supply ,thema EDItEUR::R Earth Sciences, Geography, Environment, Planning::RN The environment::RNF Environmental management::RNFF Food security and supply - Abstract
In this book, eleven original accounts by researchers from a variety of disciplines (sociology, process engineering, water science, computer modeling, anthropology, hydrogeology, agronomy, ecology) illustrate concrete ways of practicing interdisciplinarity with a view to building committed research on water in society. In an interdisciplinary world, they testify to the happy or uncomfortable situations experienced by researchers, and the arrangements deployed to deal with the unexpected aspects of such practices. The book suggests new ways of working with water, and proposes to make intelligible the relationships that societies maintain with it, around major issues: pollution, groundwater salinization, ecological restoration, technological optimism, in different regions of the world. Beyond the singularity of each story, these accounts underline the transversal stakes of interdisciplinary practice in both individual and collective experiences: the researcher's identity and commitment to society, the aims of research, and reciprocal learning, conducive to overcoming disciplinary boundaries. This book is aimed in particular at researchers and students undertaking or considering interdisciplinary research.
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- 2024
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9. Transformations to groundwater sustainability: from individuals and pumps to communities and aquifers
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Zwarteveen, Margreet, Kuper, Marcel, Olmos-Herrera, Cristian, Dajani, Muna, Kemerink-Seyoum, Jeltsje, Frances, Cleaver, Beckett, Linnea, Lu, Flora, Kulkarni, Seema, Kulkarni, Himanshu, Aslekar, Uma, Börjeson, Lowe, Verzijl, Andres, Dominguez Guzmán, Carolina, Oré, Maria Teresa, Leonardelli, Irene, Bossenbroek, Lisa, Ftouhi, Hind, Chitata, Tavengwa, Hartani, Tarik, Saidani, Amine, Johnson, Michelaina, Peterson, Aysha, Bhat, Sneha, Bhopal, Sachin, Kadiri, Zakaria, Deshmukh, Rucha, Joshi, Dhaval, Komakech, Hans, Joseph, Kerstin, Mlimbila, Ebrania, and De Bont, Chris
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- 2021
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10. Penser la gestion de l'eau à l'échelle territoriale dans les oasis du Maroc : le cas de Ferkla
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Khardi, Yassine, Zein Taleb, Zeine, Imache, Amar, Kuper, Marcel, Bouarfa, Sami, Lacombe, Guillaume, Taky, Abdelilah, Khardi, Yassine, Zein Taleb, Zeine, Imache, Amar, Kuper, Marcel, Bouarfa, Sami, Lacombe, Guillaume, and Taky, Abdelilah
- Abstract
Dans les zones oasiennes du Maroc, l'agriculture a connu une extension très importante depuis 30 ans en dehors des oasis, basée principalement sur l'exploitation des eaux souterraines et stimulée par des politiques agricoles volontaristes. Les oasis et leurs extensions sont aujourd'hui confrontées à des pénuries d'eau conséquentes, accentuées par une irrégularité croissante des pluies et des crues. Un processus participatif, impliquant un panel mixte d'acteurs, a été mené en vue d'établir un diagnostic d'ensemble de la situation des ressources en eau dans la zone oasienne de Ferkla (Drâa-Tafilalet) et de coconstruire des solutions consensuelles pour une gestion durable de l'eau à l'échelle du territoire. Le diagnostic a permis d'identifier plusieurs indices démontrant le surdéveloppement voire la " fermeture " du bassin versant : relocalisation de l'usage de l'eau vers l'amont, déclin des niveaux piézométriques des nappes et conflits d'usages. Face à ces enjeux, nombreuses sont les initiatives individuelles et collectives pour augmenter l'offre en eau localement, identifiées par les participants. Celles-ci ont été mises en oeuvre ou sont en cours de réflexion, mais elles restent localisées et tributaires d'interventions ailleurs dans le bassin versant. De l'avis général, un nouveau modèle de gouvernance de l'eau est à inventer pour assurer un avenir durable des oasis au Maroc. Ce modèle se baserait sur l'implication et la responsabilisation des usagers dans la gestion de l'eau. Cet article où une démarche participative a été déployée pour comprendre et apporter des propositions autour des enjeux de la gouvernance de l'eau dans les zones oasiennes se veut une contribution au débat national sur la gestion de l'eau.
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- 2024
11. Surexploitation des eaux souterraines : la plaine de Berrechid en quête d'un changement de gouvernance
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El Meknassi Yousoufi, Ehssan, Hammani, Ali, Kuper, Marcel, El Amrani, Mohamed, El Meknassi Yousoufi, Ehssan, Hammani, Ali, Kuper, Marcel, and El Amrani, Mohamed
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Le présent article explore la gouvernance de l'eau à travers une étude de cas sur la plaine de Berrechid au Maroc. Cette région subit une pression croissante sur ses eaux souterraines, exacerbée par l'augmentation des surfaces irriguées (maraîchage et fourrages) et un pompage intensif. Cette situation a conduit à une surexploitation de la nappe, avec un déficit annuel de 32 millions de mètres cubes. Basée sur des recherches menées dans le cadre d'un projet de la FAO et d'autres études complémentaires, l'analyse se concentre sur l'évolution du cadre réglementaire et institutionnel sur la gestion des eaux, ainsi que sur la complexité des interactions entre les divers acteurs, tant dans les cadres formels qu'informels. L'étude met en lumière les difficultés inhérentes à la mise en place d'une gestion participative des eaux souterraines, incluant l'application insuffisante des réglementations, le manque de consensus social et les défis de coordination entre les institutions. Bien que les récents contrats de concession à Berrechid représentent un pas vers une gestion participative, l'article questionne leur efficacité à long terme et souligne l'importance d'une réflexion approfondie pour assurer une gestion durable des ressources en eau. L'article conclut sur la nécessité d'une collaboration étroite entre tous les acteurs pour une transition vers une gestion durable de l'eau, soulignant que cette évolution nécessite un changement dans les perceptions et les pratiques, ainsi qu'un engagement politique soutenu. De plus, il est essentiel d'assurer un appui continu non seulement technique, mais aussi social, institutionnel et financier pour renforcer cette transition vers une gouvernance améliorée des ressources en eau.
