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Osmotic demyelination syndrome (ODS) is an acute demyelinating disorder characterized by the loss of myelin in the center of the basis pons which is defined as central pontine myelinolysis (CPM) and demyelination process in locations outside the pons which is defined as extrapontine myelinolysis (EPM). ODS including CPM and EPM is mainly caused by the rapid correction of hyponatremia. However, there are several reports of ODS in medical condition such as malnutrition, alcoholism, liver transplantation, malignancy, sepsis, electrolyte imbalance including hypernatremia, hypokalemia, hypophosphatemia, and chronic illness. Rarely, ODS was reported in patients with hyperammonemia or hyperbilirubinemia without sodium fluctuations. The symptoms usually correspond to the lesion site and EPM precedes CPM. Because ODS may be irreversible, prevention is more important. Here, we report a case of ODS secondary to the hyperammonemia and hyperbilirubinemia, as it can have unfavorable prognosis.

Background: Obesity, obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), and excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS) are common conditions and are interrelated. Obesity is a risk factor for OSA and independently associated with EDS. We aimed to evaluate frequency of EDS in morbid obese patients with OSA and to identify contribution factor for EDS.Methods: This was a retrospective cross-sectional study in single sleep center. Consecutive patients with OSA (with apnea-hypopnea index 5/h or more) with morbid obesity (body mass index over 35 kg/m2) was enrolled. EDS were defined as Epworth Sleepiness Scale of 10 points or more. Clinical and polysomnographic variables were compared between those with and without EDS.Results: Total 110 morbid obese patients with OSA were enrolled, and 34 (31%) of them had EDS. Those with EDS had higher subjective symptom of insomnia and depression. Rapid eye movement sleep latency was shorter and minimum saturation was lower for those with EDS. Multivariate logistic regression analysis identified insomnia severity (odds ratio, 1.117) and minimum saturation (odds ratio, 0.952) as independent contribution factor for EDS.Conclusions: Result of this study suggest that 31.4% of morbid obese patients with OSA have EDS, and it can be affected by insomnia severity and desaturation during sleep.

While employee voice has been realized a critical element of organizational success, many employees often remain silent and withdraw useful information and ideas. In this paper,we present how employees utilize existing social media platform in a creative, collective way to anonymously share their voices—a phenomenon called the bamboo forests in Korea. We present the key characteristics of bamboo forests including self-mention and connectivity, and discuss the main topics and sentiments of such bamboo forests. Our analysis indicates that employees find such anonymous platform useful. We provide insights on the potential for utilizing the voice ofthe employees online.

The notion that weather plays a significant role in determininga person’s mood is empirically beyond doubt, but quantifyingthe relationship on a large scale has traditionally beenhampered by difficulties in measuring people’s sentiments. Inthis paper we present the relationship between weather andthe U.S. residents’ sentiments from Twitter data and nationwidemeteorological records. We measure how temperature,humidity, and atmospheric pressure correlate with people’smoods, demonstrating the potential of large-scale online datain humanities fields such as psychology. We also providethese results with infographics, which can help the public understandscientific results easily.

Colloidal nanoparticles are of great interest in modern science and industry, yet the thermodynamic origin of nanoparticle formation remains a mystery and nanoparticle growth frequently exhibits nonclassical dynamics. Here, we tracked hundreds of in-situ growth trajectories of a nanoparticle ensemble using an advanced liquid-phase-TEM, and discovered that nanoparticle growth, including coalescence, exhibits monomer supply rate dependent multiphasic dynamics, unexplainable by current theories. Motivated by this finding, we developed a realistic model and statistical theories of growing nanoparticles, providing a unified, quantitative understanding of the mean and fluctuation of nanoparticle size and size-dependent growth rate across various nanoparticle systems and experimental conditions. Our work reveals that the chemical potential in a nanoparticle has a finite maximum at a critical size and exhibits a nonclassical dependence on nanoparticle size. This clear discrepancy from the classical nucleation theory (CNT) results from the strongly non-extensive free energy originating from nanoparticle motion, configurational degeneracy, and edge interaction, which were neglected in the CNT. We also uncover how this chemical potential in a nanoparticle governs formation and growth dynamics of an ensemble of nanoparticles, together with the time-dependent monomer concentration in solution.

Atomic layer deposition (ALD) is a thin film deposition technique based on self-saturated reactions between a precursor and reactant vacuum conditions. A typical ALD reaction consists of the first half-reaction of the precursor and the second half-reaction of the counter reactant, in which the terminal groups on the surface change after each half-reaction. In this study, the effects of counter reactants on the surface termination and growth characteristics of ALD HfO2 thin films formed on Si substrates using tetrakis(dimethylamino)-hafnium (TDMAH) as a precursor were investigated. Two counter reactants, H2O and O3, were individually employed, as well as in combination with consecutive exposure by H2O-O3 and O3-H2O. The film growth behaviors and properties differed when the sequence of exposure of the substrate to the reactants was varied. Based on X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and density functional theory (DFT) simulation, the changes are attributed to the effects of the surface terminations formed from different counter reactant combinations. The knowledge from this work could provide insight for precisely tuning the growth and properties of ALD films.

Visual social media have emerged as an essential brand communication channel for advertisers and brands. The active use of hashtags has enabled advertisers to identify customers interested in their...

We report on the nonlinear wake-up behavior against the external electric field cycling in the ferroelectric Hf0.7Zr0.3O2 thin film. Two distinct scaling regimes during the increase of the remnant polarization with different activation energies were observed in TiN/Hf0.7Zr0.3O2/TiN cells. The transmission electron microscopy revealed the structural phase transition from the monoclinic structure to the orthorhombic structure of the Hf0.7Zr0.3O2 film after the wake-up behavior. During the phase change, as the remnant polarization enhanced, the dielectric constant of the Hf0.7Zr0.3O2 film increased with the external field cycling. The temperature dependence of the wake-up behavior revealed that each estimated activation energies for the early and later enhancement of the remnant polarization are 1.12 eV and 0.73 eV, respectively. First principle calculations show that the oxygen vacancies can reduce the activation energy barrier for the structural phase transition.

The recently discovered ferroelectricity in thin-film orthorhombic HfO2, which can be directly integrated into complementary metal–oxide semiconductor technology, has become an important research t...