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- 2024
12. The role of small-scale hydraulic infrastructure in transforming hydrosocial territories in a catchment in Ceará, Brazil
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Gasmi, Hela, de Freitas Vieira, Letícia, Kuper, Marcel, Passos Rodrigues Martins, Eduardo Sávio, Burte, Julien, Gasmi, Hela, de Freitas Vieira, Letícia, Kuper, Marcel, Passos Rodrigues Martins, Eduardo Sávio, and Burte, Julien
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This paper analyses the central role of water infrastructure in the transformation of hydrosocial territories through a case study in the Forquilha catchment in Brazil's Nordeste. Decentralised state-led infrastructural development reinforced the resilience of communities to drought, leading to more sustainable water access by many families; this was further magnified through individual and collective initiatives. However, this entailed the overdevelopment of small-scale hydraulic infrastructure and the formation of small community-based hydrosocial territories, which changed water flows and social relations at different scales. We show how this has led to the loss of hydraulic connectivity and the fragmentation of the catchment and how it has weakened collective action vis-à-vis the state. The state staged a remarkable interventionist comeback in the catchment by connecting medium-sized reservoirs in the upstream part of the catchment to urban water supply networks. In the absence of negotiated water reallocation, this may lead to the loss of water and livelihoods by vulnerable groups.
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- 2024
13. Caring for groundwater: How care can expand and transform groundwater governance
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Zwarteveen, Margreet, Dominguez Guzmán, Carolina, Kuper, Marcel, Saidani, Mohamed Amine, Kemerink-Seyoum, Jeltsje, Cleaver, Frances, Kulkarni, Himanshu, Bossenbroek, Lisa, Ftouhi, Hind, Verzijl, Andres, Aslekar, Uma, Kadiri, Zakaria, Chitata, Tavengwa, Leonardelli, Irene, Kulkarni, Seema, Bhat, Sneha, Zwarteveen, Margreet, Dominguez Guzmán, Carolina, Kuper, Marcel, Saidani, Mohamed Amine, Kemerink-Seyoum, Jeltsje, Cleaver, Frances, Kulkarni, Himanshu, Bossenbroek, Lisa, Ftouhi, Hind, Verzijl, Andres, Aslekar, Uma, Kadiri, Zakaria, Chitata, Tavengwa, Leonardelli, Irene, Kulkarni, Seema, and Bhat, Sneha
- Abstract
Efforts to measure and regulate groundwaters and irrigators are notoriously ineffective. The starting point of this article, therefore, is to question the continued faith in techno-managerial solutions to groundwater depletion. We discuss the potential of the conceptual vocabulary of 'care' to complement, refresh and expand ways of talking about and doing groundwater governance. Mobilizing a diverse range of examples from places where pressures on aquifers are particularly acute, we do this by exploring what care entails in everyday practices of groundwater use and management. We show that foregrounding care nuances and sometimes challenges stories of users unavoidably depleting aquifers when given the chance and means to do so. Irrigators may display concern about the longer-term sustainability of the aquifers on which their livelihoods depend, even when their own pumping practices are unsustainable. In spite of pressures to intensify and individualize, farmers sometimes do hold on to or creatively develop collective rules to fairly share groundwater and use it sustainably, complementing strategies to make do with what is available with investments in conservation and recharge. Attention to care, moreover, highlights the ongoing processes of tinkering that governing groundwater always entails. The ability to tinker hinges on intimate and often embodied knowledge of a watery place. Accepting the care involved in governing groundwater, our analysis therefore concludes, prompts a re-consideration of what is and who has water expertise, with important implications for the role of 'outside' experts. More than a new theory, we propose embracing care as an analytical sensibility, with the study of practices of care serving as one promising way to widen the conceptual and political space for understanding and doing human-groundwater relations.
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- 2024
14. Rooted water collectives: Towards an analytical framework
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Vos, Jeroen, Boelens, Rutgerd, Venot, Jean-Philippe, and Kuper, Marcel
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- 2020
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15. Caring for Groundwater: How Care Can Expand and Transform Groundwater Governance
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Zwarteveen, Margreet, primary, Domínguez-Guzmán, Carolina, additional, Kuper, Marcel, additional, Saidani, Amine, additional, Kemerink-Seyoum, Jeltsje, additional, Cleaver, Frances, additional, Kulkarni, Himanshu, additional, Bossenbroek, Lisa, additional, Ftouhi, Hind, additional, Verzijl, Andres, additional, Aslekar, Uma, additional, Kadiri, Zakaria, additional, Chitata, Tavengwa, additional, Leonardelli, Irene, additional, Kulkarni, Seema, additional, and Bhat, Sneha, additional
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- 2024
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16. Visions contrastées des services écosystémiques des zones humides saisonnières du Gharb, Maroc
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Choukrani Hajar, Kuper Marcel, Hammani Ali, Lacombe Guillaume, and Taky Abdelilah
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zones humides temporaires ,services écosystémiques ,collectivité riveraine ,acteurs institutionnels ,maroc ,Agriculture (General) ,S1-972 ,Plant culture ,SB1-1110 - Abstract
Immergés en hiver, les marais saisonniers (merjas) de la plaine du Gharb au Maroc étaient traditionnellement exploités pour le pâturage en été, à côté d’autres usages productifs. Pourtant, ils étaient considérés par l’administration coloniale comme des milieux insalubres et peu valorisés, malgré leur abondance en ressources naturelles. Au cours du XXe siècle, la plaine a fait l’objet d’un aménagement hydro-agricole, incorporant les merjas, pour contribuer aux objectifs nationaux de sécurité alimentaire et d’exportation de produits agricoles. Cet article interroge le regard porté par les acteurs locaux et institutionnels sur les merjas et les bénéfices qu’elles procurent, à travers une analyse des services écosystémiques. Si les institutions les considèrent comme des terres vierges à aménager et des zones tampon de régulation des crues pour protéger les secteurs aménagés et les villes, les collectivités riveraines les considèrent comme des espaces productifs, défavorisés par les crues. L’étude montre des visions contrastées des services écosystémiques, où chaque acteur a une vision utilitariste des merjas. Malgré le débat international sur la biodiversité et le stockage de carbone dans les zones humides, les dimensions écologiques sont peu citées. L’approche par les services écosystémiques dévoile les antagonismes entre acteurs, mais peut être un moyen de négociation sur le devenir des merjas dans une vision territoriale.
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- 2023
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17. Pomper ou disparaître : le dilemme du renforcement des khettaras par le pompage solaire dans les oasis du Maroc
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Khardi Yassine, Lacombe Guillaume, Kuper Marcel, Taky Abdelilah, Bouarfa Sami, and Hammani Ali
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oasis ,khettara ,pompage solaire ,eau souterraine ,maroc ,Agriculture (General) ,S1-972 ,Plant culture ,SB1-1110 - Abstract
Les agriculteurs utilisant les eaux des khettaras, galeries souterraines drainant la nappe phréatique et donnant un accès collectif à l’eau souterraine dans les oasis, font aujourd’hui face à un dilemme. Les khettaras se tarissent sous l’effet conjugué du pompage pour l’eau potable et de l’irrigation des exploitations agricoles des nouvelles extensions, et d’une recharge décroissante de la nappe. Leurs khettaras menacées de disparition, certains collectifs ont choisi d’installer des puits ou des forages alimentés par l’énergie solaire. Cela permet de renforcer le débit des khettaras et ainsi de maintenir l’accès collectif à l’eau souterraine, mais ces installations contribuent aussi à sa surexploitation. Dans cet article, nous mettons en discussion ce choix cornélien des communautés oasiennes dans le sud du Maroc. Des observations de terrain, l’analyse des images satellites, et des enquêtes avec les agriculteurs ont permis de comprendre le contexte d’émergence d’un dispositif associant la khettara au pompage par énergie solaire, d’analyser sa conception technique et de mettre en évidence la capacité des oasiens à intervenir sur les règles de gestion pour superposer ce dispositif technique et institutionnel nouveau au système traditionnel des khettaras. Cet article contribue à une réflexion sur la durabilité de l’accès à l’eau souterraine dans ce contexte présaharien.
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- 2023
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18. Irrigation and water governance
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Sanchis-Ibor, Carles, primary, Molle, François, additional, and Kuper, Marcel, additional
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- 2020
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19. List of contributors
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Ait-Mouheb, Nassim, primary, Albergel, Clément, additional, Allam, Antoine, additional, Aouissi, Jalel, additional, Baghdadi, Nicolas, additional, Bocquillon, Claude, additional, Boulet, Gilles, additional, Brocca, Luca, additional, Calvet, Jean-Christophe, additional, Camarero, J. Julio, additional, Camici, Stefania, additional, Ciabatta, Luca, additional, Domínguez-Castro, Fernando, additional, El Kenawy, Ahmed, additional, Fakir, Younes, additional, Gaget, Elie, additional, Galewski, Thomas, additional, Gascoin, Simon, additional, Geijzendorffer, Ilse, additional, Guelmami, Anis, additional, Hartani, Tarik, additional, Heras, Mariano Moreno de las, additional, Jarlan, Lionel, additional, Kuper, Marcel, additional, Lana-Renault, Noemí, additional, Le Page, Michel, additional, Leroux, Delphine, additional, López-Moreno, Nacho, additional, Lorenzo-Lacruz, Jorge, additional, Marra, Anna Cinzia, additional, Massari, Christian, additional, Mateo-Sagasta, Javier, additional, Mayaux, Pierre-Louis, additional, Molle, Bruno, additional, Molle, François, additional, Morán-Tejeda, Enrique, additional, Moussa, Roger, additional, Munier, Simon, additional, Najem, Wajdi, additional, Nieto, Hector, additional, Notarnicola, Claudia, additional, Olioso, Albert, additional, Panegrossi, Giulia, additional, Penna, Daniele, additional, Perennou, Christian, additional, Pimentel, Rafael, additional, Polo, María J., additional, Sanchis-Ibor, Carles, additional, Tramblay, Yves, additional, Vicente-Serrano, Sergio M., additional, and Zribi, Mehrez, additional
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- 2020
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20. New reading of Saharan agricultural transformation: Continuities of ancient oases and their extensions (Algeria)
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Hamamouche, Meriem Farah, Kuper, Marcel, Amichi, Hichem, Lejars, Caroline, and Ghodbani, Tarik
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- 2018
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21. From worker to peasant and then to entrepreneur? Land reform and agrarian change in the Saïss (Morocco)
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Petit, Olivier, Kuper, Marcel, and Ameur, Fatah
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- 2018
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22. A bridge over troubled waters
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Venot, Jean-Philippe, Vos, Jeroen, Molle, François, Zwarteveen, Margreet, Veldwisch, Gert Jan, Kuper, Marcel, Mdee, Anna, Ertsen, Maurits, Boelens, Rutgerd, Cleaver, Frances, Lankford, Bruce, Swatuk, Larry, Linton, Jamie, Harris, Leila M., Kemerink-Seyoum, Jeltsje, Kooy, Michelle, and Schwartz, Klaas
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- 2022
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23. Sustaining community-managed rural water supply systems in severe water-scarce areas in Brazil and Tunisia
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Gasmi Hela, Kuper Marcel, Passos Rodrigues Martins Eduardo Sávio, Morardet Sylvie, and Burte Julien
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water supply ,communities ,adaptations ,resilience ,brazil ,tunisia ,Agriculture (General) ,S1-972 ,Plant culture ,SB1-1110 - Abstract
In many countries, the challenge of sustaining rural water supplies is entrusted to community organizations, which have difficulties in performing durably the operation, maintenance and cost recovery of rural water supply systems. This paper analyzes how rural communities struggle to ensure a sustainable access to water, while seeking close interaction with outside actors such as the State, NGOs, and politicians. The analysis is based on field observations, interviews and participatory workshops in four community-managed water supply systems in Brazil and Tunisia. To sustain the access to water, communities limit their dependance on community-managed water supply systems and diversify water sources for different uses; they adapt the technical and organizational dimensions of water supply systems through bricolage; and use political leverage to obtain financial and technical support. Understanding how communities adapt the infrastructure and the organization of rural water supply, in close interaction with external actors, may inspire water providers in designing more resilient water systems.
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- 2022
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24. Water accounting in the Berrechid plain (Morocco): A process approach
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El Meknassi Yousoufi, Ehssan, primary, Hammani, Ali, additional, Kuper, Marcel, additional, Bouarfa, Sami, additional, and Vallée, Domitille, additional
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- 2023
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25. Liberation or Anarchy? The Janus Nature of Groundwater Use on North Africa’s New Irrigation Frontiers
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Kuper, Marcel, Faysse, Nicolas, Hammani, Ali, Hartani, Tarik, Marlet, Serge, Hamamouche, Meriem Farah, Ameur, Fatah, Jakeman, Anthony J., editor, Barreteau, Olivier, editor, Hunt, Randall J., editor, Rinaudo, Jean-Daniel, editor, and Ross, Andrew, editor
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- 2016
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26. Water accounting in the Berrechid plain (Morocco): A process approach.
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El Meknassi Yousoufi, Ehssan, Hammani, Ali, Kuper, Marcel, Bouarfa, Sami, and Vallée, Domitille
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WATER supply ,GROUNDWATER management ,WATER shortages ,WATER consumption ,WATER currents ,WATER use - Abstract
Copyright of Irrigation & Drainage is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
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- 2024
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27. Explaining societal change through bricolage: Transformations in regimes of water governance.
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Mayaux, Pierre-Louis, Dajani, Muna, Cleaver, Frances, Naouri, Mohamed, Kuper, Marcel, and Hartani, Tarik
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AGRICULTURE ,SUSTAINABILITY ,WATER use ,POWER (Social sciences) ,SOCIAL sustainability - Abstract
This paper is motivated by the pressing need to understand how water use and irrigated agriculture can be transformed in the interests of both social and environmental sustainability. How can such change come about? In particular, given the generally mixed results of simplified, state-initiated projects of social engineering, what is the potential for transformations in societal regimes of governance to be anchored in the everyday practices of farmers? In this paper, we address these enduring questions in novel ways. We argue that the concept of bricolage, commonly applied to analysing community management of resources, can be developed and deployed to explain broad societal processes of change. To illustrate this, we draw on case studies of irrigated agriculture in Saharan areas of Algeria and in the occupied Golan Heights in Syria. Our case analysis offers insights into how processes of institutional, technological and ideational bricolage entwine, how the state becomes implicated in them and how multiple instances of bricolage accumulate over time to produce meaningful systemic change. In concluding, however, we reflect on the greater propensity of contemporary bricolage to rebalance power relations than to open the way to more ecological farming practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2023
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28. The Seductive Power of an Innovation: Enrolling Non-Conventional Actors in a Drip Irrigation Community in Morocco
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Benouniche, Maya, Errahj, Mostafa, and Kuper, Marcel
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Purpose: The aim of this study was to analyze the motivations of non-conventional innovation actors to engage in innovation processes, how their involvement changed the technology and their own social-professional status, and to analyze their role in the diffusion of the innovation. Design/methodology/approach: We studied the innovation process of drip irrigation in Morocco. We interviewed 35 farmers in two villages, selected to represent a diversity of farms, and observed their drip irrigation systems. We interviewed several local artisans and traders, and intermediaries about their social-professional pathway, using a checklist to understand their motivations and their involvement with drip irrigation. Findings: We showed how a variety of non-conventional actors became involved in drip irrigation, leading to the progressive creation of an active inter-related socio-technical network involved in the sales, manufacturing, fitting, and use of drip irrigation systems. This network challenged an imported technology promoted by irrigation companies that targeted large-scale farmers, and transformed it into drip irrigation systems adapted to a wide range of situations and farmers, including small-scale farmers. The involvement of these actors led to reciprocal changes in the technology and in the socio-professional status of the intermediaries, hence accelerating the diffusion of the innovation. Practical implications: Understanding the motivations of non-conventional innovation actors helps comprehend the multiple pathways of innovation processes, and the socio-professional pathways of innovation actors. It is worth considering integrating these actors in state programs and other planned innovation processes, as they are near to field realities and to innovation users, and are able to adapt a technology to local requirements. Originality/value: The results of this study contribute to the scientific debate about the mutually beneficial alliance of non-conventional actors and technical innovations.
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- 2016
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29. Question agraire, question hydraulique : mise en débat de l'avenir des merjas de la plaine du Gharb, Maroc
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Choukrani, Hajar, Imache, Amar, Kemmoun, Hassane, Kuper, Marcel, Hammani, Ali, Taky, Abdelilah, Lacombe, Guillaume, Choukrani, Hajar, Imache, Amar, Kemmoun, Hassane, Kuper, Marcel, Hammani, Ali, Taky, Abdelilah, and Lacombe, Guillaume
- Abstract
Ce travail explore l'aménagement hydro-agricole des merjas centrales de la plaine du Gharb au Maroc, en suspens depuis plusieurs décennies. Différentes visions contrastées, quant à l'évolution et à la mise en valeur de ces zones humides temporaires, sont avancées par les institutions publiques, les considérant comme zones d'expansion des crues ou des zones peu valorisées et à intégrer dans un futur aménagement hydro-agricole. Pourtant les merjas sont intensivement exploitées par une diversité d'acteurs dans un contexte d'insécurité foncière et de multiples conflits d'usages. Focalisant sur la merja Sidi Ameur, une démarche de concertation a été menée, à travers des entretiens individuels, des focus groupes et des ateliers participatifs, invitant les acteurs locaux et institutionnels à coconstruire différents scénarios d'aménagement hydro-agricole. L'objectif de l'étude est de développer et tester une démarche pour rendre plus visibles les usages actuels et la vision des communautés locales afin de les engager, au même plan que les acteurs institutionnels, dans un processus de réflexion et de négociation. Dans un premier temps, la cartographie participative a permis de faire converger les participants vers une délimitation commune – hydrologique et juridique – des merjas. Ensuite, la phase prospective a permis d'identifier différents scénarios d'aménagement collectif, et d'explorer leur faisabilité technique et leurs impacts socio-économiques. Les ateliers montrent la focalisation agricole des parties prenantes, écartant tout autre destin des merjas (zones tampons, réserves écologiques). Pour toutes les options d'aménagement hydro-agricole, la question de qui est légitime pour la mise en valeur des merjas est posée, avec une forte demande d'assainissement foncier préalable. Nos résultats soulignent l'importance et la place de la concertation comme un outil de négociation pour mettre en exergue la position et les revendications des communautés locales souvent marginal
- Published
- 2023
30. Watermelons in the desert in Morocco: Struggles around a groundwater commons-in-the-making
- Author
-
Bossenbroek, Lisa, Ftouhi, Hind, Kadiri, Zakaria, Kuper, Marcel, Bossenbroek, Lisa, Ftouhi, Hind, Kadiri, Zakaria, and Kuper, Marcel
- Abstract
Groundwater is essential for early-season agriculture in many arid regions. In such regions, however, groundwater recharge is generally low, leading to groundwater degradation. State responses are seldom effective in addressing this issue, which leads to fatalist narratives of the unsustainability of profitable agricultural growth and the collapse of aquifers. We argue that such narratives make it difficult to recognise more promising instances in which communities find solutions to groundwater degradation. We call for a fine-grained analysis of the social practices around the use of groundwater, which, we argue, represent a process of commoning. We do so while recognising that the collective action of communities is embedded in an intricate set of relations with other stakeholders including the state, and that the positive environmental and transformative social change that is often associated with commoning cannot be taken for granted at the outset. Building on the case of the arid Drâa Valley in Morocco where watermelon production has expanded rapidly, we illustrate how the process of commoning evolves through different social practices, including: 1) the use of new farming practices that reveal the potential of the aquifer; 2) the representation of the aquifer as severely degraded and the development of a narrative around it being a collective good to be protected against outsiders; 3) the defining and negotiating of rules to control groundwater access and use; and 4) the engagement in negotiations and the resolving of conflicts. Our analysis shows that commoning, as performed by young local farmers, is about extending the lifespan of the aquifer for agricultural production rather than preserving it indefinitely; however, an examination of commoning practices also reveals the capacity of the community to change the course of the future.
- Published
- 2023
31. Transformation as practice: Learning from everyday dealings with groundwater
- Author
-
Dominguez Guzmán, Carolina, Zwarteveen, Margreet, Kuper, Marcel, Dominguez Guzmán, Carolina, Zwarteveen, Margreet, and Kuper, Marcel
- Abstract
This article provides a theoretical introduction to the Special Issue and briefly presents the various contributions. It starts with a general plea for inserting the analysis of groundwater and its gradual depletion into a broader critical analysis of 'development'; it does so in order to trace how particular forms of groundwater use and management are intrinsic to distinct – gendered and racialised – processes of differentiation and exploitation such as settler colonialism and capitalism. We go on to argue, however, that too much insistence on explaining empirical realities in terms of such structural processes has its limitations. It risks strengthening their overwhelming power and reconfirming the oppression and marginalisation that they create. We therefore suggest that methodological and ethnographic attention to practices may help identify less predictable and sometimes surprising trajectories of change. Our foregrounding of practices implies treating terms such as transformation and sustainability as fluid, the discussion of which needs to be anchored in the situated and always-specific practical work of using, accessing, caring for, sharing and knowing groundwater. Theoretical insights about how the world is patterned or structured then serve not as the framework in which to insert empirical findings, but as entry points for further analysis, reflection and conversation, fuelling forms of experimentation and joint learning about how to think and do transformations to groundwater sustainability.
- Published
- 2023
32. Pomper ou disparaître : le dilemme du renforcement des khettaras par le pompage solaire dans les oasis du Maroc
- Author
-
Khardi, Yassine, Lacombe, Guillaume, Kuper, Marcel, Taky, Abdelilah, Bouarfa, Sami, Hammani, Ali, Khardi, Yassine, Lacombe, Guillaume, Kuper, Marcel, Taky, Abdelilah, Bouarfa, Sami, and Hammani, Ali
- Abstract
Les agriculteurs utilisant les eaux des khettaras, galeries souterraines drainant la nappe phréatique et donnant un accès collectif à l'eau souterraine dans les oasis, font aujourd'hui face à un dilemme. Les khettaras se tarissent sous l'effet conjugué du pompage pour l'eau potable et de l'irrigation des exploitations agricoles des nouvelles extensions, et d'une recharge décroissante de la nappe. Leurs khettaras menacées de disparition, certains collectifs ont choisi d'installer des puits ou des forages alimentés par l'énergie solaire. Cela permet de renforcer le débit des khettaras et ainsi de maintenir l'accès collectif à l'eau souterraine, mais ces installations contribuent aussi à sa surexploitation. Dans cet article, nous mettons en discussion ce choix cornélien des communautés oasiennes dans le sud du Maroc. Des observations de terrain, l'analyse des images satellites, et des enquêtes avec les agriculteurs ont permis de comprendre le contexte d'émergence d'un dispositif associant la khettara au pompage par énergie solaire, d'analyser sa conception technique et de mettre en évidence la capacité des oasiens à intervenir sur les règles de gestion pour superposer ce dispositif technique et institutionnel nouveau au système traditionnel des khettaras. Cet article contribue à une réflexion sur la durabilité de l'accès à l'eau souterraine dans ce contexte présaharien.
- Published
- 2023
33. The persistent appeal of the california agricultural dream in North Africa
- Author
-
Kuper, Marcel, Mayaux, Pierre-Louis, Benmihoub, Ahmed, Kuper, Marcel, Mayaux, Pierre-Louis, and Benmihoub, Ahmed
- Abstract
The development of intensive irrigated agriculture in arid California has inspired many governments and people around the world. In the paper, we show how 'California' as a social imaginary influenced North Africa's irrigation policies. We trace the influence of this imaginary at two very different and critical junctures: in Morocco under the French Protectorate from the 1930s to the 1950s and in the contemporary Algerian Sahara. We argue that the influence of the 'California' imaginary persisted because of how it appeared to be the perfect embodiment of capitalist modernity while at the same time exhibiting two crucial sociopolitical ambiguities; the first ambiguity concerned the proper role of the state and the second had to do with the California imaginary's overall implications in terms of social equity. These ambiguities enabled governing actors to naturalise and routinise this imported imaginary even as they used it to forge distinct types of political settlements that were in line with local historical circumstances. We thus argue that the notion of imaginary, inherently visual and polysemic, is usefully distinguished from alternative notions such as paradigms, narratives and frames. We also contend that imaginaries do not function independently from other social forces, but rather that they are embedded in the wider political economy. This leads us to conclude that any transformation of agricultural policies in North Africa will require the diffusion of an alternative imaginary that is as effective in forging powerful social coalitions as the Californian dream proved to be.
- Published
- 2023
34. Visions contrastées des services écosystémiques des zones humides saisonnières du Gharb, Maroc
- Author
-
Choukrani, Hajar, Kuper, Marcel, Hammani, Ali, Lacombe, Guillaume, Taky, Abdelilah, Choukrani, Hajar, Kuper, Marcel, Hammani, Ali, Lacombe, Guillaume, and Taky, Abdelilah
- Abstract
Immergés en hiver, les marais saisonniers (merjas) de la plaine du Gharb au Maroc étaient traditionnellement exploités pour le pâturage en été, à côté d'autres usages productifs. Pourtant, ils étaient considérés par l'administration coloniale comme des milieux insalubres et peu valorisés, malgré leur abondance en ressources naturelles. Au cours du XXe siècle, la plaine a fait l'objet d'un aménagement hydro-agricole, incorporant les merjas, pour contribuer aux objectifs nationaux de sécurité alimentaire et d'exportation de produits agricoles. Cet article interroge le regard porté par les acteurs locaux et institutionnels sur les merjas et les bénéfices qu'elles procurent, à travers une analyse des services écosystémiques. Si les institutions les considèrent comme des terres vierges à aménager et des zones tampon de régulation des crues pour protéger les secteurs aménagés et les villes, les collectivités riveraines les considèrent comme des espaces productifs, défavorisés par les crues. L'étude montre des visions contrastées des services écosystémiques, où chaque acteur a une vision utilitariste des merjas. Malgré le débat international sur la biodiversité et le stockage de carbone dans les zones humides, les dimensions écologiques sont peu citées. L'approche par les services écosystémiques dévoile les antagonismes entre acteurs, mais peut être un moyen de négociation sur le devenir des merjas dans une vision territoriale.
- Published
- 2023
35. Sharing difficult waters: Community-based groundwater recharge and use in Algeria and India
- Author
-
Saidani, Mohamed Amine, Aslekar, Uma, Kuper, Marcel, Kemerink-Seyoum, Jeltsje, Saidani, Mohamed Amine, Aslekar, Uma, Kuper, Marcel, and Kemerink-Seyoum, Jeltsje
- Abstract
The intentional recharge and use of aquifers for drinking, domestic use and irrigation is one of the most elaborate community initiatives in groundwater governance. Communities deal with difficult waters like flash floods and runoff for short periods, and for more prolonged periods with dry spells that prompt frugality in water use. These collective systems have been challenged in recent decades by the massive development of individual boreholes; these have emerged in connection with intensive groundwater-based agriculture and have led to unsustainable groundwater exploitation. This article analyses how communities have been confronted with, and have resisted, such challenges in recent times. It focuses on two long-standing and functional community aquifer recharge and use systems, one in Algeria (M'Zab Valley) and the other in India (Randullabad, in the state of Maharashtra). We show that sharing such difficult waters requires, first, practice-based and shared knowledge of the complex interactions between the surface and groundwater that is collectively owned by the community; second, robust collective action to maintain and operate the common infrastructure that is undergoing continuous adaptation to the particular socionatural conditions of a specific area; and, third, adaptive institutions to carefully balance available water resources and their frugal use. Our analysis shows that community governance of groundwater is embedded in social norms and meanings and that these are expressed in the frugal use of scarce resources and/or the continuous challenging of irresponsible water use when it threatens domestic water supply. These community initiatives can represent sources of inspiration for ecologically sustainable and socially equitable forms of groundwater governance, even in very challenging situations.
- Published
- 2023
36. Local development organisations in Saharan regions of North Africa: Expanding horizons
- Author
-
Hamamouche, Meriem Farah, Faysse, Nicolas, Kuper, Marcel, Lejars, Caroline, Errahj, Mostafa, Kadiri, Zakaria, Ben Aissa, Nadhira, Benmihoub, Ahmed, Hamamouche, Meriem Farah, Faysse, Nicolas, Kuper, Marcel, Lejars, Caroline, Errahj, Mostafa, Kadiri, Zakaria, Ben Aissa, Nadhira, and Benmihoub, Ahmed
- Abstract
Local development organisations are now widespread in rural regions of North Africa. In the past, these organisations were usually only involved in a few sector-specific activities. This study investigated the activities of 24 local development organisations in the Saharan regions of Morocco, Algeria and Tunisia. The fields of action of these organisations have expanded in the past decade, thanks to their increased capacity to handle relations with other actors. They have become active in defining what development means at the local level, although public administrations do not yet acknowledge such a role.
- Published
- 2023
37. Groundwater use in North Africa as a cautionary tale for climate change adaptation
- Author
-
Kuper, Marcel, primary, Amichi, Hichem, additional, and Mayaux, Pierre-Louis, additional
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
38. Explaining societal change through bricolage: Transformations in regimes of water governance
- Author
-
Mayaux, Pierre-Louis, primary, Dajani, Muna, additional, Cleaver, Frances, additional, Naouri, Mohamed, additional, Kuper, Marcel, additional, and Hartani, Tarik, additional
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
39. Water accounting in the Berrechid plain (Morocco): A process approach
- Author
-
El Meknassi Yousoufi, Ehssan, Hammani, Ali, Kuper, Marcel, Bouarfa, Sami, and Vallée, Domitille
- Abstract
Water scarcity is a growing challenge to the governance of water resources and to multiple water uses. Dealing with water scarcity requires a better-shared understanding of water supply and demand dynamics on the part of the different stakeholders who contribute to and/or suffer the consequences of water scarcity. This study highlights the importance of establishing a water accounting system for groundwater management in the Berrechid plain (Morocco) and the conditions under which such accounting may help solve current water issues. The plain is under considerable water stress, and stakeholders are struggling to implement aquifer management plans to ensure groundwater sustainability. The study identified and quantified various components of the water balance and estimated annual groundwater overexploitation for the period 2001–2018 to be 32 million m3. Fractional analysis of the water balance showed that the reason for aquifer water stress was a rapid increase in irrigated land and current intensive agricultural and irrigation practices, which threaten both the sustainability of water resources and economic activities in the plain. To improve water governance, a system of water accounting is required that promotes responsible use and ensures that all stakeholders are answerable and accountable for their water consumption along with any actions that may affect water flows.
- Published
- 2023
40. Sharing difficult waters: Community-based groundwater recharge and use in Algeria and India
- Author
-
Kuper, Marcel, Saidani, Mohamed Amine, Aslekar, Uma, Kemerink-Seyoum, Jeltsje, Gestion de l'Eau, Acteurs, Usages (UMR G-EAU), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Bureau de Recherches Géologiques et Minières (BRGM) (BRGM)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-AgroParisTech-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Institut Agro Montpellier, Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro), Département Environnements et Sociétés (Cirad-ES), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad), Institut Agronomique et Vétérinaire Hassan II (IAV Hassan II), Centre de recherches en économie appliquée au développement (CREAD), Advanced Center for Water Resources Development and Management (ACWADAM), Institute for Water Education (IHE Delft ), and ANR-18-NT2S-0002,T2GS,Transformations pour une durabilité des eaux souterraines : apprentissages communs des interactions homme-eau(2018)
- Subjects
India ,résolution des conflits fonciers ,Institutions ,[SDE.ES]Environmental Sciences/Environmental and Society ,eau souterraine ,Knowledge ,Recharge de la nappe ,Water infrastructure ,Gestion des eaux ,Water sharing ,Algeria ,Gouvernance ,approches communautaires ,P10 - Ressources en eau et leur gestion ,Irrigation - Abstract
International audience; The intentional recharge and use of aquifers for drinking, domestic use and irrigation is one of the most elaborate community initiatives in groundwater governance. Communities deal with difficult waters like flash floods and runoff for short periods, and for more prolonged periods with dry spells that prompt frugality in water use. These collective systems have been challenged in recent decades by the massive development of individual boreholes; these have emerged in connection with intensive groundwater-based agriculture and have led to unsustainable groundwater exploitation. This article analyses how communities have been confronted with, and have resisted, such challenges in recent times. It focuses on two long-standing and functional community aquifer recharge and use systems, one in Algeria (M'Zab Valley) and the other in India (Randullabad, in the state of Maharashtra). We show that sharing such difficult waters requires, first, practice-based and shared knowledge of the complex interactions between the surface and groundwater that is collectively owned by the community; second, robust collective action to maintain and operate the common infrastructure that is undergoing continuous adaptation to the particular socionatural conditions of a specific area; and, third, adaptive institutions to carefully balance available water resources and their frugal use. Our analysis shows that community governance of groundwater is embedded in social norms and meanings and that these are expressed in the frugal use of scarce resources and/or the continuous challenging of irresponsible water use when it threatens domestic water supply. These community initiatives can represent sources of inspiration for ecologically sustainable and socially equitable forms of groundwater governance, even in very challenging situations.
- Published
- 2023
41. Transformation as practice: Learning from everyday dealings with groundwater
- Author
-
Kuper, Marcel, Dominguez Guzmán, Carolina, Zwarteveen, Margreet, Gestion de l'Eau, Acteurs, Usages (UMR G-EAU), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Bureau de Recherches Géologiques et Minières (BRGM) (BRGM)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-AgroParisTech-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Institut Agro Montpellier, Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro), Département Environnements et Sociétés (Cirad-ES), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad), University of Amsterdam [Amsterdam] (UvA), and ANR-18-NT2S-0002,T2GS,Transformations pour une durabilité des eaux souterraines : apprentissages communs des interactions homme-eau(2018)
- Subjects
Transformations ,politique de l'eau ,[SDE.ES]Environmental Sciences/Environmental and Society ,Caring ,U70 - Sciences humaines et sociales ,eau souterraine ,Conservation de l'eau ,Sustainability ,Groundwater governance ,Gestion des eaux ,Ethnography of practice ,P10 - Ressources en eau et leur gestion ,Durabilité - Abstract
International audience; This article provides a theoretical introduction to the Special Issue and briefly presents the various contributions. It starts with a general plea for inserting the analysis of groundwater and its gradual depletion into a broader critical analysis of 'development'; it does so in order to trace how particular forms of groundwater use and management are intrinsic to distinct-gendered and racialised-processes of differentiation and exploitation such as settler colonialism and capitalism. We go on to argue, however, that too much insistence on explaining empirical realities in terms of such structural processes has its limitations. It risks strengthening their overwhelming power and reconfirming the oppression and marginalisation that they create. We therefore suggest that methodological and ethnographic attention to practices may help identify less predictable and sometimes surprising trajectories of change. Our foregrounding of practices implies treating terms such as transformation and sustainability as fluid, the discussion of which needs to be anchored in the situated and always-specific practical work of using, accessing, caring for, sharing and knowing groundwater. Theoretical insights about how the world is patterned or structured then serve not as the framework in which to insert empirical findings, but as entry points for further analysis, reflection and conversation, fuelling forms of experimentation and joint learning about how to think and do transformations to groundwater sustainability.
- Published
- 2023
42. Can agricultural groundwater economies collapse? An inquiry into the pathways of four groundwater economies under threat
- Author
-
Petit, Olivier, Kuper, Marcel, López-Gunn, Elena, Rinaudo, Jean-Daniel, Daoudi, Ali, and Lejars, Caroline
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
43. Topical Collection: Groundwater-based agriculture in the Mediterranean
- Author
-
Kuper, Marcel, Leduc, Christian, Massuel, Sylvain, and Bouarfa, Sami
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
44. Specifying the differentiated contribution of farmers to groundwater depletion in two irrigated areas in North Africa
- Author
-
Ameur, Fatah, Amichi, Hichem, Kuper, Marcel, and Hammani, Ali
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
45. Considering groundwater use to improve the assessment of groundwater pumping for irrigation in North Africa
- Author
-
Massuel, Sylvain, Amichi, Farida, Ameur, Fatah, Calvez, Roger, Jenhaoui, Zakia, Bouarfa, Sami, Kuper, Marcel, Habaieb, Hamadi, Hartani, Tarik, and Hammani, Ali
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
46. HYBRIDATION DES RÈGLES D'ACCÈS À L'EAU SOUTERRAINE DANS LE SAISS (MAROC): ENTRE ANARCHIE ET LÉVIATHAN?
- Author
-
Fofack, Rhoda, Kuper, Marcel, and Petit, Olivier
- Published
- 2015
47. The material of the social : the mutual shaping of institutions by irrigation technology and society in Seguia Khrichfa, Morocco
- Author
-
van der Kooij, Saskia, Zwarteveen, Margreet, and Kuper, Marcel
- Published
- 2015
48. ARRANGEMENTS INFORMELS ET TYPES D'AGRICULTURE SUR LES TERRES PUBLIQUES EN ALGÉRIE : QUELS ARBITRAGES?
- Author
-
Amichi, Hichem, Bouarfa, Sami, and Kuper, Marcel
- Published
- 2015
49. Book review : Paysans dans la révolution. Un défi tunisien
- Author
-
Kuper, Marcel, primary
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
50. Nature-based solution to study multiple ecosystems services in temporary wetlands: the case of the Sebou Delta in Morocco
- Author
-
Choukrani, Hajar, primary, Lacombe, Guillaume, additional, Hammani, Ali, additional, Taky, Abdelilah, additional, Belaud, Gilles, additional, and Kuper, Marcel, additional
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
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